Wolemba Alan Knight, Marichi 15, 2019
Kuyambira 1899 mpaka 1902, Ellen La Motte adaphunzitsidwa ngati namwino ku Johns Hopkins ku Baltimore. Kuchokera mu 1914 mpaka 1916, adasamalira asilikali a ku France ovulala ndi kufa, poyamba kuchipatala ku Paris ndiyeno m'chipatala chamtunda makilomita 10 kuchokera ku Ypres ndi mazenera amagazi akutsogolo a WWI. Mu 1916 iye anasindikiza Kumbuyo Nkhondo, zojambula khumi ndi zitatu za moyo pakati pa ovulazidwa ndi kufa omwewo anachotsa nsalu yokonda dziko lake pa mtembo wankhanza ndi wonyansa wankhondoyo.
A Mandarins ankhondo analibe chilichonse. Makinawa ankafuna kuti khalidweli lipitirirebe ndipo ntchito yolembera anthu ichuluke. Ndipo kotero bukhulo linaletsedwa nthawi yomweyo ku France ndi England. Ndiyeno mu 1918, US italowa nawo nkhondo, Backwash idaletsedwanso ku States, chiwopsezo cha 1917 Espionage Act, chomwe chinapangidwa, mwa zolinga zina, kuletsa kusokonezedwa ndi kulemba anthu usilikali.
Munali mu 1919, chaka chimodzi pambuyo pa kutha kwa nkhondo yothetsa nkhondo zonse, pamene bukhulo linasindikizidwanso ndi kuperekedwa kwaulere. Koma zinapeza omvera ochepa. Nthawi yake inali itadutsa. Dziko linali pamtendere. Nkhondoyo inapambana. Inali nthawi yoti tiganizire zam'tsogolo osati momwe tafika panthawiyi.
Cynthia Wachtell's edition yatsopano komanso yosindikizidwa ya Kumbuyo Nkhondo, kubwera monga momwe zimakhalira zaka 100 pambuyo pa kope la 1919, ndi chikumbutso cholandirika, m’nthaŵi ino ya nkhondo yosatha, kuti tifunikira kulingalira za mmene tinafikira lerolino, ndi ponena za chowonadi chimene timabisa ndi kunyalanyaza pamene tikufafaniza. tepi ndi kufulumira kutsogolo.
Kusindikiza kwatsopano kumeneku kumawonjezera mawu oyambira ofunikira komanso mbiri yachidule pazojambula zoyambira 13, komanso nkhani zitatu zankhondo zomwe zidalembedwa nthawi yomweyo komanso chojambula china cholembedwa pambuyo pake. Kuwonjeza mawu owonjezerawa kumakulitsa kukula kwa chiyamikiro chathu cha La Motte, kuchokera pagalasi lokulirapo la matumbo otayika komanso zitsa zodulidwa mkati mwa nthawi yankhondo, mpaka ku kachilombo komwe kakufalikira kwa m'badwo wotayika womwe udatsatira.
Ellen La Motte sanali namwino chabe amene anakumana ndi Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse. Ataphunzitsidwa ku Johns Hopkins, adakhala woyimira zaumoyo wa anthu komanso woyang'anira ndipo adakwera mpaka kukhala Mtsogoleri wa Gawo la Tuberculosis ku Baltimore Health department. Iye anali wodziwika bwino suffragist yemwe adathandizira mayendedwe ku US ndi UK. Ndipo anali mtolankhani komanso wolemba yemwe adalemba nkhani zambiri za unamwino komanso buku la unamwino.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la makumi awiri, adakhalanso ndikugwira ntchito ku Italy, France ndi UK. Ku France anakhala bwenzi lapamtima la wolemba zoyeserera Gertrude Stein. Stein adapitanso ku Johns Hopkins (1897 - 1901), ngakhale anali dokotala (adachoka asanatenge digiri yake), osati namwino. Wachtell akulozera ku chikoka cha Stein pa zolemba za La Motte. Ndipo ngakhale ndi olemba osiyana kwambiri, ndizotheka kuwona mphamvu ya Stein mu mawu a La Motte, osasinthika komanso osavomerezeka. Kusamba msana, komanso m'njira yake yolunjika komanso yopuma.
Wolemba wina yemwe adakhudzidwa ndi Stein nthawi yomweyo anali Ernest Hemingway, yemwe, US asanalowe kunkhondo, adakhala nthawi yayitali kutsogolo kwa Italy ngati woyendetsa ambulansi wodzipereka. Nayenso analemba za nkhondoyo ndi zotsatira zake mwachindunji. Ndipo mu buku lake la 1926 Dzuwa Limatulukanso, amatseka bwalo pamene akugwiritsa ntchito epigraph "nonse ndinu m'badwo wotayika," mawu omwe adanena kwa Gertrude Stein.
M'badwo wotayika unali m'badwo umene unakula ndikukhala ndi moyo kupyolera mu nkhondo. Iwo anali ataona imfa yopanda pake pamlingo waukulu. Anali osokonezeka, osokonezeka, oyendayenda, opanda njira. Iwo anali atasiya kukhulupirira miyambo yakale monga kulimba mtima ndi kukonda dziko lako. Iwo anali okhumudwa, opanda cholinga, ndipo ankangoganizira za chuma chakuthupi - m'badwo wa Fitzgerald's Gatsby.
La Motte's Kumbuyo Nkhondo limasonyeza kumene mbewu za kukhumudwa kumeneku zinafesedwa. Monga momwe Wachtell akunenera, La Motte sanakhulupirire kuti WWI inali nkhondo yothetsa nkhondo zonse. Iye ankadziwa kuti padzakhala nkhondo ina komanso nkhondo ina. M'badwo wotayika udzabala m'badwo wina wotayika, ndi wina.
Iye sanalakwe. Umu ndi momwe tilili tsopano, nkhondo yosatha. Kuwerenga La Motte kumandipangitsa kuganiza za zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri zapitazi. Amandipangitsa kuganiza za Major Danny Sjursen, msilikali wankhondo waku US yemwe adapuma pantchito komanso mlangizi wakale wa mbiri yakale ku West Point, yemwe amagwira ntchito zoyendera anthu ku Iraq ndi Afghanistan. Iye ndi gawo la m'badwo wotayika wapano. Iye ndi mmodzi mwa ochepa omwe akuyesera kuthetsa vutoli. Koma si zophweka.
Danny Sjursen adabweranso kuchokera kunkhondo zake ndi post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Anabweranso, monga akufotokozera nkhani yaposachedwa mu Truthdig, “m’chitaganya chimene [sanali] okonzeka kaamba ka ife monga momwe ife tinaliri kaamba ka icho.” Akupitiriza kuti:
“Asilikali amatenga ana amenewa, kuwaphunzitsa kwa miyezi ingapo, kenako n’kuwatumiza kunkhondo imene sitingagonjetse . . . . [T] Hei nthawi zina amaphedwa kapena kudulidwa ziwalo, koma nthawi zambiri amavutika ndi PTSD komanso kuvulala pamakhalidwe chifukwa cha zomwe awona ndikuchita. Kenako amapita kwawo, ndipo amamasulidwa m’tauni ya m’tauni yonyansa.”
Mibadwo yotayika yamakono ndi yamtsogolo sadziwa momwe angagwirire ntchito mwamtendere. Iwo aphunzitsidwa za nkhondo. Kuti athane ndi kusokonekerako, “wowona zanyama amayamba kudzipangira yekha; mowa ndiwofala kwambiri, koma ma opiates, ndipo pamapeto pake ngakhale heroin, amafalanso” Sjursen akupitiriza. Pamene Sjursen ankalandira chithandizo cha PTSD, 25 peresenti ya asilikali ankhondo omwe ankalandira chithandizo naye anali atayesapo kapena kuganizira mozama kudzipha. Omenyera nkhondo makumi awiri ndi awiri patsiku amadzipha.
Pamene Ellen La Motte analemba Kusamba msana mu 1916, iye analingalira kuti padzakhala zaka zina 100 za nkhondo ndiyeno mtendere wautali. Zaka zana zapita. Nkhondo ikadali ndi ife. Malinga ndi a Veterans Administration, pali asitikali ankhondo 20 miliyoni aku America omwe adakali moyo, pafupifupi 4 miliyoni mwa iwo ndi olumala. Ndipo pamene asilikali ovulala ndi olumala a nkhondoyi Ellen La Motte adawona sangakhalenso ndi ife, monga Danny Sjursen akulembera, "ngakhale nkhondo zitatha mawa (satero, mwa njira), anthu aku America ali ndi theka lina- zaka zana patsogolo pake, olemedwa ndi akale olemala osafunikira awa. Ndizosathawika.”
Mtolo uwu wa mibadwo yotayika yosatha udzakhala ndi ife kwa nthawi yayitali. Ngati tikufuna kuthetsa nkhondo tiyenera kupeza njira zokonzanso mibadwo yotayikayi. Zoonadi zonenedwa ndi Ellen La Motte, monga nkhani zomwe zanenedwa lero ndi mamembala a Veterans for Peace, ndi chiyambi.
Alan Knight, yemwe adaphunzirapo kale, VP wa mabungwe azigawo, wotsogolera dziko la NGO, ndi mnzake wamkulu ku bungwe lofufuza, ndi wolemba wodziyimira pawokha komanso wodzipereka ndi World BEYOND War.
