Phunziro Pa Nkhondo Ndi Mtendere Ku South Sudan

Wolemba John Reuwer, Seputembala 20, 2019

Zisanu ndi nthawi yamasika ino ndinakhala ndi mwayi wotumikirapo ngati "International Protection Officer" ku South Sudan kwa miyezi XXUMX ndi a Nonviolent Peaceforce (NP), imodzi mwamabungwe akuluakulu padziko lonse lapansi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito njira zodzitetezera popanda chitetezo kwa anthu wamba m'malo a mikangano yankhondo. Popeza ndakhala nawo m'magulu odzipereka omwe amagwira ntchito zofananira pazaka zingapo zapitazi, ndinali ndi chidwi chowona momwe akatswiriwa amagwiritsira ntchito zomwe aphunzira pazaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi zakubadwa komanso kukambirana pafupipafupi ndi magulu ena pogwiritsa ntchito malingaliro ofananawo . Ngakhale ndikusunga ndemanga ndikuwunikanso za ntchito yowononga ya NP kwakanthawi, ndikufuna kunena pano pazomwe ndaphunzira zankhondo ndi kuletsa mtendere kwa anthu aku South Sudan, makamaka monga momwe zikukhudzira cholinga cha World BEYOND War - kuthetseratu nkhondo ngati chida chandale, komanso kukhazikitsa mtendere wokhazikika komanso wosasunthika. Makamaka ndikufuna kusiyanitsa malingaliro a nkhondo omwe ndimakonda kumva ngati waku America, ndi omwe anthu ambiri omwe ndidakumana nawo ku South Sudan.

World BEYOND War linakhazikitsidwa ndipo limayendetsedwa (mpaka pano) makamaka ndi anthu ku United States, omwe pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana amawona nkhondo ngati chinthu chosafunikira konse chovutitsa anthu. Kuwona kumeneku kumatibweretsera kusamvana ndi nzika zambiri zomwe timagwiritsa ntchito nthano zomwe tikudziwa bwino - kuti nkhondo ndi njira ina yophatikiza, yofunikira, yolungama, komanso yopindulitsa. Kukhala ku United States, pali umboni wokhulupirira zongopeka zomwe zakhazikika mu dongosolo lathu la maphunziro. Nkhondo imawoneka ngati yosatheka chifukwa dziko lathu lakhala likuchita nkhondo kwa 223 ya 240 kuyambira pomwe lidalandira ufulu, ndipo ophunzira kumene anzanga ku koleji adziwa kuti US akhala akuchita nkhondo kuyambira kale iwo asanabadwe. Nkhondo imawoneka ngati yofunika chifukwa makanema otchuka nthawi zonse amafalitsa zoopseza kuchokera ku Russia, China, North Korea, Iran, kapena gulu lina la zigawenga kapena lina. Nkhondo zikuwoneka kuti chifukwa, mokwanira, atsogoleri a adani onse omwe ali pamwambawa amapha kapena kumanga ena mwa omwe akutsutsa, ndipo popanda kufuna kwathu kumenya nkhondo, timauzidwa kuti aliyense waiwo atha kukhala Hitler wotsatira wolamulira dziko lapansi. Nkhondo imawoneka yopindulitsa chifukwa imapatsidwa mbiri chifukwa choti sitinalandidwe ndi asirikali ena popeza 1814 (kuukira kwa Pearl Harbor sikunakhale gawo lachiwopsezo). Kuphatikiza apo, mafakitale ankhondo samapanga ntchito zambiri, kulowa usilamu ndi imodzi mwanjira zochepa zomwe mwana angadutse koleji popanda ngongole - kudzera mu pulogalamu ya ROTC, kuvomera kumenya nkhondo, kapena kuphunzira sitimayi kumenya nkhondo.

Poona umboniwu, ngakhale nkhondo yosatha imamveka bwino pamlingo wina, ndipo chifukwa chake tikukhala mu dziko lomwe lili ndi bajeti yayikulu kwambiri kuposa adani ake onse ophatikizidwa, ndipo yomwe imatumiza zida zankhondo zochulukirapo, masisitikali ochulukirapo, ndikulowerera mayiko ena ndi ankhondo achitetezo akutali kwambiri kuposa mtundu wina uliwonse padziko lapansi. Nkhondo kwa anthu ambiri aku America ndichosangalatsa choti anyamata ndi atsikana athu olimba mtima amateteza dziko lathu, ndipo potanthauza, zonse zabwino padziko lapansi.

Nkhani yopanda tanthauzo imeneyi ili bwino kwa anthu ambiri aku America chifukwa sitinawonongeke konse chifukwa cha nkhondo m'nthaka yathu kuyambira nkhondo yathu yapachiweniweni ku 1865. Kupatula ochepa ochepa a mabanja komanso mabanja omwe akhudzidwa ndi kuvutitsidwa kwakuthupi ndi kwamaganizidwe, ambiri aku America alibe chidziwitso pazomwe nkhondo ikutanthauza. Pamene ife amene sitigula nthano zachikhulupiriro, mpaka kufika pakumvera kwa boma, timalembedwa, kutichitira zabwino ngati timene timapindula ndi ufulu wopambanidwa ndi nkhondo.

Anthu aku South Sudan, ndi akatswiri, akudziwa zoyambitsa nkhondo monga ziliri. Monga US, dziko lawo lakhala likuchita nkhondo nthawi zambiri kuposa momwe zidalili mu 63 kuyambira pomwe makolo ake dziko la Sudan lidadziyimira lokha lodziyimira ku Britain ku 1956, ndipo kumwera lidadzilamulira payokha kuchokera ku Sudan ku 2011. Mosiyana ndi US, nkhondo izi zidamenyedwera m'mizinda ndi m'midzi yawo, ndikupha ndikuchotsa anthu ambiri, ndikuwononga nyumba ndi mabizinesi pamtunda waukulu. Zotsatira zake ndi imodzi mwazovuta zazikulu zothandizira anthu masiku ano. Opitirira gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu aliwonse amakhala anthu osowa pokhala, ndipo gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a nzika zake limadalira thandizo la anthu padziko lonse lapansi popezera chakudya ndi zinthu zina zofunika, pomwe anthu omwe sadziwa kulemba ndi kuwerenga sanena kuti ali apamwamba kwambiri padziko lapansi. Palibe pafupifupi zomangamanga zothandizira wamba. Popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mapaipi ndi chithandizo chamadzi, madzi akumwa ambiri amaperekedwa ndi galimoto. Osakwana theka la anthu onse ali ndi mwayi wopeza madzi abwino aliwonse. Anthu ambiri adandionetsa zoboweka zobiriwira kapena maiwe omwe adasokolola ndikuyika. Magetsi kwa omwe ali ndi chuma chokwanira kukhala nawo amapangidwa ndi amagetsi amodzi kapena angapo oyendetsa dizili. Pali misewu yowerengeka yocheperako, yovuta pamnyengo yopuma koma vuto lakufa nthawi yamvula ikakhala yoopsa kapena yopanda malire. Alimi ndi osauka kwambiri kuti angabzale mbewu, kapena akuwopa kuti kupha kudzayambiranso, ndiye kuti chakudya chochuluka cha boma chimayenera kupita kunja.

Pafupifupi aliyense amene ndakumana naye amatha kundiwonetsa bala lawo kapena chipwirikiti china, amandiuza zaona amuna awo aphedwa kapena akazi awo agwiriridwa pamaso pawo, ana awo aamuna atabedwa kulowa usirikali kapena gulu loukira, kapenanso momwe amawonera mudzi wawo ukuwotcha pomwe iwo adachita mantha ndi moto wamfuti. Chiwerengero cha anthu omwe akukumana ndi mavuto amtundu wina ndiwokwera kwambiri. Ambiri adanena kuti alibe chiyembekezo chodzayambiranso atataya okondedwa awo komanso katundu wawo wambiri pomenya nkhondo. Imam wachikulire yemwe tidachita naye nawo limodzi zachiyanjano adayamba kunena kuti, "Ndidabadwa kunkhondo, ndakhala moyo wanga wonse kunkhondo, ndikudwala nkhondo, sindikufuna kumenya nawo nkhondo. Ndiye chifukwa chake ndabwera. ”

Kodi amawona bwanji nthano zaku America zokhudzana ndi nkhondo? Sakuwona phindu - chiwonongeko, mantha, kusungulumwa, ndi kudzipatula komwe zimabweretsa. Ambiri sakanaona kuti nkhondo ndiyofunika, chifukwa samawona aliyense kupatula ochepa okha omwe akuchokera pamwamba pake. Amatha kuyitanitsa nkhondo chabe, koma pongobwezera, kuti abweretse mavuto kumbali ina kubwezera mavuto omwe adakumana nawo. Ngakhale ndi chikhumbo cha "chilungamo", anthu ambiri amawoneka kuti akudziwa kuti kubwezera kumangowonjezera zinthu. Ambiri mwa anthu omwe ndidawalankhula nawo adawona kuti nkhondo ndiosapeweka; m'lingaliro lakuti sanadziwe njira ina yochitira ndi nkhanza za ena. Osati zosayembekezeka chifukwa sadziwa china.

Chifukwa chake chinali chisangalalo kuwona momwe anthu amafunitsitsa kumva kuti nkhondo mwina singapewere. Anakhazikika kumisonkhano yomwe bungwe la Nonviolent Peaceforce, lomwe cholinga chake chinali kuwongolera ndi kulimbikitsa anthu kuti apeze mphamvu zawo komanso zosagwirizana kuti apewe kuvulazidwa ndi "chitetezo chankhondo chopanda zida". NP ili ndi ndandanda yayikulu ya "zida zoteteza" ndi maluso omwe amagawana pakadutsa nthawi yambiri kudzera m'magulu oyenera. Maluso awa adakhazikitsidwa pamfundo yoti chitetezo chachikulu kwambiri chimatheka kudzera mu maubale okhudzana mdera lanu ndikufikira zomwe zingavulaze ena. Maluso apadera ndi kuphatikizira kuzindikira kwa malo, kuwongolera mphekesera, kuchenjeza poyambira / poyambirira, kuyenda machitidwe otetezedwa, komanso kulumikizana mwachangu kwa atsogoleri amitundu, andale, komanso ochita zankhondo mbali zonse. Chigawo chilichonse mdera limakhazikitsa mphamvu kutengera izi komanso mphamvu ndi maluso omwe ali mdera lino omwe apulumuka ku gehena.

Anthu omwe akufuna njira zina zomenyera nkhondo anali akulu koposa pamene NP (amene antchito awo ndi theka ndi mayiko ochita kupanga) adalumikizana ndi anthu amtendere omwe amakhala pachiwopsezo chofalitsa njira zopewetsa mtendere. Ku Western Equatoria State, gulu la azibusa, onse achikhristu ndi Asilamu, amadzipereka nthawi yawo kufikira aliyense wopempha thandizo pamtsutsano. Chodziwika kwambiri chinali kufunitsitsa kwawo kuyika asirikali otsalira pachitsamba (madera osakhazikitsidwa), omwe agwidwa pakati pa thanthwe ndi malo ovuta. Pomwe pakhale mgwirizano wamtunduwu pano, akufuna kubwerera kumidzi yawo, koma ali osayanjidwa chifukwa cha zoyipa zomwe achitira anthu awo. Komabe ngati akhala m'thengo, amakhala ndi chithandizo chambiri chambiri, motero amakhala atabera komanso kulanda, akuyenda kudera lowopsa. Amakhala otetezedwa kuti abwererenso kunkhondo mtsogoleri wawo atakhala kuti sanasangalale ndi mtendere. Abusa awa amakhala pachiwopsezo cha asirikali ndi madera powapangitsa kuti azilankhula komanso kuyanjananso. Monga momwe ndikanawonera, kudera nkhawa kwawo kopanda mtendere kwawapangitsa kukhala gulu lodalirika kwambiri m'derali.

Ziwonetsero ndi ntchito zapagulu ndizabwino kwa South Sudanese. Munthawi yanga ku Western Equatoria State, anthu aku Sudan ku Khartoum, kudzera m'miyezi yambiri pazionetsero zomwe zimakhudza anthu mamiliyoni ambiri, zidapangitsa kuti awongolere mtsogoleri wawo wazaka 30 wazaka Omar al-Bashir. Purezidenti wa South Sudan nthawi yomweyo adapereka chenjezo kuti ngati anthu aku Juba angayesere izi, zingakhale zamanyazi kuti achinyamata ambiri afa, chifukwa adatcha gulu lake lankhondo kulowa m'bwaloli ndikukhazikitsa zatsopano malo opezeka likulu lonse.

Nthawi yanga ndi South Sudanese idalimbitsa chikhulupiriro changa chakuti dziko lapansi likufunika kusiya nkhondo. Amafunikira mpumulo ku mavuto ndi mantha omwe ali nawo, ndipo akuyembekeza kuti mtendere ukhalitsa kosatha. Ife ku US timafunikira mpumulo ku zovuta zomwe zachitika chifukwa chothandizira nkhondo m'malo ambiri - othawa komanso uchigawenga, kusowa kwazinthu zothandizira kupeza ndalama zokwanira kugula, madzi oyera, maphunziro, kukonza magwero, kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, komanso kulemera kwa ngongole. Zikhalidwe zathu zonse zitha kutumizidwa ndi uthenga wofala komanso wosaletseka woti nkhondo si mphamvu zachilengedwe, koma cholengedwa cha anthu, chifukwa chake chitha kutha ndi anthu. Njira za WBW, kutengera kumvetsetsa kumeneku, zimafuna kuchepetsa chitetezo, kuthetsa kusamvana mosavomerezeka, ndikupanga chikhalidwe chamtendere komwe maphunziro ndi zachuma ndizokhazikitsidwa ndi zofuna za anthu m'malo mokonzekera nkhondo. Njira yotakata iyi ikuwoneka yolondola kwa onse ku US ndi kwa ogwirizana, komanso ku South Sudan ndi oyandikana nawo, koma zomwe zigwiritsidwe ntchito zidzafunika kusinthidwa ndi omenyera ufulu wawo.

Kwa anthu aku America, zimatanthawuza zinthu monga kusuntha ndalama kuchokera kukonzekera nkhondo kupita ku ntchito zambiri zopulumutsa moyo, kutseka mabwalo athu mazana akunja, ndikumaliza kugulitsa zida kumayiko ena. Kwa aku South Sudan, omwe akudziwa bwino kuti zida zawo zonse zankhondo ndi zipolopolo zimachokera kwina, ayenera kusankha payokha momwe angayambire, mwina poyang'ana pa chitetezo chosavala, kuchiritsa koopsa, komanso kuyanjananso kuti athetse kudalira chiwawa. Pomwe anthu aku America ndi azungu ena amatha kugwiritsa ntchito ziwonetsero pagulu kutsutsa maboma awo, a South Sudan akuyenera kukhala osamala, ochenjera komanso omwazikana pazomwe amachita.

Mphatso yomwe anthu aku South Sudan ndi mayiko ena omwe akuvutika ndi nkhondo yayitali atha kubweretsa kwa World Beyond War tebulo ndikumvetsetsa nkhondo molondola pogawana nthano kuchokera pazomwe akumana nazo. Zomwe akumana nazo pankhani yankhondo zitha kuthandiza kudzutsa mayiko amphamvu ku malingaliro omwe afala kwambiri ku US Kuti achite izi, adzafunika kulimbikitsidwa, kuthandizidwa mwakuthupi komanso kuchita nawo maphunziro aumodzi. Njira imodzi yoyambira njirayi ndikupanga machaputala ku South Sudan ndi madera ena okhala ndi mikangano yachiwawa yomwe imatha kusintha njira ya WBW kuti igwirizane ndi mikhalidwe yawo, kenako ndikusinthana, miyambo, ziwonetsero, ndi upangiri njira zabwino zophunzirira kuchokera ndikuthandizana wina ndi mnzake cholinga chathu chothetsa nkhondo.

John Reuwer ndi membala wa World BEYOND WarBungwe la Atsogoleri.