ndi Robert Levering, October 17, 2017
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Ken Burns ndi Lynn Novick a PBS mndandanda, "Nkhondo ya Vietnam,” akuyenera kulandira Oscar chifukwa chowonetsa kumenya nkhondo komanso upandu wa oyambitsa nkhondo. Koma ikuyeneranso kudzudzulidwa chifukwa cha kufotokoza kwake za gulu lodana ndi nkhondo.
Mamiliyoni a ife tinalowa nawo nkhondo yolimbana ndi nkhondo. Ndinagwira ntchito kwa zaka zambiri monga wotsogolera ziwonetsero zazikulu za dziko lonse ndi zing'onozing'ono zambiri. Kufanana kulikonse pakati pa gulu lamtendere lomwe ndidakumana nalo ndi lomwe lawonetsedwa ndi mndandanda wa Burns/Novick zidangochitika mwangozi.
Anzanga awiri omenyera nkhondo, Ron Young ndi Steve Ladd anali ndi malingaliro ofanana ndi mndandanda. Wolemba mbiri Maurice Isserman limati filimuyo ndi "zonse zotsutsana ndi nkhondo komanso zotsutsana ndi nkhondo." Wolemba mbiri wina Jerry Lembcke limati opanga mafilimu amagwiritsa ntchito njira ya "kulinganiza zabodza" kuti apititse patsogolo nthano zotsutsana ndi nkhondo.
Zotsutsa izi ndi zoona. Koma kwa otsutsa amasiku ano, mndandanda wa PBS umaphonya nkhani yofunika kwambiri ya nthawi ya Vietnam: Momwe gulu lodana ndi nkhondo lidathandizira kwambiri kuchepetsa ndikuthandiza kuthetsa nkhondo.
Simungaganize kuchokera pamndandanda uwu kuti Achimerika ambiri adapita m'misewu kukatsutsa nkhondo tsiku limodzi (October 15, 1969) monga adatumikira ku Vietnam pazaka 10 za nkhondo (pafupifupi 2 miliyoni kwa onse awiri). Kapena simungazindikire kuti gulu lamtendere linali, malinga ndi mawu a wolemba mbiri wolemekezeka Charles DeBenedetti, "chotsutsa chachikulu chapakhomo ku boma lomenyana m'mbiri ya mabungwe amakono a mafakitale."
M'malo mokondwerera kukana kwankhondo, Burns, Novick ndi wolemba mndandanda Geoffrey C. Ward nthawi zonse amachepetsa, caricature ndi kupotoza zomwe zinali gulu lalikulu kwambiri lopanda chiwawa m'mbiri ya America.
Anti-war vets ndi okhawo omwe atenga nawo mbali pagulu lamtendere lomwe Burns ndi Novick amagwirizana ndi chifundo chilichonse kapena kuya. John Musgrave, yemwe kale anali Msilikali wa m'madzi yemwe adalowa m'gulu la Vietnam Veterans Against the War, akufotokoza kusintha kwake. Timamvanso umboni wotsutsana ndi nkhondo wa John Kerry pamaso pa Congress: "Mumafunsa bwanji munthu kuti akhale munthu womaliza kufa chifukwa cholakwitsa?" Ndipo tikuwona ndikumva kuchokera kwa omenyera nkhondo omwe adaponya mendulo zawo pamasitepe a Capitol. Opanga mafilimu akanachita bwino, komabe, kufotokoza kukula kwa kayendetsedwe ka GI kukana, monga 300-kuphatikiza manyuzipepala apansi panthaka ndi malo ambiri ogulitsa khofi a GI.
Chifukwa chake, ndizodabwitsa kuti opanga mafilimu sanafunse ngakhale wotsutsa m'modzi. Akadatero, tingamve chifukwa chake anyamata masauzande ambiri anaika moyo wawo pachiswe mpaka zaka zisanu m’malo momenyana ku Vietnam. Opanga mafilimuwo sakadavutika kupeza chilichonse chifukwa panali osachepera 200,000 otsutsa. Anthu enanso 480,000 anapempha kuti akhale okana kulowa usilikali chifukwa cha zimene amakhulupirira pa nthawi ya nkhondo. M'malo mwake, amuna ambiri adapatsidwa udindo wa CO mu 1971 kuposa momwe adalembedwera chaka chimenecho.
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Choyipa kwambiri, "Nkhondo ya Vietnam" imalephera kufotokoza za gulu lokonzekera la omenyera nkhondo omwe adakula kwambiri kotero kuti kulemberako kudakhala kosatheka ndipo ichi chinali chifukwa chachikulu chomwe Nixon adamaliza kulemba. M’nkhani yakuti “Anamangidwa Chifukwa cha Mtendere: The History of American Draft Law Violators, 1658-1985,” Stephen M. Kohn akulemba kuti: “Pofika kumapeto kwa Nkhondo ya Vietnam, Selective Service System inali itataya mtima ndi kukhumudwa. Zinali zovuta kwambiri kulosera amuna kulowa usilikali. Panali kuwonjezereka kowonjezereka kosaloledwa, ndipo kutchuka kwa kutsutsa kunali kukwera. Kukonzekera kunali onse koma akufa. "
Kusokoneza kwa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka zabubundundundundundundundundu1967jorani ukusebenza kwe Mara ukusebenza emsebenzini wolandilawuSebe_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Ni piansonso na 25,000 BUKHU LOPHUNZITSIRA AKULUAKULU/MAKOLO MALUSO KUTI ATHE KUYANKHULANA NDI ACHINYAMATA gulu lotsutsana ndi nkhondo lomwe silinasiyidwe pa Burns / Novick epic. Kanemayo akuwonetsa zochitika kuyambira pa Marichi pa Pentagon mu 206,000, pomwe ochita ziwonetsero opitilira XNUMX adakumana ndi asitikali ankhondo masauzande ambiri. Koma sizikutiuza kuti ziwonetsero za Pentagon komanso kuchulukirachulukira kwa gulu lolimbana ndi nkhondo ndi zina mwazinthu zomwe zidapangitsa Johnson kukana pempho la General Westmoreland lomwe likudikirira kuti asitikali ena a XNUMX komanso chifukwa chake pulezidenti mwiniwakeyo adakana kupikisana nawo patatha miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. . (Komiti Yokumbukira Mtendere ku Vietnam ndi kuchita msonkhano October 20-21 ku Washington, DC kuti iwonetse zaka 50 za Marichi.)
Momwemonso, filimuyi ikuwonetsa zojambula zochokera ku Moratorium pa Okutobala 15, 1969 (ziwonetsero zomwe zidakopa anthu opitilira XNUMX miliyoni m'matauni ndi m'masukulu mazana) ndi Mobilization ku Washington mwezi wotsatira, zomwe zidakoka anthu opitilira theka la miliyoni ( chiwonetsero chachikulu kwambiri m'mbiri yaku America mpaka Marichi Akazi koyambirira kwa chaka chino). Tsoka ilo, Burns ndi Novick satiuza za momwe gulu lamtendere likukhudzira kugwa kwamtendere: Zinakakamiza Nixon kusiya malingaliro ake ophulitsa mafunde aku North Vietnam komanso / kapena kugwiritsa ntchito zida zanyukiliya mwanzeru. Nkhaniyi sinali kudziwika panthawiyo, koma akatswiri ambiri a mbiri yakale adalemba za izo potengera zoyankhulana ndi akuluakulu a boma la Nixon, zolemba za nthawiyo ndi matepi a White House.
Mwayi wina wosowa: Tikuwona ziwonetsero zazikulu m'dziko lonselo - komanso m'makoleji - potengera kuwukira kwa Cambodian komanso kupha anthu ku Kent State ndi Jackson State. Kuphulika kumeneku kunakakamiza Nixon kuchoka ku Cambodia nthawi isanakwane, mfundo ina Burns ndi Novick sananene.
Panthawiyi, zochitika zokhudzana ndi kumasulidwa kwa Daniel Ellsberg kwa Pentagon Papers mu 1971 sizimawonetsa kuti zomwe Nixon anachita zinatsogolera mwachindunji Watergate ndi kusiya ntchito. Akadakhala kuti Burns ndi Novick adafunsanso Ellsberg, yemwe ali ndi moyo ku California, akadapeza kuti kusamvera kwapachiweniweni kwakukulu kwambiri panthawi yankhondo kudatengera chitsanzo cha otsutsa.
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Pomaliza, filimuyi sikufotokoza kuti Congress inadula ndalama kunkhondo makamaka chifukwa cha khama lalikulu la magulu monga American Friends Service Committee ndi Indochina Peace Campaign, kapena IPC, motsogoleredwa ndi Tom Hayden ndi Jane Fonda. Osatengera mawu anga pa izo. Muumboni wake pamaso pa Congress chaka chotsatira kugwa kwa Saigon, kazembe womaliza wa US ku South Vietnam adadzudzula zoyesayesa za gulu lamtendere pofuna kuthetsa ndalama zomwe zikufunika kuti aletse kuukira komaliza kwa North Vietnam. Osatchulanso zoyeserera zokopa za IPC ndizodabwitsa kwambiri popeza womenyera ufulu wamtendere yemwe adafunsidwa pagululi anali Bill Zimmerman, m'modzi mwa omwe adakonza bungwe la IPC. Timamva malingaliro kuchokera kwa Zimmerman pankhani zina zosiyanasiyana, koma palibe chilichonse chokhudza bungwe lomwe amafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane muzolemba zake.
Zonse zomwe zasiyidwa ndi zosokoneza izi, tikuyenera kuyamikira epic iyi ya maola 18 ngati imodzi mwa mafilimu amphamvu kwambiri odana ndi nkhondo nthawi zonse. "Nkhondo ya Vietnam" imapikisanadi ndi "All Quiet on the Western Front." Monga momwe nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse ija ikuwonetsera zoopsa za nkhondo zankhondo, Burns ndi Novick akuwonetsa zochitika zoopsa pambuyo pa zochitika zoopsa za matupi odulidwa ndi mitembo. Kudzera m'mawu a omenyana nawo mbali zonse ziwiri, mutha kumva momwe zimakhalira kukhala ndi zipolopolo ndi zipolopolo zikuwulukirani ndikuwona mabwenzi anu akumenyedwa pamene mukuyesera kupha anthu ena.
Mutha kudzipeza kuti mwatopa kwambiri mutawonera nkhondo zosawerengeka komanso zosewerera m'mimba za alimi aku Vietnam odulidwa ndi midzi yowotchedwa. Anzanga angapo anasiya kuonera pambuyo pa magawo awiri kapena atatu chifukwa anawona kuti zimakhumudwitsa kwambiri. Komabe, ndikulimbikitsani kuti muwone ngati simunawone. (Masiteshoni a PBS aziwulutsa magawo Lachiwiri usiku mpaka Nov. 28.)
Burns ndi Novick amachita zambiri kuposa kukumiza m'magazi. Amawonetsa kusasamala, kusazindikira komanso kunyada kwa otenthetsa. Mukhoza kumva matepi a John F. Kennedy, Lyndon Johnson ndi Robert McNamara akuwulula kuti ankadziwa kuyambira pachiyambi kuti nkhondoyo sinagonjetsedwe komanso kuti asilikali ambiri omenyana ndi mabomba sangasinthe zotsatira zake. Komabe iwo ananamiza anthu ndipo anatumiza anthu mazanamazana a ku America kunkhondoyo, kwinaku akuponya mabomba ochuluka ku Vietnam, Laos ndi Cambodia kuposa matani onse amene anaphulitsidwa ndi asilikali onse ankhondo pa Nkhondo Yadziko II. Mutha kumvanso Richard Nixon ndi Henry Kissinger akukonza chiwembu chotalikitsa nkhondo kwa zaka zina zinayi kuti athe kuthamanga mu 1972 popanda banga lakutaya Vietnam ku chikomyunizimu.
Akuluakulu ndi akuluakulu ankhondo ku Vietnam amawonetsa kusasamala kwa miyoyo ndi miyendo ya amuna awo monga abwana awo ku Washington. Asilikali amamenya nkhondo molimba mtima kuti alande mapiri, kumene anthu ambiri amaphedwa kapena kulemala ndipo atsogoleri awo amawauza kuti asiye kugonjetsa adani awo.
N'zosadabwitsa kuti, pafupifupi, asilikali a ku America amauza opanga mafilimu kuti tsopano akukhulupirira kuti nkhondoyo inali yopanda nzeru ndipo amadzimva kuti waperekedwa. Ambiri amawu akuthandizira gulu lodana ndi nkhondo. Ena ngakhale monyadira adakhala gawo la gulu lotsutsa GI atabwerera kwawo. (Mlamu wanga, amene anachita maulendo aŵiri ku Vietnam ndipo pambuyo pake analoŵa m’gulu la Secret Service, ananenanso chimodzimodzi pamene anandiuza kuti, “Tinali otaya mtima.”)
Burns ndi Novick akuyeneranso kuyamikiridwa chifukwa chophatikizira asitikali aku Vietnamese mbali zonse zankhondo yapachiweniweni. Pogwiritsa ntchito "mdani" waumunthu, filimuyi imapitirira kutsutsidwa kwa American perfidy ku Vietnam ndipo imakhala mlandu wa nkhondo yokha. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndikumva msilikali wina wa ku North Vietnam akulankhula za momwe gulu lake lidathera masiku atatu ali maliro atataya theka la amuna ake pankhondo yoopsa kwambiri. (Iwo sanachite ntchito yabwino yowonetsera kuwonongeka kwa anthu wamba aku VietnameseKomabe.)
Tikuwonanso momwe atsogoleri aku North Vietnam adawonetsera anzawo ku Washington pomanamiza nzika zawo mosalekeza komanso kutumiza ana awo masauzande ambiri kuti adziphe omwe analibe mwayi wochita bwino. Momwemonso, opanga mafilimu amafika pansi mokwanira kuti awulule omwe adamenya nkhondoyo. Monga momwe asitikali ambiri aku America anali ogwira ntchito kapena ochepa, mbali yaku North Vietnamese idapangidwa ndi anthu wamba ndi antchito. Panthawiyi, ana a anthu apamwamba a Hanoi anapita kumadera otetezeka a Moscow kuti akapitirize maphunziro awo. Kubwerera ku United States, ana a gulu loyera lapakati ndi omwe ali ndi mwayi adapeza chitetezo mwa wophunzira wawo ndi zina zolepheretsa kulemba.
Olemba usilikali angadane kuti aliyense mwa omwe angalembetsedwe awonere mndandandawu. Iwo omwe amakhala mu zigawo zonse za 10 adzakhala ndi nthawi yovuta kuzindikira kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa nkhondo ya Vietnam ndi yomwe ili ku Iraq kapena Afghanistan. Mitu yodziwika ndi yochuluka: mabodza, nkhondo zopanda pake, ziwawa zopanda nzeru, ziphuphu, kupusa.
Tsoka ilo, owonera ambiri adzimva kuti ali othedwa nzeru komanso opanda chochita pakutha kwa filimuyi. Ichi ndichifukwa chake ndikofunikira kuyang'ana zabodza komanso kuchepera kwa gulu lamtendere. Kuti kupambana kwankhondo yolimbana ndi Vietnam kumapereka chiyembekezo ndikuwonetsa mphamvu yakukana.
Kaŵirikaŵiri m’mbiri ya anthu akhala akugwira bwino ntchito potsutsa nkhondo. Mikangano ina yosatchuka yaku America yakhala ndi otsutsa - Nkhondo za Mexico, Civil ndi Spanish-America, Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse, komanso nkhondo zaposachedwa ku Iraq ndi Afghanistan. Nthawi zambiri chitsutso chinayamba kuchitika asilikali atangotumizidwa kunkhondo. Sichoncho ku Vietnam. Palibenso chifukwa china chotsutsana ndi nkhondo chomwe chapanga gulu lalikulu kwambiri, lopirira nthawi yayitali kapena lomwe lakwaniritsa monga momwe nkhondo yolimbana ndi nkhondo yaku Vietnam.
Gulu lamtendere la Vietnam limapereka chitsanzo cholimbikitsa cha mphamvu za nzika wamba zokonzeka kulimbana ndi boma lamphamvu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi panthawi yankhondo. Nkhani yake ikuyenera kunenedwa mwachilungamo komanso mokwanira.
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Robert Levering adagwira ntchito yokonzekera nkhondo yolimbana ndi Vietnam nthawi zonse ndi magulu monga AFSC ndi New Mobilization Committee ndi Peoples Coalition for Peace and Justice. Panopa akugwira ntchito pa buku lotchedwa "Resistance and the Vietnam War: The Nonviolent Movement that Crippled the Draft, Inasokoneza Nkhondo Yolimbana ndi Nkhondo Pamene Ikuthandizira Kugonjetsa Atsogoleri Awiri" kuti lisindikizidwe mu 2018. pa documentary yomwe idzatulutsidwe mu 2018 yotchedwa "Anyamata Amene Anati AYI! Draft Resistance ndi Nkhondo ya Vietnam. "
