Ndi David Swanson, World BEYOND War, October 22, 2021
Malinga ndi Magazini ya Smithsonian - zobweretsedwa kwa inu ndi anthu okhala ndi malo osungiramo zinthu zakale ku National Mall ku Washington DC - King George III anali wa demokalase komanso wothandiza anthu mu 1776.
Ndikanadana ndi izi kuti ndimve ngati kuluma kwa bulu, kubwera pazidendene za imfa ya Colin Powell, yemwe anachita zambiri pa lingaliro lakuti nkhondo ikhoza kukhazikitsidwa pa mfundo zolimba. Ndizamwayi, mwina, kuti Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse idalowa m'malo mwa Revolution ya America ngati nthano yoyambira ku US nationalism (malinga ambiri a mfundo zofunika za WWII amapewa kwambiri).
Komabe, pali chikondi chaubwana, nthano yaulemerero yomwe imadyedwa mwankhanza nthawi iliyonse tikapeza kuti George Washington analibe mano amatabwa kapena kunena zoona nthawi zonse, kapena kuti Paul Revere sanakwere yekha, kapena kapolo uja- kukhala ndi zolankhula za Patrick Henry za ufulu zidalembedwa zaka zambiri atamwalira, kapena kuti Molly Pitcher kulibe. Ndi zokwanira kundipangitsa ine pafupifupi kufuna kulira kapena kukula.
Ndipo tsopano apa pakubwera Magazini ya Smithsonian kutibera ife ngakhale mdani wangwiro, munthu woyera mu nyimbo za Hamilton, wamisala mu mafilimu a Hollywood, Ulemerero Wake Wachifumu wa blue piss, woimbidwa mlandu ndi wolakwa mu Declaration of Independence. Pakadapanda Hitler, moona mtima sindikudziwa chimene tikanasiya kukhala nacho.
M'malo mwake, zomwe Smithsonian adasindikiza, popanda kuwunikiranso konse ndi Intelligence Community, zidasinthidwa kuchokera m'buku lotchedwa. The Last King of America ndi wotsutsa wamtsogolo wa Espionage Act Andrew Roberts. A Daniel Hale ali m'ndende kwa zaka zinayi zikubwerazi chifukwa chotiuza zomwe boma la US limachita ndi ma drones ndi zoponya. Yerekezerani izi ndi izi kuchokera kwa a Roberts, pogwira mawu a King George pa zoyipa zaukapolo:
“'Zifukwa zomwe anthu a ku Spain ankagwiritsa ntchito posandutsa dziko latsopano ukapolo zinali zochititsa chidwi kwambiri,' akutero George; 'kufalitsidwa kwa chipembedzo Chachikristu kunali chifukwa choyamba, chotsatira chinali [Amwenye Achimereka] Achimereka osiyana nawo m'maonekedwe, makhalidwe, ndi miyambo, zonse zomwe ziri zopusa kwambiri moti sizingavutike kutsutsa.' Ponena za mchitidwe wa ku Ulaya wosandutsa akapolo Afirika, iye analemba kuti, 'zifukwa zomwezo zosonkhezeredwa kutero mwina zingakhale zokwanira kutichititsa kukhala ndi mchitidwe woterowo wakupha.' George analibe akapolo iye mwini, ndipo anapereka chivomerezo chake ku lamulo limene linathetsa malonda a akapolo ku England mu 1807. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, osachepera 41 mwa anthu 56 amene anasaina Chikalata Chodzilamulira anali eni ake a akapolo.”
Tsopano izo siziri bwino. Achimereka Achimereka amalankhula za "ukapolo" ndi "ufulu" koma izi sizinapangidwe kuti zifanane ndi zenizeni, mukudziwa, ukapolo ndi ufulu. Zinali zida zolankhulirana zosonyeza kulamulira kwa England pa madera ake ndi kutha kwake. M'malo mwake, ambiri mwa oukira boma aku America adalimbikitsidwa pang'ono ndi chikhumbo chofuna kuteteza ukapolo kuti usathedwe pansi pa ulamuliro wa Chingerezi. Chifukwa chake, mfundo yoti King George analibe akapolo ake pomwe Thomas Jefferson sakanatha kuwapeza, sichingafanane ndi chigamulo chotsutsana ndi mfumu chomwe chili mu Declaration of Independence, chomwe Andrew Roberts (ngati ndilo dzina lake lenileni) akufotokoza. monga kupanga nthano.
"Ndi Chilengezo chomwe chinayambitsa nthano yakuti George III anali wankhanza. Komabe George anali chifaniziro cha mfumu yovomerezeka, yosamala kwambiri za malire a mphamvu zake. Sanavotere Lamulo limodzi la Nyumba Yamalamulo, komanso analibe chiyembekezo kapena malingaliro oti akhazikitse nkhanza zomwe zikuyandikira madera ake aku America, omwe anali m'gulu la anthu omasuka kwambiri padziko lapansi panthawi ya Revolution: Manyuzipepala anali osatsutsika, panalibe zambiri. Asilikali m’misewu ndi nzika za m’maiko 13 olamulidwa ndi maikowo anali ndi ufulu wokulirapo ndi ufulu mwalamulo kuposa dziko lina lililonse la ku Ulaya la panthaŵiyo.”
Ndikuvomereza kuti sizikumveka bwino. Komabe, milandu ina ya m’Chikalatacho iyenera kuti inali yoona, ngakhale kuti yambiri inali yakuti “ndiye amene amayang’anira ndipo sayenera kukhala,” koma mlandu waukulu kwambiri m’chikalatacho unali wakuti:
"Iye wasangalala ndi zigawenga zapakhomo pakati pathu, ndipo adayesetsa kubweretsa anthu okhala m'malire athu, a Indian Savages opanda chifundo, omwe ulamuliro wawo wankhondo umadziwika, ndi chiwonongeko chosadziwika cha mibadwo yonse, kugonana ndi mikhalidwe."
Ndizosadabwitsa kuti okonda ufulu amayenera kukhala ndi anthu am'deralo pakati pawo omwe amatha kuwopseza zigawenga. Ndikudabwa kuti anthu amenewo akanakhala ndani. Ndipo kodi ankhanza opanda chifundo adachokera kuti - omwe adawaitanira kudziko lachingerezi poyambirira?
Opanduka a ku America, kupyolera mu kusintha kwawo kwa ufulu, anatsegula Kumadzulo kuti afutukuke ndi kumenyana ndi Amwenye Achimereka, ndipo makamaka anamenyana ndi Amwenye Achimereka pa nthawi ya Revolution ya America, zomwe zinatsatiridwa mofulumira ndi nkhondo zomwe zinayambika ku Florida ndi Canada. Ngwazi yachisinthiko George Rogers Clark ananena kuti akanakonda “kuona mtundu wonse wa Amwenye ukuthetsedwa” ndi kuti “sadzalekerera mkazi Wamwamuna kapena mwana wa iwo amene akanawaika manja ake.” Clark adalemba mawu kumayiko osiyanasiyana aku India momwe adawopseza "Akazi Anu ndi Ana Anu Apatsidwa Agalu kuti adye." Anatsatira mawu ake.
Chifukwa chake, mwina osintha zinthu anali ndi zolakwika, ndipo mwina nthawi zina King George anali munthu wamakhalidwe abwino pa nthawi yake, koma anali mdani woyipa kwambiri kwa okonda dziko lawo, er, ndikutanthauza zigawenga, kapena chilichonse chomwe anali, sichoncho? Chabwino, malinga ndi Roberts:
"Kuwolowa manja kwa mzimu wa George III kunandidabwitsa pamene ndimafufuza Royal Archives, zomwe zili mu Round Tower ku Windsor Castle. Ngakhale George Washington atagonjetsa asilikali a George pa Nkhondo Yodzilamulira, mfumuyo inatchula Washington mu March 1797 monga 'munthu wamkulu kwambiri pa nthawiyo,' ndipo pamene George anakumana ndi John Adams ku London mu June 1785, anamuuza kuti, 'Ndidzatero. lankhulani inu moona mtima. Ndinali womalizira kuvomereza kulekana [pakati pa England ndi maiko atsamunda]; koma kulekana kwapangidwa, ndipo kukhala kosapeŵeka, nthaŵi zonse ndanena, ndipo ndikunena tsopano, kuti ndikanakhala woyamba kukumana ndi ubwenzi wa United States monga mphamvu yodziimira paokha.’ (Kukumanaku kunali kosiyana kwambiri ndi kosonyezedwa m’mautumiki a ‘John Adams,’ m’mene Adams, yemwe ankaimbidwa ndi Paul Giamatti, akuchitiridwa zinthu mopanda ntchito.) Monga momwe mapepala ochuluka ameneŵa akusonyezera momvekera bwino, palibe Kuukira kwa America kapena kugonja kwa Britain sikunganenedwe mlandu. George, yemwe adakhala mfumu yoletsa malamulo, kutsatira mosamalitsa malangizo a nduna ndi akazembe ake. ”
Komano, kodi cholinga cha nkhondo yopha anthu ambiri chinali chiyani? Mayiko ambiri - kuphatikiza Canada monga chitsanzo chapafupi - apeza ufulu wawo popanda nkhondo. Ku United States, anthu amanena kuti “atate oyambitsa” anamenya nkhondo yofuna kudziimira paokha, koma ngati tikanakhala ndi mapindu ofanana popanda nkhondoyo, kodi sizikanakhala bwino kuposa kupha anthu masauzande ambiri?
Kubwerera ku 1986, buku linasindikizidwa ndi katswiri wamkulu wosachita zachiwawa Gene Sharp ndipo pambuyo pake Virginia State Delegate David Toscano, ndi ena, otchedwa. Kukaniza, Ndale, ndi Kumenyera Ufulu Wachi America, 1765-1775.
Masiku amenewo si typo. M'zaka zimenezo, anthu a m'madera aku Britain omwe akanakhala United States ankagwiritsa ntchito kunyanyala, misonkhano, maulendo, zisudzo, kusamvera, kuletsa katundu ndi kutumiza kunja, maboma ogwirizana ndi malamulo, kukakamiza Nyumba yamalamulo, kutseka makhoti. ndi maofesi ndi madoko, chiwonongeko cha masitampu amisonkho, maphunziro osatha ndikukonzekera, ndi kutaya tiyi ku doko - zonse kuti akwaniritse bwino ufulu waukulu, mwa zina, nkhondo ya ufulu wodzilamulira isanayambe. Zovala zopota kunyumba zokana ufumu wa Britain zinkachitika m'tsogolomu United States kale Gandhi asanayese. Sakuuza zimenezo kusukulu eti?
Atsamunda sanalankhule za ntchito zawo m'mawu achi Gandhi. Iwo sanadziwiretu zachiwawa. Nthawi zina ankaziwopseza ndipo nthawi zina ankazigwiritsa ntchito. Iwo’nso, mododometsa, analankhula za kukana “ukapolo” wa England ngakhale pamene akusunga ukapolo weniweniwo mu “Dziko Latsopano.” Ndipo analankhula za kukhulupirika kwawo kwa Mfumu ngakhale pamene ankatsutsa malamulo ake.
Komabe iwo anakana kwambiri zachiwawa ngati zosapindulitsa. Iwo adathetsa Stamp Act atathetsa bwino. Iwo anachotsa pafupifupi Machitidwe onse a Townsend. Makomiti omwe adakonza kuti alimbikitse kunyalanyazidwa kwa katundu wa Britain adalimbikitsanso chitetezo cha anthu ndikukhazikitsa mgwirizano watsopano wadziko. Nkhondo za Lexington ndi Concord zisanachitike, alimi aku Western Massachusetts anali atalanda nyumba zonse za makhothi mopanda chiwawa ndikuthamangitsa a British. Kenako a Bostonian adatembenukira ku ziwawa, chisankho chomwe sichiyenera kukhululukidwa, kulemekezedwa, koma chomwe chimafunadi mdani wamunthu yemwe ali ndi ziwanda.
Ngakhale tikuganiza kuti nkhondo ya Iraq inali nkhondo yokhayo yomwe idayambika ndi mabodza, timayiwala kuti kuphedwa kwa Boston kunasokonekera mopitilira kudziwika, kuphatikiza ndi chojambula cha Paul Revere chomwe chikuwonetsa aku Britain ngati opha nyama. Timachotsa mfundo yoti Benjamin Franklin adatulutsa nkhani yabodza ya Boston Independent momwe a British adadzitamandira posaka nyama zam'mutu. Ndipo timayiwala chikhalidwe chapamwamba cha otsutsa ku Britain. Timagwetsa chikumbutso chenicheni cha masiku oyambirirawo kwa anthu wamba opanda mayina. Howard Zinn anafotokoza kuti:
"Pafupi ndi 1776, anthu ena ofunika kwambiri m'mayiko a Chingerezi anapeza zomwe zingapindule kwambiri kwa zaka mazana awiri otsatira. Iwo adapeza kuti pakupanga mtundu, chizindikiro, mgwirizano wovomerezeka wotchedwa United States, iwo adzalanda dziko, phindu, ndi mphamvu zandale kuchokera kuzinthu zofunikila za Ufumu wa Britain. Pochita zimenezi, iwo akhoza kubwezera anthu angapo omwe angapandukire ndikupanga mgwirizano wotchuka wotsimikizira ulamuliro wa utsogoleri watsopano. "
Ndipotu, zipolowe zisanachitike, panali zipolowe 18 zotsutsa maboma atsamunda, zigawenga zisanu ndi chimodzi za anthu akuda, ndi zipolowe 40. Akuluakulu a ndale anaona kuti n'zotheka kubwezeretsa mkwiyo ku England. Osauka amene sakanapindula ndi nkhondoyo kapena kupindula nazo zandale anayenera kukakamizidwa ndi mphamvu kumenya nawo nkhondoyo. Ambiri, kuphatikiza akapolo, adalonjeza ufulu wokulirapo ndi a Britain, osiyidwa kapena osintha.
Chilango cha zolakwa mu Continental Army chinali zikwapu 100. George Washington, munthu wolemera kwambiri ku America, atalephera kukakamiza Congress kuti ikweze malire ovomerezeka mpaka kukwapulidwa 500, adaganiza zogwiritsa ntchito zolemetsa ngati chilango m'malo mwake, koma adasiya lingalirolo chifukwa kugwira ntchito movutikira sikukanakhala kosiyana ndi ntchito yanthawi zonse. asilikali a Continental. Asilikali anathawanso chifukwa ankafunika chakudya, zovala, pogona, mankhwala komanso ndalama. Analembetsa kuti alipidwe, sanalipidwe, ndipo anaika pangozi moyo wa mabanja awo pokhalabe msilikali wosalipidwa. Pafupifupi magawo awiri pa atatu aliwonse a iwo anali kutsutsana kapena kutsutsana ndi chifukwa chomwe anali kumenyera nkhondo ndi kuzunzika. Zigawenga zodziwika bwino, monga Kupanduka kwa Shays ku Massachusetts, zikanatsatira chigonjetso chakusintha.
Chifukwa chake, mwina Kuukira kwachiwawa sikunali kofunikira, koma kukhulupilira kuti kunali kumatithandiza kuyamika oligarchy yachinyengo yomwe tikukhalamo ngati chinthu chosokoneza "demokalase" ndikuyambitsanso nkhondo yowopsa ku China. Kotero, simunganene kuti aliyense anafera pachabe.
