Mphamvu Zaderalo Popewa ndi Kukana Mikangano Yachiwawa

By Sayansi Yamtendere Digest, December 2, 2022

Kusanthula uku kukufotokozera mwachidule ndikuwonetsa kafukufuku wotsatirawa: Saulich, C., & Werthes, S. (2020). Kufufuza zomwe zingatheke kuti pakhale mtendere: Njira zothandizira mtendere panthawi yankhondo. Kukhazikitsa mtendere, 8 (1), 32-53.

Zokambirana

• Kukhalapo kwa madera amtendere, madera amtendere (ZoPs), ndi madera omwe si ankhondo akuwonetsa kuti madera ali ndi zosankha ndi mabungwe ngakhale pazochitika zachiwawa zanthawi yankhondo, kuti pali njira zopanda chiwawa zodzitetezera, komanso kuti palibe chomwe chingalephereke kukopeka. kulimbana ndi ziwawa ngakhale kuti amakopeka kwambiri.
• Kuwona "kuthekera kwamtendere komweko" kumawonetsa kukhalapo kwa ochita zisudzo akumaloko - kupitilira olakwira okha kapena ozunzidwa - ali ndi njira zatsopano zopewera mikangano, kukulitsa mndandanda wa njira zopewera mikangano zomwe zilipo.
• Oletsa mikangano akunja atha kupindula ndi kuzindikira kwakukulu kwa madera omwe sali pankhondo kapena ma ZoP omwe ali m'zigawo zomwe zakhudzidwa ndi nkhondo powonetsetsa kuti "sakuvulaza" zoyesererazi kudzera mukuchitapo kanthu, zomwe zitha kusokoneza kapena kufooketsa mphamvu zakomweko.
• Njira zazikulu zogwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi madera omwe si ankhondo atha kudziwitsa mfundo zopewera mikangano, monga kulimbikitsa zidziwitso zapagulu zomwe zimapitilira zidziwitso zanthawi yankhondo, kuchita nawo zida zankhondo, kapena kulimbikitsa anthu kuti azidalira zomwe angathe kuti apewe kapena kukana kutenga nawo mbali pankhondo.
• Kufalitsa chidziwitso cha madera opambana omwe alibe nkhondo m'dera lalikulu kungathandize kukhazikitsa mtendere pambuyo pa mikangano polimbikitsa chitukuko cha madera ena omwe alibe nkhondo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti dera lonse likhale lolimba kwambiri.

Chidziwitso Chachikulu cha Kuchita Zodziwitsae

• Ngakhale kuti madera omwe sali pankhondo nthawi zambiri amakambidwa m'malo omenyera nkhondo, momwe ndale ku United States ilili zikuwonetsa kuti anthu aku America akuyenera kuyang'anitsitsa njira zamagulu omwe siankhondo pazoyeserera zathu zopewera mikangano, makamaka kumanga ndi kulimbikitsa maubwenzi kudera lonse. polarized identities ndi kulimbikitsa zizindikiritso zosiyana zomwe zimakana chiwawa.

Chidule

Ngakhale kuchulukirachulukira kwaposachedwa kwa chidwi chofuna kukhazikitsa mtendere m'derali, ochita masewera apadziko lonse nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mabungwe awo okha pakukonza ndi kukonza njirazi. Ochita masewera am'deralo nthawi zambiri amatengedwa ngati "olandira" kapena "opindula" ndi ndondomeko zapadziko lonse, m'malo mokhala odziyimira pawokha popanga mtendere pawokha. Christina Saulich ndi Sascha Werthes m'malo mwake akufuna kuwona zomwe amazitcha "kuthekera kwanuko kwamtendere,” kusonyeza kuti padziko lonse pali madera ndi madera amene amakana kutengamo mbali m’mikangano yachiwawa, ngakhale amene akuwazungulira, popanda kusonkhezeredwa ndi anthu ena. Olembawo ali ndi chidwi chofuna kuwunika momwe chidwi chilili pazabwino zamtendere, makamaka midzi yopanda nkhondo, ikhoza kufotokozera njira zatsopano zopewera mikangano.

Olembawo akuyamba ndi kufotokoza magulu atatu osiyana a kuthekera kwanuko kwamtendere. Magulu amtendere zimabweretsa kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha nthawi yaitali ku mtendere, kusiyana ndi madera omwe si ankhondo ndi madera amtendere, omwe ndi mayankho ofulumira ku mikangano yachiwawa. Mabungwe amtendere “amakonda kupanga zisankho mogwirizana” ndipo amatsatira “zikhalidwe ndi malingaliro adziko [omwe] amakana chiwawa (chakuthupi) ndi kulimbikitsa khalidwe lamtendere.” Sachita ziwawa zamagulu mkati kapena kunja, alibe apolisi kapena asitikali, ndipo amakumana ndi ziwawa zochepa pakati pa anthu. Akatswiri omwe amaphunzira za madera amtendere amawonanso kuti madera amasintha mogwirizana ndi zosowa za mamembala awo, kutanthauza kuti madera omwe kale anali opanda mtendere amatha kukhala tero popanga zisankho mwachangu komanso kukulitsa zikhalidwe zatsopano.

Madera amtendere (ZoPs) adakhazikika pamalingaliro a malo opatulika, pomwe malo kapena magulu ena amawonedwa ngati malo otetezeka ku ziwawa. Nthawi zambiri, ma ZoP amakhala madera omangika omwe amalengezedwa panthawi yankhondo kapena njira yamtendere, koma nthawi zina amamangiriridwa kumagulu ena a anthu (monga ana). Akatswiri omwe amaphunzira ma ZoP apeza zinthu zomwe zimawathandiza kuti apambane, kuphatikizapo “mgwirizano wamphamvu wamkati, utsogoleri wogwirizana, kusakondera kwa magulu omenyana, [ ] miyambo wamba,” malire omveka bwino, kusowa kwa chiwopsezo kwa anthu akunja, komanso kusowa kwa zinthu zamtengo wapatali mkati mwa ZoP. (zomwe zingalimbikitse kuwukira). Anthu ena nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi gawo lofunikira pothandizira madera amtendere, makamaka pochenjeza msanga kapena kulimbikitsa luso laderalo.

Pomaliza, madera omwe si ankhondo ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi ma ZoP chifukwa amatuluka chifukwa cha mikangano yachiwawa ndipo amafuna kukhala odziyimira pawokha kuchokera kwa omenyera zida kumbali zonse, koma mwina amakhala owoneka bwino pamachitidwe awo, osagogomezera kwambiri zidziwitso zapacifist ndi miyambo. . Kupanga chizindikiritso chosiyana chosiyana ndi zidziwitso zomwe zimapanga mikangano ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti ziwonekere komanso kusungitsa madera omwe sinkhondo komanso zimathandizira kulimbikitsa mgwirizano wamkati ndikuyimira anthu ammudzi kuti asiyane ndi mikangano. Kudziwika kwakukulu kumeneku kumachokera pa “zikhalidwe, zokumana nazo, mfundo, ndi zochitika zakale monga njira zolumikizirana zomwe ndizodziwika bwino komanso zachibadwa kwa anthu ammudzi koma osati mbali ya magulu omenyanawo. Madera omwe siankhondo amakhalanso ndi ntchito zaboma mkati, amakhala ndi njira zodzitetezera (monga kuletsa zida), amapanga utsogoleri wogawana nawo, wophatikiza, komanso womvera komanso kupanga zisankho, komanso "kuchita nawo mbali zonse zomwe zikulimbana," kuphatikiza kukambirana ndi magulu ankhondo. , kwinaku akudziimira paokha kwa iwo. Kuphatikiza apo, maphunziro akuwonetsa kuti thandizo lachipani chachitatu lingakhale losafunika kwenikweni kwa madera omwe si ankhondo monga momwe zimakhalira ku ZoPs (ngakhale olemba amavomereza kuti kusiyana kumeneku ndi ena pakati pa ZoPs ndi madera omwe sinkhondo kungakhale kochulukirachulukira, chifukwa pali kuphatikizika kwakukulu pakati pawo. zochitika zenizeni za awiriwo).

Kukhalapo kwenikweni kwa mwayi wamtendere wamtunduwu kukuwonetsa kuti madera ali ndi zosankha ndi mabungwe ngakhale pazovuta zankhondo zankhondo, kuti pali njira zopanda chiwawa zodzitetezera, komanso kuti, ngakhale pali mphamvu zankhondo, palibe chomwe chingalephereke kukopeka. m'njira zachiwawa.

Pomaliza, olembawo akufunsa kuti: Kodi zidziwitso zochokera kuzinthu zomwe zingatheke kuti pakhale mtendere, makamaka madera omwe si ankhondo, zingadziwitse ndondomeko zoletsa mikangano ndi machitidwe-makamaka monga momwe njira zopititsira patsogolo zopewera mikangano zomwe zimakhazikitsidwa ndi mabungwe apadziko lonse zimakonda kuyang'ana kwambiri njira zomwe zili pakati pa boma ndikuphonya. kapena kuchepetsa mphamvu zakumaloko? Olembawo apeza mfundo zinayi zoyeserera zopewera mikangano. Choyamba, kuganizira mozama za kuthekera kwamtendere komwe kungachitike kumavumbulutsa kukhalapo kwa ochita zisudzo m'deralo-kupitilira olakwira okha kapena ozunzidwa-ndi njira zatsopano zopewera mikangano ndikulemeretsa njira zopewera mikangano zomwe zimaganiziridwa kukhala zotheka. Chachiwiri, ogwira ntchito zoletsa mikangano akunja atha kupindula ndi kuzindikira kwawo za madera omwe sali pankhondo kapena ma ZoP omwe ali m'zigawo zomwe zakhudzidwa ndi nkhondo powonetsetsa kuti "sakuvulaza" zoyesererazi kudzera mukuchitapo kanthu, zomwe zitha kusokoneza kapena kufooketsa mphamvu zaderalo. Chachitatu, njira zazikulu zogwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi madera osagwirizana ndi nkhondo zingathandize kudziwa mfundo zenizeni zopewera nkhondo, monga kulimbikitsa anthu amene amakana ndi kupyola malire a nthawi ya nkhondo, “kulimbikitsa mgwirizano wapakati pa anthu ndi kuthandizira kufotokoza maganizo awo osagwirizana ndi nkhondo kunja kwawo”; kuchita mwachangu ndi zisudzo zida; kapena kulimbikitsa anthu kuti azidalira mphamvu zawo kuti apewe kapena kukana kutenga nawo mbali pa nkhondo. Chachinayi, kufalitsa chidziwitso cha madera opambana omwe sali pankhondo m'dera lalikulu kungathandize kukhazikitsa mtendere pambuyo pa mikangano polimbikitsa chitukuko cha madera ena omwe si ankhondo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti dera lonselo likhale lolimba kwambiri.

Kudziwitsa

Ngakhale kuti madera omwe sali pankhondo nthawi zambiri amakambidwa m'malo omenyera nkhondo, momwe ndale ku United States zilili zikuwonetsa kuti anthu aku America aku America akuyenera kuyang'anitsitsa njira za madera omwe sali pankhondo poyesetsa kuthana ndi mikangano. Makamaka, ndi kukwera kwa polarization ndi ziwawa zankhanza ku US, aliyense wa ife ayenera kufunsa: Zingatenge chiyani kuti apange my anthu ammudzi angathane ndi ziwawa? Potengera kuunikaku kwa kuthekera kwamtendere komweko, malingaliro ochepa amabwera m'maganizo.

Choyamba, ndikofunikira kuti anthu azizindikira kuti ali ndi ufulu wosankha - kuti ali ndi njira zina zomwe angasankhe - ngakhale pakakhala mikangano yachiwawa komwe angamve ngati ali ndi zochepa kwambiri. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti kukhala ndi udindo ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zomwe zidasiyanitsa anthu omwe adapulumutsa Ayuda pa nthawi ya Nazi kuchokera kwa omwe sanachite kalikonse kapena omwe adachita zoyipa. Phunziro la Kristin Renwick Monroe a opulumutsa Achidatchi, oima chapafupi, ndi ogwira nawo ntchito a Nazi. Kuona kuti munthu atha kuchita bwino ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pochita zinthu komanso kupewa chiwawa makamaka.

Chachiwiri, anthu ammudzi ayenera kuzindikira chizindikiritso chodziwika bwino chomwe chimakana ndikudutsa zidziwitso za polarized za mkangano wachiwawa pomwe akugwiritsa ntchito zikhalidwe kapena mbiri yakale yofunikira kwa anthu ammudzi-chidziwitso chomwe chingagwirizanitse anthu ammudzi pamene akulankhula kukana kwawo nkhondo yachiwawa yokha. Kaya ichi chingakhale chizindikiritso cha mzinda wonse (monga momwe zinalili ku Tuzla yazikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana panthawi ya nkhondo ya ku Bosnia) kapena chidziwitso chachipembedzo chomwe chingadutse magawano andale kapena mtundu wina wamtundu wina zingadalire kukula komwe derali lilili komanso zomwe m'deralo identity zilipo.

Chachitatu, kuganiza mozama kuyenera kukhazikitsidwa pokhazikitsa zisankho zophatikizana komanso zomvera komanso utsogoleri m'deralo zomwe zingapangitse kuti anthu osiyanasiyana azikhulupirira komanso kukopeka nawo.

Pomaliza, anthu ammudzi aganizire bwino za maukonde awo omwe analipo kale komanso njira zawo zopezera zigawenga/omenyera zida kuti athe kulimbana nawo mwachangu, kumveketsa kudziyimira kwawo kumbali zonse ziwiri-komanso kukulitsa maubwenzi awo komanso kudziwika kwakukulu muzochita zawo. ndi zisudzo izi zida.

Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti zambiri mwazinthuzi zimadalira kukulitsa ubale-kumanga ubale wopitilira pakati pa anthu osiyanasiyana kotero kuti chidziwitso chimodzi (chomwe chimadutsana ndi zidziwitso) chimamveka chowona ndipo anthu amagawana mgwirizano popanga zisankho. Kuphatikiza apo, kulimba kwa maubwenzi pakati pa mizere yotsatizana, m'pamenenso anthu omwe ali ndi zida azitha kukhala ndi zida zankhondo kumbali zonse / mbali zonse za mkangano. Mu kafukufuku wina, zomwe zikuwoneka ngati zachilendo pano, Ashutosh Varshney akuwona kufunikira kongomanga ubale wamwadzidzidzi koma "mitundu yolumikizana" pazidziwitso zodziwika bwino - komanso momwe mtundu uwu wa mgwirizano wokhazikika, wophatikizana ndi womwe ungapangitse madera makamaka kupirira chiwawa. . Ngakhale kachitidwe kakang'ono momwe kungawonekere, chifukwa chake, chofunikira kwambiri chomwe aliyense wa ife angachite popewa ziwawa zandale ku US chingakhale kukulitsa maukonde athu ndikukulitsa malingaliro ndi mitundu ina yamitundu yosiyanasiyana m'magulu athu achipembedzo, masukulu athu, malo athu antchito, mabungwe athu, makalabu athu amasewera, madera athu odzipereka. Ndiye, ngati pangakhale kofunikira kuyambitsa maubwenzi ophatikizana awa mukukumana ndi ziwawa, adzakhalapo.

Mafunso Ofunsidwa

• Kodi olimbikitsa mtendere padziko lonse lapansi angapereke bwanji chithandizo kwa madera omwe sali pankhondo komanso zomwe zingatheke kuti pakhale mtendere, zikafunsidwa, popanda kupanga zodalira zomwe zingathe kufooketsa zoyesayesazi?
• Kodi ndi mwayi wanji womwe mungadziwire mdera lanu momwe mungapangire maubwenzi pazidziwitso zosagwirizana ndikukhala ndi chidziwitso chodziwikiratu chomwe chimakana ziwawa ndikudula magawano?

Kupitiliza Kuwerenga

Anderson, MB, & Wallace, M. (2013). Kutuluka pankhondo: Njira zopewera mikangano yoopsa. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Ofalitsa. https://mars.gmu.edu/bitstream/handle/1920/12809/Anderson.Opting%20CC%20Lic.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y

McWilliams, A. (2022). Momwe mungapangire maubwenzi pamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Psychology Today. Idabwezedwa pa Novembara 9, 2022, kuchokera https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/your-awesome-career/202207/how-build-relationships-across-differences

Varshney, A. (2001). Kusamvana pakati pa mafuko ndi magulu a anthu. Ndale Zadziko, 53, 362-398. https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/sib/egm/paper/Ashutosh%20Varshney.pdf

Monroe, KR (2011). Ethics m'nthawi yauchigawenga ndi kupha anthu: Umunthu ndi kusankha kwamakhalidwe. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. https://press.princeton.edu/books/paperback/9780691151434/ethics-in-an-age-of-terror-and-genocide

Sayansi Yamtendere Digest. (2022). Nkhani yapadera: Njira zopanda chiwawa pachitetezo. Idabwezedwa pa Novembara 16, 2022, kuchokera https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/special-issue-nonviolent-approaches-to-security/

Peace Science Digest. (2019). Madera akumadzulo kwa Africa amtendere ndi njira zokhazikitsira mtendere. Idabwezedwa pa Novembara 16, 2022, kuchokera https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/west-african-zones-of-peace-and-local-peacebuilding-initiatives/

Mipingo

Zokambirana Pabalaza: https://livingroomconversations.org/

Chithandizo cha PDX: https://cure-pdx.org

Mawu ofunika: madera opanda nkhondo, madera amtendere, anthu amtendere, kupewa ziwawa, kupewa mikangano, kukhazikitsa mtendere