Ndi Nick Turse, September 28 2017, The Intercept.
"Ine ndikuganiza kuti pamene Achimereka Yankhulani za nkhondo ya Vietnam ... timakonda kulankhula za ife eni. Koma ngati tikufuna kumvetsetsa ... kapena kuyesa kuyankha funso lofunika, 'N'chiyani chinachitika?' Iwe uyenera kuti ukhale triangulate, " limati Wopanga filimu Ken Burns wa zolemba zake za PBS zokondwerera "Vietnam War." "Muyenera kudziwa zomwe zikuchitika. Ndipo tili ndi nkhondo zambiri zomwe muli nawo asilikali a Vietnam omwe ndi alangizi a ku America kapena ... anzawo ndi Vietcong kapena North Vietnam. Muyenera kulowa mkati ndi kumvetsa zomwe akuganiza. "
Kutentha ndi zake wotsogolera Lynn Novick anakhala zaka 10 pa "Nkhondo ya Vietnam," mothandizidwa ndi wolemba wawo Sarah Botstein, wolemba Geoffrey Ward, alangizi a 24, ndi ena. Anasonkhanitsa zithunzi za 25,000, zikupezeka pafupi ndi mayankho a 80 a America ndi Vietnamese, ndipo adagwiritsa ntchito $ 30 miliyoni pulojekitiyi. Zotsatira za maola ochepa a 18 ndi zodabwitsa Kulankhulana, chinachake chimene Burns ndi Novick amatenga kunyada. "Nkhondo ya Vietnam" imapereka mafilimu ochuluka kwambiri a mafilimu, zojambula bwino, zolimba zaka za Aquarius soundtrack, ndi zowonongeka zambiri. Mwinamwake izi ndi zomwe Burns zimatanthauza ndi katatu. Mndandandawu ukuwoneka ngati wamakono kuti uwapempherere kwa omvera ambiri omwe angatheke ku America. Koma potiuza ife "zomwe zinachitika," sindikuwona umboni wochuluka wa zimenezo.
Monga Burns ndi Novick, ndinakhalanso zaka khumi ndikugwira ntchito pa nkhondo ya Vietnam, ngakhale kuti ndapanga bajeti yodzichepetsa kwambiri, buku lotchedwa "Iphani Chilichonse Chimene Chimasunthira. "Monga Burns ndi Novick, ndinayankhula ndi amuna ndi akazi achimuna, Achimerika ndi Vietnamese. Monga Burns ndi Novick, ndinaganiza kuti ndikhoza kuphunzira "zomwe zinachitika" kwa iwo. Zinanditengera zaka kuti ndizindikire kuti ndinali wolakwa. Ndicho chifukwa chake ndikupeza "Nkhondo ya Vietnam" ndi chiwonetsero chake cha msirikali ndi chigawenga choyankhula mitu kwambiri zopweteka kuyang'ana.
Nkhondo siilimbana, ngakhale kulimbana ndi mbali ya nkhondo. Otsutsana siwo omwe ali nawo makamaka m'nkhondo yamakono. Nkhondo yamakono imakhudza anthu wamba kwambiri komanso kutalika kwambiri kuposa ankhondo. Amuna ambiri a ku America ndi Marines anakhala miyezi ya 12 kapena 13, akutumikira ku Vietnam. Vietnamese kuyambira kale ku South Vietnam, m'mapiri monga Quang Nam, Quang Ngai, Binh Dinh, komanso a Mekong Delta - malo okhala kumidzi omwe amachitikirapo nkhondo-sabata sabata, mwezi ndi mwezi. , chaka ndi chaka, kuyambira zaka khumi kupita kutsogolo. Burns ndi Novick zikuwoneka kuti anaphonya kwambiri anthu awa, anasowa nkhani zawo, ndipo, chifukwa chake, anaphonya mtima wamdima wa mkangano.
Pofuna kuteteza adani awo a ku Vietnam, olemba ntchito, anzeru, ndi thandizo lina, lamulo la america la America linasintha kwambiri zigawozi kuti zikhale "zopanda moto," chifukwa cha mabomba ambirimbiri ndi mabomba omwe anathawa, akuyendetsa anthu kuchokera kumudzi kwawo "dzina lokhazika mtima pansi." Nyumba zinayambika, midzi yambiri inkapulumuka, ndipo anthu adakakamizika kukakhala m'misasa ya anthu othawa kwawo ndi midzi yopanda madzi, chakudya, ndi pogona.
Chithunzi: Bettmann Archive / Getty Images
Ndinayankhula ndi mazana a Vietnamese kuchokera kumidzi iyi. Kumalo osungiramo nyama, iwo anandiuza za kuchotsedwa m'nyumba zawo ndikukakamizika kubwerera kumabwinja, chifukwa cha zikhalidwe komanso zipembedzo, komanso nthawi zambiri kuti apulumuke. Iwo adalongosola momwe zinaliri kukhalira, kwa zaka zambiri kumapeto, poopseza mabomba ndi zipolopolo za mfuti ndi mfuti za helikopta. Iwo ankalankhula za nyumba zomwe zinkawotcha mobwerezabwereza, asanasiye kumanganso ndikuyamba kukhala ndi moyo wa pansi pamtunda ku malo osungiramo mabomba omwe anagwedeza padziko lapansi. Iwo anandiuza za kuthamanga mkati mwa mabunkerswa pamene magetsi anayamba moto. Ndiyeno anandiuza za masewera olimbitsa thupi.
Kodi mwakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji mumzinda wanu? Kutalika kokwanira kuti muteteze zipolopolo, ndithudi, koma osati motalika kwambiri mpaka mutakhala mkati mwake pamene Amereka ndi mabomba awo anafika. Ngati mutachoka pogona pangokhalapo, mfuti yamoto kuchokera ku helikopita ikhoza kukudula pakati. Kapena mungagwidwe pamtunda pakati pa kuchoka kwa maboma ndi kumenyana ndi asilikali a US. Koma ngati mudikira motalika kwambiri, a ku America angayambe kutsegulira mabomba mumsasa wanu chifukwa chakuti, kwa iwo, ndiye kuti adani amatha kumenyana nawo.
Iwo anandiuza za kuyembekezera, kugwa mumdima, ndikuyesera kuganiza kuti anthu omwe ali ndi zida zankhondo, omwe amawombera nthawi zambiri, omwe amawombera, omwe ali ndi zida, omwe amawawopseza kwambiri, omwe amatha kufika pakhomo pawo. Mphindi iliyonse inali yofunika kwambiri. Sizinali moyo wanu pa mzere; Banja lanu lonse likhoza kuchotsedwa. Ndipo ziwerengerozi zinapitilira kwa zaka zambiri, ndikupanga chisankho chilichonse chochoka kumalo osungirako, usana kapena usiku, kuti mudziwe nokha kapena mukatenge madzi kapena yesetsani kusonkhanitsa masamba a banja la njala. Kukhalapo kwa tsiku ndi tsiku kunakhala maulendo osatha a moyo-kapena-imfa.
Ndinafunika kumvetsetsa nkhaniyi mobwerezabwereza ndisanayambe kumva zowawa ndi zowawa. Kenaka ndinayamba kuyamikira chiŵerengero cha anthu omwe anakhudzidwa. Malingana ndi ma Pentagon ojambula, mu January 1969 yekha, mfuti za mlengalenga zinkachitika kapena pafupi ndi malo omwe anthu okwana 3.3 a Vietnam ankakhala. Imeneyi ndi mwezi umodzi wa nkhondo yomwe inatha zaka zoposa khumi. Ndinayamba kuganiza kuti anthu onsewa anali ndi mantha chifukwa mabomba anagwa. Ndinayamba kuchita mantha ndi zovuta. Ndinayamba kumvetsa "zomwe zinachitika."
Ndinayamba kuganizira za nambala zina. Oposa ankhondo a 58,000 a US ndi 254,000 a mabungwe awo a ku South Vietnamese anataya miyoyo yawo pankhondo. Otsutsa awo, asilikali a kumpoto kwa Vietnam ndi zigawenga za South Vietnamese, anavutika kwambiri ndi imfa.
Koma anthu osauka amawonongeka nambalayi. Ngakhale palibe amene angadziwe chiwerengero chenicheni, kafukufuku wa 2008 ndi ofufuza a Harvard Medical School ndi Institute for Health Metrics ndi Kufufuza pa yunivesite ya Washington ndi boma la Vietnamese kulingalira, akusonyeza kuti panali anthu oposa awiri miliyoni omwe amwalira, ambiri ku South Vietnam. Chiwerengero cha anthu ophedwa ndi 5.3 miliyoni chinavulazidwa. Kuwonjezera pa chiwerengero ichi, anthu oposa 11 amachoka kumayiko awo ndipo amakhala osakhala pakhomo nthawi imodzi, ndipo ambiri omwe amagawira 4.8 amapopedwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda monga Agent Orange. "Nkhondo ya ku Vietnam" imangochita zinthu zochepa chabe pazomwe boma likuchita komanso zomwe limatanthauza.
Chithunzi: AP
Gawo lachisanu la "Nkhondo ya Vietnam," yotchedwa "Ichi Ndi Zimene Timachita," imayamba ndi Marine Corps, yemwe anali msilikali wa asilikali, dzina lake Roger Harris, akufotokoza za nkhondo. "Iwe umasinthasintha ku nkhanza za nkhondo. Iwe umasinthira kupha, kufa, "iye limati. "Patapita kanthawi, sikukuvutitsani. Ndiyenera kunena, sikukuvutitsani kwambiri. "
Ndiwomveka bwino ndipo mwachiwonekere amaperekedwa kwa owona ngati zenera pa nkhope yeniyeni ya nkhondo. Izi zinandichititsa kuganiza za munthu wina amene adakumana ndi nkhondo yaitali komanso mozama kwambiri kuposa Harris. Dzina lake linali Ho Thi A ndipo ndi mawu osavuta, omwe anayeza, anandiuza za tsiku lina ku 1970 pamene US Marines anabwera ku nyumba yake ya Le Bac 2. Anandifotokozera momwe, monga msungwana, amakhoza kubisala pabanjapo ndi agogo ake aakazi ndi okalamba omwe amakhala pafupi naye, akuyenda monga gulu la Marines linafika - ndi momwe wina wa America adasunthira mfuti yake ndi kuwombera akazi awiri achikulire afa. (Mmodzi wa a Marines m'tsiku lomwelo anandiuza kuti adawona mkazi wachikulire "m'matumbo" ndikufa ndi magulu ang'onoang'ono a anthu akufa, kuphatikizapo akazi ndi ana, pamene adadutsa.)
Ho Thi A adamuwuza nkhaniyo molimba mtima. Ndipokha pamene ndinapitiliza kufunsa mafunso ambiri omwe anadzidzimutsa pang'onopang'ono, akulira mofulumira. Analira kwa maminiti khumi. Ndiye izo zinali khumi ndi zisanu. Ndiye makumi awiri. Ndiye zambiri. Ngakhale kuti ankayesetsa kudziletsa, misozi yambiri inatsanulira.
Monga Harris, iye adasinthira ndikupita patsogolo ndi moyo wake, koma kuipa, kupha, kufa, kumamuvutitsa
Ho Thi A mu 2008.
Chithunzi: Tam Turse
- ndithudi. Izo sizinadabwitse ine. Nkhondo inadza pakhomo pake, adatenga agogo ake, nam'pweteka moyo wake wonse. Iye analibe ulendo wokonzedweratu wa ntchito. Ankachita nkhondo tsiku lirilonse la unyamata wake ndipo adakali ndi masitepe kuchokera ku malo ophedwawo. Kuphatikiza pamodzi kuvutika kwa a South Vietnam a Ho Thi A, akazi ndi ana onse ndi amuna achikulire omwe ankakwera mabokosi awo, kuwotchedwa, iwo omwe anali opanda pokhala, omwe anafa pansi pa mabomba ndi zipolopolo, ndi iwo omwe anaika maliro omwe anawonongeka, ndipo ndi zovuta, zosawerengeka zosawerengeka - ndipo, mwa nambala zeniyeni, zomwe zimayambitsa nkhondo.
Ndi komweko kwa aliyense amene akufuna kuyipeza. Yang'anani amuna omwe ali ndi nkhope zosungunuka kapena zofiira za phosphorous. Onetsetsani agogo aakazi akusowa manja ndi mapazi, akazi achikulire omwe ali ndi zipsera zamkati komanso osawona maso. Kulibe kusowa kwa iwo, ngakhale kuli ochepa tsiku lililonse.
Ngati mukufunadi kudziwa "zomwe zidachitika" ku Vietnam, penyani "Nkhondo yaku Vietnam." Koma mukamatero, mukakhala pamenepo ndikusilira "zojambula zakale zomwe sizimawonedwa kawirikawiri komanso zosinthidwa mwaukadaulo," kwinaku mukupita ku "nyimbo zodziwika bwino zochokera kwa akatswiri [ojambula] apamwamba kwambiri anthawiyo," komanso kuganizira "kuwonetsa nyimbo zoyambirira kuchokera ku Trent Reznor ndi Atticus Ross," tangoganizani kuti mwangoti mumagwidwa pansi, kuti nyumba yanu ili pamwamba, ikuluikulu ikuluikulu ikugwera pamwamba, ndipo achinyamata omwe ali ndi zida zankhondo - T amalankhula chinenero chanu - muli kunja kwa bwalo lanu, mukufuula malamulo omwe simukuwamvetsa, mabomba oyendetsa m'chipinda choyandikana nawo, ndipo ngati mutatuluka mumoto, mumasokonezeko, mmodzi wa iwo akhoza kukuwombera.
Chithunzi chapamwamba: US Marine amaima ndi ana a Vietnamese pamene akuyang'ana nyumba yawo atatha kuyendetsa moto atatha kupeza zida za AK-47, Jan. 13, 1971, 25 kum'mwera kwa Da Nang.
Nick Turse ndi mlembi wa "Iphani Chilichonse Chimene Chimangoyamba: Nkhondo Yeniyeni ya ku America ku Vietnam, "Imodzi mwa mabukuwa inati ndi" zowonjezereka ku filimuyi "pa PBS webusaiti chifukwa "Nkhondo ya Vietnam." Iye amapereka mobwerezabwereza kwa The Intercept.
