M'maso mwa anthu ambiri padziko lonse lapansi, zokambirana zabwerera kumbuyo ku ntchito zankhondo mu mfundo zakunja za US. Pulogalamu ya drone ndi chitsanzo chabwino.
Ndi Ann Wright | June 2017.
Idasinthidwa June 9, 2017, kuchokera The Foreign Service Journal.
MQ-9 Reaper, ndege yankhondo, ikuwuluka.
Wikimedia Commons / Ricky Best
Kukhazikitsa usilikali kwa mfundo zakunja za US sikunayambe ndi Purezidenti Donald J. Trump; kwenikweni, imabwerera zaka makumi angapo. Komabe, ngati masiku 100 oyamba a Trump ali paudindo ali chizindikiro chilichonse, alibe cholinga chochepetsa zomwe zikuchitika.
Pa sabata limodzi mu Epulo, olamulira a Trump adawombera mizinga 59 ya Tomahawk pabwalo la ndege la Syria, ndikugwetsa bomba lalikulu kwambiri mu zida zankhondo zaku US pama ngalande omwe akuwakayikira a ISIS ku Afghanistan. Chida ichi chowotchera chokwana mapaundi 21,600 chomwe chinali chisanagwiritsidwepo ntchito pomenya nkhondo — Massive Ordinance Air Blast kapena MOAB, yomwe imadziwika kuti "Amayi a Mabomba Onse" - idagwiritsidwa ntchito m'boma la Achin ku Afghanistan, komwe Sergeant wa Special Forces Staff Mark De. Alencar anali ataphedwa sabata yapitayo. (Bombalo linayesedwa kawiri kokha, ku Elgin Air Base, Florida, mu 2003.)
Kuti atsindikitse zomwe olamulira atsopano akufuna kukakamiza pazokambirana, lingaliro loyesa kuphulika kwa bomba la mega linatengedwa unilaterally ndi General John Nicholson, wamkulu wamkulu wa asitikali aku US ku Afghanistan. Poyamikira chigamulo chimenecho, Pres. A Trump adalengeza kuti adapereka "chilolezo chonse" kwa asitikali aku US kuti achite chilichonse chomwe angafune, kulikonse padziko lapansi - zomwe zikutanthauza kuti popanda kufunsa komiti yachitetezo cha dziko la interagency.
Akunenanso kuti Pres. A Trump adasankha akuluakulu ankhondo pamipando iwiri yayikulu yachitetezo cha dziko yomwe idadzazidwa ndi anthu wamba: Secretary of Defense ndi National Security Advisor. Komabe miyezi itatu muulamuliro wake, wasiya masauzande mazana ambiri aboma ku State, Defense ndi kwina.
Kuletsa Kuchulukira Kosakhazikika
Mamembala a New York Air National Guard's 1174th Fighter Wing Maintenance Group amayika choko pa MQ-9 Reaper atabwerako kuchokera ku ntchito yophunzitsira yozizira ku Wheeler Sack Army Airfield, Fort Drum, NY, Feb. 14, 2012.
Wikimedia Commons / Ricky Best
Pamene Pres. Trump sanatchulebe ndondomeko yokhudzana ndi kuphedwa kwa ndale, palibe chomwe chikusonyeza kuti akukonzekera kusintha mchitidwe wodalira kuphedwa kwa drone komwe kunakhazikitsidwa ndi omwe adamutsogolera posachedwa.
Komabe, kumbuyoko mu 1976, Purezidenti Gerald Ford anapereka chitsanzo chosiyana kwambiri pamene anapereka chake Lamulo lolamulidwa 11095. Izi zinalengeza kuti "Palibe wogwira ntchito m'boma la United States amene adzachite, kapena kuchita chiwembu, kupha ndale."
Anayambitsa zoletsa izi pambuyo pofufuza ndi Komiti ya Tchalitchi (Komiti Yosankha ya Senate Yophunzira Ntchito Zaboma Polemekeza Ntchito Zanzeru, motsogozedwa ndi Sen. Frank Church, D-Idaho) ndi Komiti ya Pike (mnzake wa House House, wotsogoleredwa ndi Rep. Otis. G. Pike, DN.Y.) anali ataulula kuchuluka kwa ntchito zakupha za Central Intelligence Agency motsutsana ndi atsogoleri akunja m'zaka za m'ma 1960 ndi 1970.
Kupatulapo ochepa, pulezidenti angapo otsatira anachirikiza chiletsocho. Koma mu 1986, Pulezidenti Ronald Reagan analamula kuti kuukira nyumba ya Libyan wamphamvu Muammar Gaddafi ku Tripoli, pobwezera kuphulitsa mabomba kwa nightclub Berlin amene anapha asilikali US ndi nzika ziwiri German ndi kuvulaza 229. M'mphindi 12 zokha, American ndege anagwa. Matani 60 a mabomba aku US panyumba, ngakhale adalephera kupha Gaddafi.
Zaka khumi ndi ziwiri pambuyo pake, mu 1998, Purezidenti Bill Clinton adalamula kuti mizinga 80 yoyenda panyanja pazida za al-Qaida ku Afghanistan ndi Sudan, kubwezera kuphulitsidwa kwa akazembe a US ku Kenya ndi Tanzania. Boma la Clinton lidalungamitsa izi ponena kuti lamulo loletsa kupha anthu silikukhudzana ndi anthu omwe boma la US lidatsimikiza kuti anali okhudzana ndi uchigawenga.
Patangopita masiku angapo gulu la al-Qaida litachita zigawenga ku United States pa Seputembara 11, 2001, Purezidenti George W. Bush adasaina "zopeza" zomwe zimalola Central Intelligence Agency kuchita "ntchito zobisika" zopha Osama bin Laden komanso. wononga zigawenga zake. Maloya a White House ndi CIA adanena kuti lamuloli linali lovomerezeka pazifukwa ziwiri. Choyamba, adalandira malingaliro a Clinton olamulira kuti EO 11905 sanalepheretse United States kuchitapo kanthu motsutsana ndi zigawenga. Mokulira, iwo analengeza kuti kuletsa kuphana pandale sikunagwire ntchito panthaŵi yankhondo.
Tumizani ma Drones
Boma la Bush kukana kwathunthu kuletsa kupha anthu omwe akufuna kupha kapena kupha ndale kwasintha zaka XNUMX za mfundo zakunja zaku US. Zinatsegulanso chitseko cha kugwiritsira ntchito magalimoto osayendetsedwa ndi ndege kuti aphe anthu omwe akufunafuna ( euphemism for assassinations ).
Gulu lankhondo la US Air Force lakhala likuwulutsa magalimoto osayendetsedwa ndi anthu (UAVs), kuyambira m'ma 1960, koma ngati nsanja zopanda anthu. Kutsatira 9/11, komabe, dipatimenti yachitetezo ndi Central Intelligence Agency idapanga zida za "drones" (monga momwe adatchulidwira mwachangu) kuti aphe atsogoleri onse ndi asitikali oyenda pansi a al-Qaida ndi a Taliban.
United States idakhazikitsa maziko ku Afghanistan ndi Pakistan kuti achite izi, koma pambuyo pa ziwopsezo zingapo zomwe zidapha anthu wamba, kuphatikiza gulu lalikulu lomwe linasonkhana paukwati, boma la Pakistani lidalamula mu 2011 kuti ma drones aku US ndi asitikali aku US achotsedwe. kuchokera ku Shamsi Air Base yake. Komabe, kupha anthu omwe akufuna kuphedwa kukupitilira ku Pakistan ndi ma drones omwe amakhala kunja kwa dzikolo.
Mu 2009, Purezidenti Barack Obama adayamba pomwe omwe adakhalapo adasiyira. Pamene nkhawa za anthu komanso za congressional zidachulukira pakugwiritsa ntchito ndege zoyendetsedwa ndi CIA ndi ogwira ntchito zankhondo omwe ali pamtunda wa makilomita 10,000 kuchokera kwa anthu omwe adalamulidwa kuti awaphe, a White House adakakamizika kuvomereza mwalamulo pulogalamu yopha anthu komanso kufotokoza momwe anthu adakhalira zolinga za pulogalamu.
M'malo mokweza pulogalamuyo, komabe, olamulira a Obama adatsika kawiri. Idasankha amuna onse azaka zankhondo omwe ali mdera lakunja ngati omenyera nkhondo, chifukwa chake ndi omwe angakwaniritse zomwe idawatcha "kumenyedwa kosayina." Chodetsa nkhawa kwambiri, idalengeza kuti zigawenga zolimbana ndi zigawenga zamtengo wapatali, zomwe zimadziwika kuti "kumenya anthu," zitha kuphatikiza nzika zaku America.
Kuthekera kongopeka kumeneku posakhalitsa kunakhala chenicheni chomvetsa chisoni. Mu April 2010, Pres. Obama adalamula CIA kuti "imuthandize" Anwar al-Awlaki, nzika yaku America komanso imam wakale pa mzikiti waku Virginia, kuti amuphe. Pasanathe zaka khumi m'mbuyomo, Ofesi ya Mlembi Wankhondo idaitana imam kuti achite nawo ntchito yophatikiza zipembedzo pambuyo pa 9/11. Koma al-Awlaki pambuyo pake adakhala wotsutsa kwambiri za "nkhondo yachigawenga," adasamukira kwawo kwa abambo ake ku Yemen, ndikuthandizira al-Qaida kulemba anthu.
Boma la Bush likukana kuletsa kupha anthu omwe akufuna kuti aphedwe kunatsegula chitseko cha kugwiritsa ntchito ndege zopanda munthu kupha anzawo.
Pa Seputembara 30, 2011, chiwopsezo cha drone chinapha al-Awlaki ndi wina waku America, Samir Khan-omwe anali kuyenda naye ku Yemen. Ma drones aku US adapha mwana wamwamuna wazaka 16 wa al-Awlaki, Abdulrahman al-Awlaki, nzika yaku America, patatha masiku 10 pakuukira gulu la anyamata ozungulira moto. Boma la a Obama silinafotokoze momveka bwino ngati mwana wazaka 16 adayang'aniridwa payekhapayekha chifukwa anali mwana wa al-Awlaki kapena ngati adamenyedwa "siginecha", molingana ndi kufotokozera kwa mnyamata wachinyamata wankhondo. Komabe, pamsonkhano wa atolankhani ku White House, mtolankhani adafunsa wolankhulira a Obama a Robert Gibbs momwe angatetezere kuphedwaku, makamaka imfa ya mwana wazaka zaku US yemwe "adayang'aniridwa popanda chifukwa, popanda mlandu."
Kuyankha kwa Gibbs sikunathandize kwenikweni chithunzi cha US m'dziko lachisilamu: "Ndinganene kuti mukanakhala ndi abambo odalirika kwambiri ngati akudera nkhawa za ubwino wa ana awo. Sindikuganiza kuti kukhala chigawenga cha al-Qaida jihadist ndiyo njira yabwino yochitira bizinesi yanu. ”
Pa Januware 29, 2017, mwana wamkazi wa al-Awlaki wazaka 8, Nawar al-Awlaki, adaphedwa pagulu lankhondo la US ku Yemen lolamulidwa ndi wolowa m'malo wa Obama, a Donald Trump.
Pakadali pano, atolankhani adapitilizabe kulengeza zakuti anthu wamba akuphedwa chifukwa chomenyedwa ndi ma drone mdera lonselo, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimatsata maphwando aukwati ndi maliro. Anthu ambiri okhala mdera lomwe lili m'malire a Afghan-Pakistani amatha kumva phokoso la ma drones akuzungulira dera lawo usana ndi usiku, zomwe zimachititsa kuti anthu onse okhala m'deralo, makamaka ana, azisokonezeka m'maganizo.
Boma la Obama lidatsutsidwa kwambiri chifukwa cha njira ya "pampopi kawiri" -kugunda nyumba kapena galimoto yomwe chandamale ndi mzinga wa Hellfire, kenako kuwombera mzinga wachiwiri ku gulu lomwe lidathandizira omwe adavulala koyamba. kuwukira. Nthaŵi zambiri, amene anathamanga kukapulumutsa anthu amene anatsekeredwa m’nyumba zogwa kapena m’galimoto zoyaka moto anali nzika za m’deralo, osati zigawenga.
Njira Yosapindulitsa Kwambiri
Zolinga zomwe nthawi zambiri zimaperekedwa pogwiritsira ntchito ma drones ndikuti amathetsa kufunikira kwa "nsapato pansi" - kaya ndi asilikali kapena asilikali a CIA - m'malo owopsa, motero amateteza miyoyo ya US. Akuluakulu aku US amanenanso kuti ma UAV anzeru amasonkhanitsidwa pakuwunika kwanthawi yayitali kumapangitsa kuti kumenyedwa kwawo kukhale kolondola, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe avulala. (Kusiyidwa, koma pafupifupi cholimbikitsa china champhamvu, ndikuti kugwiritsa ntchito ma drones kumatanthauza kuti palibe zigawenga zomwe zikuganiziridwa kuti zingatengedwe wamoyo, motero kupewa zovuta zandale ndi zina zomangidwa.)
Ngakhale zonenazi zitakhala zoona, sizikukhudzana ndi zovuta za njira yazandale za US. Chodetsa nkhawa kwambiri ndichakuti ma drones amalola apurezidenti kuti ayankhe mafunso ankhondo ndi mtendere posankha njira yomwe ikuwoneka kuti ikupereka maphunziro apakatikati, koma imakhala ndi zotsatira zanthawi yayitali pamalingaliro aku US, komanso madera. pa mapeto olandira.
Potengera chiwopsezo cha kutayika kwa anthu aku US, opanga mfundo ku Washington atha kuyesedwa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kuti athetse vuto lachitetezo m'malo mokambirana ndi omwe akukhudzidwa. Komanso, mwachilengedwe chawo, ma UAV amatha kubwezera ku America kuposa zida wamba. Kwa ambiri ku Middle East ndi South Asia, ma drones akuyimira kufooka kwa boma la US ndi asitikali ake, osati mphamvu. Kodi ankhondo olimba mtima sayenera kumenya nkhondo pansi, amafunsa, m'malo mobisala kumbuyo kwa ndege yopanda mawonekedwe m'mwamba, yoyendetsedwa ndi wachinyamata wokhala pampando pamtunda wa mailosi masauzande ambiri?
Drones amalola apurezidenti kuti ayankhe mafunso ankhondo ndi mtendere posankha njira yomwe ikuwoneka kuti ikupereka maphunziro apakati, koma imakhala ndi zotsatira zanthawi yayitali pamalingaliro aku US.
Kuyambira 2007, osachepera 150 ogwira ntchito ku NATO akhala akuzunzidwa "mkati" ndi asitikali aku Afghanistan ndi apolisi aku Afghanistan omwe akuphunzitsidwa ndi mgwirizano. Ambiri mwa anthu aku Afghanistan omwe amapha anthu aku America "obiriwira pabuluu" ovala yunifolomu komanso anthu wamba, akuchokera kumadera akumalire a Afghanistan ndi Pakistan komwe kumenyedwa kwa ndege za US kumayang'ana kwambiri. Amabwezera imfa ya mabanja awo ndi abwenzi awo popha aphunzitsi awo ankhondo aku US.
Mkwiyo wotsutsana ndi ma drones wawonekeranso ku United States. Pa Meyi 1, 2010, Faisal Shahzad waku Pakistani waku America anayesa kuphulitsa bomba pagalimoto ku Times Square. M'kudandaula kwake, Shahzad adalungamitsa kulunjika anthu wamba pouza woweruza kuti, "Drone ikagunda ku Afghanistan ndi Iraq, sawona ana, samawona aliyense. Amapha akazi, ana; amapha aliyense. Akupha Asilamu onse.”
Monga 2012 US Air Force inali kulemba oyendetsa ndege ambiri kuposa oyendetsa ndege zamtundu wamtundu-pakati pa 2012 ndi 2014, adakonzekera kuwonjezera oyendetsa ndege a 2,500 ndikuthandizira anthu ku pulogalamu ya drone. Izi ndi pafupifupi kuwirikiza kawiri kuchuluka kwa akazembe omwe dipatimenti ya Boma imalemba ganyu muzaka ziwiri.
Kukhudzidwa kwa Congression ndi atolankhani papulogalamuyi kudapangitsa kuti a Obama avomereze misonkhano yanthawi zonse ya Lachiwiri motsogozedwa ndi Purezidenti kuti adziwe zomwe akufuna kupha anthu. Pazofalitsa zapadziko lonse lapansi, "Zowopsa Lachiwiri" zidakhala chiwonetsero cha mfundo zakunja zaku US.
Sanachedwe
Kwa ambiri padziko lonse lapansi, mfundo zakunja zaku US zakhala zikulamuliridwa zaka 16 zapitazi ndi zida zankhondo ku Middle East ndi South Asia, komanso masewera akuluakulu ankhondo a pamtunda ndi nyanja kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Asia. Padziko lonse lapansi, zoyesayesa zaku America pankhani zachuma, zamalonda, zachikhalidwe komanso ufulu wa anthu zikuwoneka kuti zabwerera kumbuyo kunkhondo zopitilira.
Kupitiliza kugwiritsa ntchito nkhondo za drone popha anthu kudzangowonjezera kusakhulupirira kwa mayiko akunja pa zolinga zaku America komanso kukhulupirika. Izi zimasewera m'manja mwa otsutsa omwe tikuyesera kuwagonjetsa.
Pa kampeni yake, a Donald Trump adalonjeza kuti nthawi zonse aziyika "America Choyamba," ndipo adati akufuna kusiya ntchito yosintha maboma. Sipanachedwe kuti akwaniritse lonjezolo pophunzira kuchokera ku zolakwa za omwe adamutsogolera komanso kubwezeretsanso kupitirizabe kumenya nkhondo kwa mfundo zakunja za US.
Ann Wright adakhala zaka 29 ku US Army and Army Reserves, akupuma ngati Colonel. Anatumikira zaka 16 mu Utumiki Wachilendo Wachilendo ku Nicaragua, Grenada, Somalia, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Sierra Leone, Micronesia ndi Mongolia, ndipo anatsogolera gulu laling'ono lomwe linatsegulanso ofesi ya kazembe wa United States ku Kabul mu December 2001. Anasiya ntchito mu March 2003 potsutsana ndi Nkhondo ya Iraq, ndipo ndi wolemba nawo buku la Dissent: Voices of Conscience (Koa, 2008). Amalankhula padziko lonse lapansi za militarization ya US mfundo zakunja ndipo akutenga nawo mbali mugulu lankhondo la US lodana ndi nkhondo.
Malingaliro omwe afotokozedwa m'nkhaniyi ndi a mlembi wake ndipo sakuwonetsa malingaliro a Dipatimenti ya Boma, Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo kapena boma la US.
