by David Swanson, September 10, 2018.
Monga boma la US nthawi imodzi likuoneka Khothi Lalikulu Lapadziko Lonse ngakhale likuchita ngati lingatsutse United States chifukwa chamilandu ku Afghanistan (mutu "wofufuzidwa" kwa zaka zambiri, pomwe ICC siyenera kuimbidwa mlandu aliyense wosakhala waku Africa) ndi (okhala ndi chidziwitso chaching'ono cha dissonance) ntchito zonena zosamveka kuti boma la Syria litha kuphwanya lamulo ngati chowiringula chowopseza kuphwanya lamulo lalikulu lapadziko lonse lapansi (lotsutsana ndi nkhondo) pakukulitsa kuphana ku Syria, kusankha pakati pa nkhondo ndi lamulo sikungakhale kokulirapo kapena kutsutsa.
Funso ili lidzayankhidwa ndi aluso ambiri okamba ndi otsogolera zokambirana pa #NoWar2018 kumapeto kwa mwezi uno ku Toronto. Msonkhanowu udzayang'ana kwambiri m'malo mwa kupha anthu ambiri ndikupewa kusachita zachiwawa komanso kuthetsa mikangano. Otenga nawo mbali akuyembekezeka kuvomereza pazambiri ndi zina zochepa.
Kodi lamulo lagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri polimbana ndi nkhondo kapena mtendere mpaka pano? Kodi yachita zoipa kwambiri kapena zabwino? Kodi chiyenera kukhala cholinga chachikulu cha gulu lamtendere? Kodi ziyenera kuyang'ana kwambiri pa malamulo a m'deralo, malamulo a dziko lonse, kusintha mabungwe omwe alipo kale padziko lonse lapansi, kukhazikitsa demokalase mabungwe oterowo, kupanga chitaganya chatsopano chapadziko lonse kapena boma, kapena kupititsa patsogolo mapangano othetsa zida ndi ufulu wa anthu? Palibe mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi, kapena china chilichonse chomwe chili pafupi ndi icho, chomwe chilipo pa mfundo izi.
Koma mgwirizano ukhoza ndipo ungapezeke, ndikukhulupirira, pamapulojekiti ena (kaya pali mgwirizano wokhudzana ndi kuika patsogolo) ndipo angapezeke - ndipo angakhale opindulitsa kwambiri ngati atapezeka - pa mfundo zazikuluzikulu ngati zitakambidwa bwino komanso momasuka ndikuganiziridwa.
Ndangowerenga buku la James 'Ranney, Padziko Lonse Padziko Lonse Kudzakhala Mtendere. Ndimadzipeza kuti ndikusagwirizana kwambiri monga kuvomerezana ndi tsatanetsatane wake, koma ndikugwirizana kwambiri ndi izi kuposa momwe zilili za Kumadzulo. Ndikuganiza kuti ndikofunikira kuti tiganizire zina mwazambiri, ndikupita patsogolo pamodzi momwe tingathere, kaya tigwirizane kapena ayi.
Ranney akupereka masomphenya "odziyimira pawokha" omwe amakhala ofupikira kwambiri ndi utopia wa federalism padziko lonse lapansi. Potchulapo malingaliro, omwe tsopano ali ndi zaka mazana ambiri, a Jeremy Bentham, Ranney akulemba kuti "chiyembekezo chovomereza lingaliro la Bentham la 'mtendere wapadziko lonse kudzera mwalamulo' ndi lalikulu kwambiri kuposa momwe federalism idzavomerezedwera posachedwa."
Koma kodi kusagwirizana, monga momwe Bentham ananenera, sikunakhazikitsidwe zaka zoposa 100 zapitazo? Chabwino, mtundu wa. Umu ndi momwe Ranney amayankhira izi pamndandanda wamalamulo am'mbuyomu: "Mgwirizano Wachiwiri wa Hague (uletsa nkhondo kuti utole ngongole; amavomereza 'mfundo' yokakamiza, koma popanda makina ogwiritsira ntchito)." Ndipotu, vuto lalikulu ndi Msonkhano Wachiwiri wa Hague si kusowa kwa "makina" koma kusowa kwenikweni kumafuna chirichonse. Ngati wina angadutse mawu a lamuloli ndikuchotsa "kugwiritsa ntchito zonse zomwe angathe" komanso "momwe mikhalidwe ikuloleza" ndi mawu ofanana, mungakhale ndi lamulo loti mayiko athetse mikangano popanda chiwawa - lamulo lomwe limaphatikizapo kufotokoza momveka bwino njira yothetsera vutoli.
Ranney mofananamo, koma mopanda maziko ocheperapo, amatsutsa lamulo limene linakhazikitsidwa zaka 21 pambuyo pake: “Kellogg-Briand Pact (mfundo yoletsa nkhondo, koma osakakamiza).” Komabe, Pangano la Kellogg-Briand siliphatikiza mawu aliwonse opezeka mu Second Hague Convention, kapena chilichonse chokhudza mfundo zokhazikika. Zimafunika kuthetsa mikangano yopanda chiwawa, kuyimitsa kwathunthu. M'malo mwake "mfundo zovomerezeka zoletsa nkhondo" - pakuwerenga kwenikweni za lamuloli - ndiye ndendende kuletsa nkhondo osati china chilichonse. Palibe cholondola chomwe chimalankhulidwa potengera mawu oti "normative principle". Kufunika kwa “makina,” ngati si “kukakamiza” (mawu ovutitsa, monga tiwona mu miniti imodzi) ndi chosowa chenicheni. Koma mabungwe othetsera mikangano akhoza kuwonjezeredwa ku chiletso cha nkhondo chomwe chilipo mu Kellogg-Briand Pact popanda kulingalira kuti chiletsocho kulibe (kaya wina akuvomereza kapena ayi zopinga zomwe zimatsegulidwa ndi UN Charter).
Nazi njira zitatu zomwe Ranney akufuna kuti asinthe nkhondo ndi lamulo:
"(1) kuchepetsa zida-makamaka kuthetsedwa kwa zida za nyukiliya, ndikuchepetsa kofanana ndi mphamvu wamba;"
Kuvomerezedwa!
"(2) dongosolo la magawo anayi la kuthetsa mikangano yapadziko lonse (ADR), pogwiritsa ntchito malamulo ndi chilungamo;" ("kukambitsirana mokakamiza, kuyimira pakati mokakamiza, kugamula kokakamiza, ndi kugamula mokakamiza kochitidwa ndi Khothi Ladziko Lonse")
Kuvomerezedwa!
"(3) njira zokwanira zolimbikitsira, kuphatikiza gulu la UN Peace Force." ("osati pacifism")
Apa pali kusagwirizana kwakukulu. Bungwe la UN Peace Force, ngakhale silinalamulidwe moyenerera ndi General George Orwell, liripo ndipo lakhala likulephera mochititsa chidwi kuyambira pamene nkhondo ya Korea inayamba. Ranney akugwira mawu, mwachiwonekere, wolemba wina akunena kuti wapolisi wapadziko lonse lapansi akhale ndi zida zanyukiliya. Choncho, maganizo amisala amenewo ndi atsopano. Ranney amakondanso zomwe zimatchedwa "udindo woteteza" (R2P) dziko lapansi kuchokera kukupha anthu kudzera munkhondo (popanda, monga momwe zimakhalira, kufotokozera zomwe zimasiyanitsa wina ndi mnzake). Ndipo ngakhale chikhalidwe sichilemekeza lamulo lomveka bwino ngati Kellogg-Briand Pact, Ranney amapereka ulemu wachikhalidwe kwa R2P ngakhale silinali lamulo konse: chitetezo "chidayenera kuchitapo kanthu." Sichimakakamiza chilichonse.
Kodi chikhulupiriro ichi chakupanga nkhondo cha UN kaamba ka mtendere chimatifikitsa kuti? Malo ngati awa (chikhulupiriro cha ntchito zoletsedwa): "Ngakhale akutsutsidwa ndi pulezidenti waposachedwa waku America, kugwiritsa ntchito asitikali a UN kuti athandize kumanga dziko ndi chinthu chomwe mwachiwonekere chimayenera kuchitika kale kwambiri ku Iraq ndi Afghanistan, zomwe zikuwononga US. mabiliyoni ambiri a madola, miyoyo zikwi zambiri, ndipo sizingatipindulitse chilichonse koma kunyozedwa ndi gawo lalikulu la dziko.” Kuzindikirika kwa "ife" ndi boma la US ndiye vuto lalikulu kwambiri pano. Lingaliro loti nkhondo zachiwembuzi zidabweretsa ndalama ku United States zomwe ziyenera kutchulidwanso poyerekeza ndi mtengo wa omwe adazunzidwa pankhondoyo ndivuto lalikulu kwambiri pano - loyipa kwambiri malinga ndi pepala lomwe likufuna kugwiritsa ntchito nkhondo zambiri "kuletsa kuphana. ”
Mwachilungamo, Ranney amakonda bungwe la United Nations la demokalase, lomwe linganene kuti kugwiritsa ntchito magulu ankhondo ake kumawoneka kosiyana kwambiri ndi momwe amachitira masiku ano. Koma momwe mabwalo amodzi amakhalira ndikukhala Iraq ndi Afghanistan sindinganene.
Thandizo la Ranney pankhondo yapadziko lonse lapansi yankhondo ya UN ikukumana ndi vuto lina lomwe lidakwezedwa m'buku lake, ndikuganiza. Amakhulupirira kuti World Federalism ndi yosakondedwa komanso yosatheka kuti ikhale yoyenera kukwezedwa posachedwa. Komabe ndikukhulupirira kuti kupereka ufulu wodziyimira pawokha ku United Nations yokhala ndi demokalase ndikosasangalatsa komanso kosatheka. Ndipo ndikugwirizana ndi malingaliro otchuka nthawi ino. Boma lapadziko lonse lapansi lomwe lingathe kuyesa kuletsa kuwononga chilengedwe ndi homo sapiens ndilofunika kwambiri, pomwe likukanidwa mwamphamvu. Bungwe lomenyera nkhondo padziko lonse lapansi kuchokera pansi pa chala chachikulu cha United States limakanidwa mwamphamvu kwambiri, komanso lingaliro loyipa.
Ndikuganiza kuti chifukwa chake lingaliro loyipa ndilomveka bwino. Ngati kugwiritsa ntchito chiwawa chakupha kukufunika kuti tikwaniritse zabwino zina padziko lapansi zomwe sizingachitike mopanda chiwawa (chinthu chokayikitsa kwambiri, koma chokhulupiriridwa mozama kwambiri) ndiye kuti anthu adzafuna kulamulira chiwawa chakupha, ndipo atsogoleri a mayiko adzafuna. ena amalamulira chiwawa chakupha. Ngakhale bungwe la United Nations lokhala ndi demokalase lingasunthire kuwongolera kuchokera m'manja mwa zipani zomwe zikufuna kwambiri. Ngati, kumbali ina, timakhulupirira kuti kusagwirizana ndi chiwawa kumakhala kothandiza kwambiri kuposa chiwawa, ndiye kuti palibe makina ankhondo omwe amafunikira - zomwe ndichifukwa chake ambiri aife timawona pofuna kuthetsa nkhondo.
Ranney akupereka zitsanzo za zomwe amazitcha "zamphamvu" malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi, monga WTO, koma samakhudza zankhondo. Sizikudziwika chifukwa chake kugwiritsa ntchito mwamphamvu malamulo olimbana ndi nkhondo kumafunikira nkhondo podziphwanya yokha. Pokambitsirana za kukakamiza kuletsa zida za nyukiliya, Ranney akulemba kuti: "Wopanda ukadaulo wapadziko lonse lapansi ayenera kuchitidwa chimodzimodzi ndi wakupha wapakhomo." Inde. Zabwino. Koma zimenezo sizifunikira “nkhondo yamtendere” yokhala ndi zida. Opha anthu samachitidwapo ndi kuphulitsa aliyense wowazungulira (zifukwa zowukira Afghanistan mu 2001 ndizodziwikiratu komanso zowopsa kulamulolo).
Ranney amathandiziranso ngati lingaliro lomwe ndikuganiza kuti liyenera kukhala lofunikira pantchitoyi. Iye analemba kuti: “Sikuti bungwe la UNPF [United Nations Peace Force] siliyenera kuchita chilichonse koma kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu. M'malo mwake, payenera kukhala mphamvu ya 'mtendere ndi chiyanjanitso' yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito mokwanira kuthetsa mikangano ndi njira zina zopanda chiwawa, monga gulu lamtendere lomwe lilipo lopanda chiwawa. Pakafunika kukhala mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya magulu ankhondo amtendere, ogwira ntchito moyenera komanso ophunzitsidwa bwino kuti ayang'ane zovuta zosiyanasiyana. ”
Koma bwanji kupanga njira yapamwambayi kukhala cholembera cham'mbali? Nanga kuchita zimenezi kukusiyana bwanji ndi zimene tili nazo panopa?
Chabwino, kachiwiri, Ranney akulingalira UN ya demokalase yosalamulidwa ndi opanga nkhondo akuluakulu asanu ndi ogulitsa zida. Iyi ndi mfundo yaikulu yogwirizana. Kaya mumamatira ku chiwawa kapena ayi, funso loyamba ndi momwe mungabweretsere United States ndi ogwirizana nawo m'gulu la malamulo padziko lonse lapansi - kuphatikizapo momwe mungakhazikitsire demokalase kapena m'malo mwa United Nations.
Koma poganizira za demokalase padziko lonse lapansi, tisaganizire kugwiritsa ntchito zida za Middle Ages, ngakhale ndi kupita patsogolo kowopsa kwaukadaulo. Zimenezi zikufanana m’maganizo mwanga ndi nkhani zopeka za sayansi zimene anthu amaphunzira kuyenda mumlengalenga koma ali ofunitsitsa kuyambitsa ndewu zankhonya. Izi sizowona zenizeni. Palibenso dziko lomwe United States idasiya kukhala dziko lankhanza pomwe machitidwe achikhalidwe pakati pa mayiko amakhala akuphulitsa anthu.
Kufika ku a world beyond war popanda kugwiritsa ntchito nkhondo kutero si nkhani ya chiyero chaumwini, koma kukulitsa mwayi wopambana.
