Ndi David Swanson
Wosewera kumbuyo wa San Francisco 49ers Colin Kaepernick wapatsidwa ulemu womuyenereza chifukwa chotsutsa tsankho pokhala pagulu. Nyenyezi Yapang'onopang'ono Banner, zomwe sizimangolemekeza nkhondo (zimene aliyense, kuphatikizapo Kaepernick ali nazo) komanso zimaphatikizanso tsankho mu vesi losatchulidwa ndipo linalembedwa ndi mwiniwake wa kapolo watsankho yemwe mtundu wake wakale unaphatikizapo tsankho lodana ndi Asilamu. Malingana ngati tikutsegula maso athu ku mbiri yosasangalatsa yomwe ikubisala poyera, ndikofunikira kufunsa chifukwa chake 49ers si dzina lamagulu lomwe aliyense amagwirizana ndi kupha anthu. Chifukwa chiyani Kaepernick sakutsutsa yunifolomu yake?
Zachidziwikire, kutsutsa kusalungama kumodzi ndikoyenera kuyamika kosatha, ndipo sindiyembekeza kuti aliyense amene amalankhula chinthu chimodzi atsutse china chilichonse. Koma ndangowerengapo buku latsopano lowopsa lomwe ndikukayikira limapeza mbiri yakale yomwe anthu ambiri aku California sadziwa. Bukuli ndi Kuphedwa kwa ku America: United States ndi California Indian Catastrophe, 1846-1873, ndi Benjamin Madley, wochokera ku Yale University Press. Ndikukayika kuti ndawonapo buku lofufuzidwa bwino komanso lolembedwa pa chilichonse. Ngakhale bukhuli limakhalabe ndi mbiri yotsatizana, ndipo ngakhale pali kusatsimikizika kochuluka m'mawu ogwiritsidwa ntchito, masamba 198 a zowonjezera zofotokoza za kuphana kwapadera, ndipo masamba 73 a zolemba akutsimikizira mlandu wokulirapo wakupha anthu malinga ndi tanthauzo lalamulo la UN.
United States itabera theka la Mexico, kuphatikiza California, kudatenga chidziwitso chaumunthu, ndikukayikira tonse tikadadziwa momwe zidayendera komanso zomwe zidapita kale. Anthu aku California mwina akadakumbukira mochititsa mantha nkhanza zomwe anthu aku California adachita ndi anthu aku Russia, Spaniards, ndi Mexico, ziwawazo zikadapanda kukulitsidwa modabwitsa ndi 49ers. M'mbiri ina yotereyi, chiwerengero cha anthu aku California omwe ali ndi makolo awo chingakhale chokulirapo, ndipo zolemba zawo ndi mbiri zawo zili bwino.
Ngakhale kupatsidwa zomwe zidachitikadi, tikadakhala ndi chizolowezi masiku ano kuganiza za Amwenye Achimereka ngati anthu enieni komanso / kapena titasiya chizolowezi chosiyanitsa zomwe asitikali aku US amachita m'malo ngati Iraq ("nkhondo") ndi zochepa. -amene ali ndi zida zankhondo ku Africa amachita ("kuphedwa kwa fuko") ndiye kuti mabuku a mbiri yakale aku US m'masukulu sakanadumpha kuchokera kunkhondo yaku Mexico kupita ku Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni, ndi tanthauzo la mtendere (oh wotopetsa) pakati. Pakati pa nkhondo zomwe zidamenyedwa pakati pawo panali nkhondo ya anthu aku California. Inde, kunali kupha kwa mbali imodzi kwa anthu opanda zida. Inde, ozunzidwawo anagwiritsidwanso ntchito m’misasa ndi kumenyedwa ndi kuzunzidwa ndi njala, kuthamangitsidwa m’nyumba zawo, ndi kuthedwa nzeru ndi matenda. Koma ngati mukuganiza kuti nkhondo zaposachedwa zaku US zilibe njira izi, mwakhala mukugwiritsa ntchito zofalitsa zambiri zaku US.
Madley analemba kuti: “Kupha Amwenye achindunji ndi mwadala ku California pakati pa 1846 ndi 1873 kunali koopsa kwambiri ndi kosalekeza [kuposa] kwina kulikonse ku United States kapena madera amene anatsatira atsamunda ake. Iye analemba kuti: “Malamulo a boma ndi a boma, kuphatikizapo chiwawa choopsa, zinathandiza kwambiri kutsala pang’ono kuwonongedwa kwa Amwenye aku California m’zaka 80 zoyambirira za ulamuliro wa United States. . . . [kuchepetsa] Amwenye aku California ndi pafupifupi 150,000 peresenti, kuchoka pa 30,000 kufika pa XNUMX. Pasanathe zaka makumi atatu obwera kumene - mothandizidwa ndi maboma ndi maboma - pafupifupi anafafaniza Amwenye aku California. "
Iyi si mbiri yachinsinsi. Yangokhala mbiri yosafunidwa. Nyuzipepala, aphungu a boma, ndi mamembala a Congress ali ndi mbiri yabwino kuti aphedwe anthu omwe amawaona kuti ndi ochepa kuposa anthu. Komabe anali anthu omwe adapanga moyo wokhazikika komanso wosiririka komanso wamtendere. California sikunali kodzaza ndi nkhondo mpaka anthu omwe mbadwa zawo zidzalengeza nkhondo kukhala mbali ya "chibadwa chaumunthu" anafika.
Iwo anafika poyamba mwachiŵerengero chochepa kwambiri kuti athe kumenyana ndi anthu onse okhalamo. Chofala kwambiri kuposa kupha anthu ambiri mpaka 1849 chinali ukapolo. Koma ziyambukiro zoluluzika za ukapolo, ndi azungu akuyang’ana anthu akumeneko akudyetsedwa m’zodyeramo ngati nkhumba, ndi Amwenye ogwirira ntchito mpaka kufa ndi kuloŵedwa m’malo ndi ena, zinasonkhezera maganizo amene analingalira Amwenye kukhala zilombo zakuthengo, mofanana ndi mimbulu, yofunikira kuphedwa. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, mpambo wa nkhani zabodza unayambika umene unakhulupirira kuti kupha Amwenye “kukaphunzitsa ena phunziro.” Ndipo potsirizira pake kulingalira kwakukulu kukanakhala kunamizira kuti kuchotsedwa kwa Amwenye kunali kosapeŵeka, kunama kunja kwa ulamuliro wa munthu, ngakhale wa anthu amene akuchita zimenezo.
Koma izi sizingakhale zowoneka bwino mpaka kufika kwa a 49ers, omwe adasiya zonse kuti azisaka miyala yachikasu - ndipo oyambirira mwa iwo anali ochokera ku Oregon. Zomwe zinachitika panthawiyo zikufanana ndi zomwe zidachitika kum'mawa kwambiri komanso zomwe zikuchitika masiku ano ku Palestine. Magulu osamvera malamulo ankasaka Amwenye kuti achite masewera kapena kulanda golide wawo. Ngati Amwenye adayankha ndi chiwawa (chochepa kwambiri), kuzungulirako kunakula kwambiri mpaka kuphana kwakukulu kwa midzi yonse.
Ma 49ers adasefukiranso kuchokera kummawa. Ngakhale kuti 4% yokha yaimfa paulendo wakumadzulo idachitika chifukwa chomenyana ndi Amwenye, othawa kwawo adafika ali ndi zida zankhondo chifukwa choopa ngozi yowopsa. Amene anabwera panyanja nawonso anabwera ali ndi zida zankhondo. Posakhalitsa anthu ochokera kumayiko ena anazindikira kuti ukapha mzungu umamangidwa, pomwe ukapha Mmwenye sungakhale. Okhulupirira “Ntchito Yaufulu” anapha Amwenye monga mpikisano wopanda chilungamo wa ntchito, popeza Amwenyewo anali kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwenikweni monga akapolo. Kusefukira kwa obwera kumene kunasokoneza chakudya cha amwenye, zomwe zidawakakamiza kuti azipeza zofunika pamoyo wawo watsopano. Koma anali osafunidwa, onyozedwa monga osakhala Akristu, ndi kuopedwa monga zilombo.
Abambo a ku California mu 1849 adakhazikitsa dziko la tsankho momwe Amwenye sakanatha kuvota kapena kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wina. Komabe, ukapolo unkachitidwa popanda dzina lake lenileni. Machitidwe adapangidwa mwalamulo ndikuloledwa mowonjezera mwamalamulo momwe Amwenye amatha kusungidwa, kusungidwa mungongole, kulangidwa pamilandu, ndi kubwereketsa, kuwapanga akapolo mwa onse kupatula dzina. Ngakhale kuti Madley sanatchulepo, ndingadabwe ngati mtundu uwu waukapolo sunakhale chitsanzo cha zomwe zinapangidwira anthu a ku America ku Southeast post-Reconstruction - ndipo, ndithudi, kuwonjezera, chifukwa cha kumangidwa kwa anthu ambiri ndi ntchito za m'ndende. ku United States lero. Ukapolo wodziwika ndi mayina ena ku California udapitilirabe popanda kuyimitsa pang'onopang'ono kudzera mu Chilengezo cha Emancipation ndi kupitilira apo, ndikubwereketsa akaidi aku India omwe adatsalira mwalamulo komanso zakupha amwenye aulere kupitilirabe popanda othamanga pawailesi yakanema kuti awatsutse.
Asilikali omwe adapha anthu ambiri aku India sanalangidwe, koma adalipidwa ndi boma ndi boma. Otsatirawa adaphwanya mapangano onse 18 omwe analipo, ndikuchotsera Amwenye aku California chitetezo chilichonse chalamulo. California's 1850 Militia Act, kutsatira miyambo ya US Second Amendment (Yopatulidwa Ndi Dzina Lake) idapanga magulu ankhondo okakamiza komanso odzifunira "amuna onse aulere, oyera, otha mphamvu" azaka 18-45, ndi magulu ankhondo odzipereka - 303 mwa iwo. momwe anthu 35,000 aku California adachita nawo pakati pa 1851 ndi 1866. Akuluakulu a m'deralo anapereka $ 5 kwa mutu uliwonse wa ku India wobweretsedwa kwa iwo. Ndipo akuluakulu aboma kum'mawa ku Congress adathandizira kupha anthu ophedwa ndi asitikali aku California mobwerezabwereza komanso modziwa, kuphatikiza pa Disembala 20, 1860, tsiku lomwe South Carolina idadzipatula (ndi madzulo a imodzi mwankhondo zambiri za "ufulu").
Kodi anthu aku California akudziwa mbiriyi? Kodi akudziwa kuti Carson Pass ndi Fremont ndi Kelseyville ndi mayina ena amalo amalemekeza opha anthu ambiri? Kodi amadziwa zomwe zidachitika kumisasa yandende yaku Japan ya m'ma 1940, komanso m'misasa ya chipani cha Nazi? Kodi tikudziwa kuti mbiri imeneyi idakalipo? Kuti anthu a Diego Garcia, anthu onse othamangitsidwa m'dziko lake, akufuna kuti abwerere pambuyo pa zaka 50? Kodi tikudziwa kumene anthu ambiri othaŵa kwawo masiku ano komanso amene sanakhalepo n'kale lonse akuchokera? Kuti amathawa nkhondo za US? Kodi timaganizira zomwe asitikali aku US akuchita kokhazikika m'maiko 175, ambiri ngati si onse omwe nthawi zina amawatcha "Dziko la India"?
Ku Philippines, dziko la United States linamanga maziko pamalo a anthu amtundu wa Aetas, omwe “anamaliza kupha zinyalala zankhondo. kupulumuka. "
Panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, asilikali ankhondo a ku United States anagwira chilumba chaching'ono cha ku Hawaii cha Koho'alawe pofuna kuyesa zida ndipo analamula anthu ake kuti achoke. Chilumba chakhala yawonongeka.
Mu 1942, gulu lankhondo la Navy lidathamangitsa anthu aku Aleutian Islanders.
Purezidenti Harry Truman adatsimikiza kuti anthu 170 okhala ku Bikini Atoll alibe ufulu pachilumba chawo. Adawathamangitsa mu February ndi Marichi 1946, ndikuthamangitsidwa ngati othawa kwawo kuzilumba zina popanda thandizo kapena chikhalidwe cha anthu. M'zaka zikubwerazi, United States idzachotsa anthu 147 ku Enewetak Atoll ndi anthu onse ku Lib Island. Kuyesa kwa bomba la atomiki ndi haidrojeni ku US kudapangitsa kuti zilumba zingapo zomwe zili ndi anthu ambiri zisathe kukhalamo, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti anthu ena asamuke. Kufikira zaka za m'ma 1960, asitikali aku US adasamutsa anthu mazana ambiri ku Kwajalein Atoll. Ghetto yokhala ndi anthu ambiri idapangidwa pa Ebeye.
On Vieques, kuchokera ku Puerto Rico, asilikali a Navy anasamutsa anthu zikwizikwi pakati pa 1941 ndi 1947, adalengeza kuti akufuna kuthamangitsa otsala a 8,000 mu 1961, koma anakakamizika kusiya ndipo - mu 2003 - kusiya kuphulitsa mabomba pachilumbachi.
Pafupi ndi Culebra, Gulu Lankhondo Lankhondo lidasamutsa anthu masauzande ambiri pakati pa 1948 ndi 1950 ndikuyesa kuchotsa omwe adatsalira mpaka ma 1970s.
Navy pakali pano akuyang'ana pachilumba cha Chikunja monga momwe mungathere m'malo a Vieques, anthu omwe achotsedwa kale ndi kuphulika kwa mapiri. Inde, kuthekera kulikonse kubwerera kungakhale kuchepa kwambiri.
Kuyambira pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse mpaka kupitilira zaka za m'ma 1950, asitikali aku US adasamutsa anthu pafupifupi kotala miliyoni a ku Okinawa, kapena theka la anthu, kumayiko awo, kukakamiza anthu kulowa m'misasa ya anthu othawa kwawo ndikutumiza zikwizikwi ku Bolivia - komwe malo ndi ndalama zidalonjezedwa. osaperekedwa.
Mu 1953, United States inachita mgwirizano ndi Denmark kuchotsa anthu a 150 Inughuit kuchokera ku Thule, ku Greenland, kuwapatsa masiku anayi kuti atuluke kapena akuyang'anizana ndi bulldozers. Akutsutsa ufulu wobwerera.
Pali nthawi zina zomwe khalidweli limakhala lomveka ngati lodana ndi Chikomyunizimu komanso nthawi zomwe zimatsutsana ndi uchigawenga. Koma kodi nchiyani chimafotokoza kukhalapo kwake kosalekeza, kosalekeza kuyambira kalekale golide asanatulukidwe ku California kufikira lerolino?
Pa Ogasiti 1, 2014, Wachiwiri kwa Spika wa Nyumba Yamalamulo ya Israeli adalemba patsamba lake la FaceBook ndondomeko kuti awonongedwe kwathunthu anthu aku Gaza pogwiritsa ntchito misasa yachibalo. Adakhazikitsanso dongosolo lofananira mu Julayi 15, 2014, ndime.
Membala wina wa Nyumba Yamalamulo ya Israeli, Ayelet Shaked, akuitanidwa kuphedwa kwa mafuko ku Gaza kumayambiriro kwa nkhondo yamakono, akulemba kuti: “Pambuyo pa zigawenga zilizonse pali amuna ndi akazi ambiri, amene akanapanda kuchita nawo uchigawenga. Onsewo ndi adani, ndipo magazi awo adzakhala pamitu yawo yonse. Tsopano izi zikuphatikizanso amayi a ofera chikhulupiriro, omwe amawatumiza ku gehena ndi maluwa ndi kupsompsona. Ayenera kutsatira ana awo, palibe chimene chingakhale cholungama. Ayenera kupita, monga mmene amachitira m’nyumba zakuthupi zimene ankawetamo njoka. Apo ayi, m’menemo mudzaweta njoka.”
Potengera njira yosiyana pang'ono, katswiri wamaphunziro a ku Middle East Dr. Mordechai Kedar wa ku Bar-Ilan University wakhala akudziwika kwambiri. wotchulidwa m’manyuzipepala a ku Israel akuti, “Chinthu chokha chimene chingalepheretse [a Gaza] kudziwa kuti mlongo wawo kapena amayi awo adzagwiriridwa.”
The Times of Israel lofalitsidwa ndime pa Ogasiti 1, 2014, ndipo pambuyo pake sanasindikizidwe, wokhala ndi mutu wakuti “Pamene Kuphana kwa Mitundu N’kololedwa.” Yankho linakhala: tsopano.
Pa Ogasiti 5, 2014, Giora Eiland, yemwe kale anali mkulu wa National Security Council ya Israeli, adafalitsa nkhani. ndime ndi mutu wakuti “Ku Gaza, Kulibe “Anthu Osalakwa”.” Eiland analemba kuti: “Tikadalengeza nkhondo yolimbana ndi dziko la Gaza (m’malo molimbana ndi gulu la Hamas). . . . [T] choyenera kuchita ndikutseka njira zodutsa, kuletsa kulowa kwa katundu aliyense, kuphatikiza chakudya, ndikuletsa kuperekedwa kwa gasi ndi magetsi. ”
Zonse ndi gawo la kuika Gaza "pazakudya," mochititsa chidwi mawu wa mlangizi kwa Prime Minister wakale wa Israeli, chilankhulo chobwerezabwereza komanso zochita za kupha anthu aku California.
Ndikupempha aliyense amene amasamala kuti ayang'ane mosamala zomwe zinachitidwa ku California ndi zomwe zikuchitika ku Palestine, ndikundiuza kusiyana kwake. Amene akufuna kupha fuko tsopano akuyembekeza kuti kuphana kwa mafuko m’mbuyomo kudzaiwalika, ndi kuti m’tsogolo muno kupulula anthu kudzaiŵalika. Ndani anganene kuti akulakwitsa? Ife ndife!
