Ndi Lawrence S. Wittner, PeaceVoice
Pakadali pano, zida zanyukiliya zikuwoneka kuti zatha. Mitundu isanu ndi inayi ili ndi pafupifupi pafupifupi Zida za nyukiliya za 15,500 m'mabwalo awo, kuphatikizapo 7,300 omwe ali ndi Russia ndi 7,100 okhala ndi United States. Pangano la Russia ndi America kuti achepetse mphamvu zawo za nyukiliya zakhala zovuta kuzipeza chifukwa cha kusakhudzidwa ndi Russia komanso kukana kwa Republican.
Komabe zida zanyukiliya zikadali zofunikira, chifukwa, bola ngati zida za nyukiliya zilipo, zikuyenera kuti zizigwiritsidwa ntchito. Nkhondo zamenyedwa kwa zaka masauzande, ndi zida zamphamvu kwambiri zomwe zimakonda kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Zida za nyukiliya zinagwiritsidwa ntchito mosazengereza pang'ono ndi boma la US ku 1945 ndipo, ngakhale sanagwiritsidwepo ntchito pankhondo kuyambira pamenepo, titha kuyembekeza kupitiliza mpaka liti kukakamizidwa kuti agwirenso ntchito ndi maboma ankhanza?
Kuphatikiza apo, ngakhale maboma atapewa kuwagwiritsa ntchito pomenya nkhondo, pali ngozi yakuphulika kwawo ndi otengeka kwambiri achigawenga kapena mwangozi. Kuposa ngozi zambiri yokhudza zida zanyukiliya zaku US zidachitika pakati pa 1950 ndi 1968 kokha. Zambiri zinali zazing'ono, koma zina zitha kukhala zowopsa. Ngakhale palibe bomba lomwe linayambitsidwa mwangozi, mfuti, ndi zipolopolo - zina zomwe sizinapezeke - zaphulika, mwina sitingakhale ndi mwayi mtsogolo.
Ndiponso, mapulogalamu a zida za nyukiliya ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri. Pakadali pano, boma la US likukonzekera kuwononga ndalama $ 1 zankhaninkhani, mzaka 30 zikubwerazi kukonzanso zida zonse zanyukiliya ku US. Kodi izi ndi zotsika mtengo? Popeza kuti ndalama zankhondo zatha kale peresenti 54 za boma za federal discretionary expenditure, ndalama zina za 1 trilioni za zida za nyukiliya "zamakono" zikuoneka kuti zikhoza kuchoka pa zomwe zilipo panopa pa ndalama zothandizira anthu, maphunziro a zaumoyo, ndi zina zapakhomo.
Kuphatikiza apo, kuchuluka kwa zida za nyukiliya kumayiko ambiri kumakhalabe koopsa nthawi zonse. Pangano la Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) la 1968 linali mgwirizano pakati pa mayiko omwe sanali a zida za nyukiliya ndi mayiko okhala ndi zida za nyukiliya, ndi omwe anali atasiya zida zanyukiliya pomwe omaliza adachotsa zida zawo za nyukiliya. Koma kusungidwa kwa zida za nyukiliya ndikusokoneza kufunitsitsa kwa mayiko ena kutsatira panganoli.
Komanso, zida zina zanyukiliya zithandizira ku United States. Kuchepetsa kwakukulu kwa zida za nyukiliya za US 2,000 zomwe zatumizidwa padziko lonse lapansi zitha kuchepetsa ngozi za zida za nyukiliya ndikupulumutsa boma la US ndalama zochuluka zomwe zitha kubweza mapulogalamu amnyumba kapena kungobwezeredwa kwa okhometsa misonkho osangalala. Komanso, ndikuwonetsa kulemekeza zomwe zachitika pansi pa NPT, mayiko omwe si a zida za nyukiliya sangakhale ndi chidwi chokhazikitsa zida zanyukiliya.
Kuchepetsa kwa zida za nyukiliya ku United States kungapangitsenso zovuta kutsata kutsogolera kwa US. Ngati boma la US lilengeza zochepetsa zida zake za nyukiliya, pomwe likutsutsa Kremlin kuti ichitenso zomwezo, zingachititse manyazi boma la Russia pamaso pa malingaliro adziko lonse lapansi, maboma amitundu ina, komanso anthu ake. Potsirizira pake, atapeza zambiri ndikupeza zochepa pochepetsa zida za nyukiliya, Kremlin itha kuyamba kuwapangitsanso.
Otsutsa njira yochepetsera nyukiliya amati zida za nyukiliya ziyenera kusungidwa, chifukwa ndi "zoletsa". Koma kodi kuletsa nyukiliya kumagwiradi ntchito? Ronald Reagan, m'modzi mwa mapurezidenti okonda zankhondo ku America, mobwerezabwereza ananyalanyaza zonena kuti zida zanyukiliya zaku US zidaletsa nkhanza zaku Soviet Union, ndikunena kuti: "Mwina zinthu zina zidachitapo." Komanso, mphamvu zomwe sizili za nyukiliya zakhala zikumenya nkhondo zambiri ndi zida za nyukiliya (kuphatikiza United States ndi Soviet Union) kuyambira 1945. Chifukwa chiyani sanaletsedwe?
Inde, kuganizira kwambiri kumangoganizira za chitetezo chochokera nyukiliya kuukira zida zanyukiliya zomwe akuti akupereka. Koma, oyang'anira boma la US, ngakhale ali ndi zida zambiri zanyukiliya, akuwoneka kuti alibe chitetezo. Kodi tingatanthauzenso bwanji ndalama zawo zochulukirapo mu zida zodzitchinjiriza? Komanso, chifukwa chiyani akuda nkhawa kuti boma la Iran lipeza zida za nyukiliya? Kupatula apo, kukhala ndi zida zanyukiliya zikwizikwi ku US kuyenera kuwatsimikizira kuti sayenera kuda nkhawa kuti zida zanyukiliya zitha kupezeka ndi Iran kapena dziko lina lililonse.
Kuwonjezera pamenepo, ngakhale kuti nyukiliya ingalepheretse amachita ntchito, chifukwa chiyani Washington ikufuna zida za nyukiliya 2,000 kuti zitsimikizire kuti zikuyenda bwino? A phunziro 2002 adamaliza kunena kuti, ngati zida za nyukiliya za US 300 zokha zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuukira zigoli zaku Russia, aku 90 miliyoni aku Russia (mwa anthu 144 miliyoni) angafe mu theka loyamba la ola. Kuphatikiza apo, m'miyezi yotsatira, chiwonongeko chachikulu chomwe chiwonetserochi chitha kupha anthu ambiri opulumuka ndi mabala, matenda, kuwonekera, ndi njala. Zachidziwikire kuti palibe boma la Russia kapena boma lililonse lomwe lingapeze izi ngati zotsatira zovomerezeka.
Izi zowonjezera mphamvu zimatha kufotokoza chifukwa chake Ogwirizana a US a Joint Chiefs of Staff akuganiza kuti zida za zida za nyukiliya 1,000 zikukwanira kuteteza chitetezo cha dziko la US. Ikhoza kufotokozanso chifukwa chomwe palibe mayiko ena asanu ndi awiri a nyukiliya (Britain, France, China, Israel, India, Pakistan, ndi North Korea) omwe akuvutikira kusunga zoposa Zida za nyukiliya za 300.
Ngakhale kuchitapo kanthu mogwirizana kuti muchepetse zoopsa za zida za nyukiliya kumatha kumveka kowopsa, kwatengedwa kambirimbiri popanda zotsatirapo zoipa. Boma la Soviet linaletsa kugwiritsira ntchito zida za nyukiliya mu 1958 ndipo, mu 1985. Kuyambira mu 1989, linayambanso kuchotsa zida zake za nyukiliya ku Eastern Europe. Momwemonso, boma la US, panthawi yoyang'anira Purezidenti wa US George HW Bush, anachita unilaterally kuchotsa zida zonse zapakati pa US, zida za nyukiliya zochokera ku Ulaya ndi Asia, komanso zida za nyukiliya zazing'ono zochokera ku zombo za ku US kuzungulira dziko lonse lapansi-kudula kwa zikwi zikwi zambiri za nyukiliya.
Zachidziwikire, kukambirana mgwirizano wapadziko lonse womwe umaletsa ndikuwononga zida zonse za nyukiliya ingakhale njira yabwino kwambiri yothetsera zoopsa za nyukiliya. Koma izi siziyenera kulepheretsa zina kuchitapo kanthu panjira.
