Zabodza: ​​Nkhondo Nazi

Lingaliro loti nthawi zina nkhondo, kuchokera mbali imodzi, imatha kuonedwa ngati "yolungama" limalimbikitsidwa mchikhalidwe chakumadzulo ndi nthano chabe yankhondo, gulu lakale komanso lachifumu lomwe silimayang'anitsitsa.

Nkhondo inali yokwaniritsa zofunikira zonse za nkhondo yokha, kuti ikhale yolungama, iyenso iyenera kupambana kuwonongeka konse komwe kunachitika pokonza dongosolo la nkhondo mozungulira. Sizingakhale zabwino pompano pokhala ndi nkhondo yolungama ngati kukonzekera nkhondo ndi nkhondo zonse zopanda chilungamo zomwe zinkakonzedwa ndi zokonzekerazi zinapweteka kwambiri kuposa nkhondo yachilungamo yomwe inachita zabwino. Kukonzekera kwa nkhondo, ndithudi, kumayambitsa ngozi ya nyukiliya. Ndicho chifukwa chachikulu cha kusintha kwa nyengo. Ndiwowononga kwambiri zachilengedwe. Zimapweteketsa kwambiri kupyolera mu ndalama zosiyana ndi zofuna za anthu komanso zachilengedwe kusiyana ndi kupyolera mu chiwawa. Ndi malo okha omwe angapeze ndalama zokwanira kuti ayesetse kuyesa njira zabwino. Ndicho chimayambitsa chiwonongeko cha ufulu wa anthu, ndi jenereta wotsogolera zachiwawa ndi chidani ndi tsankho mu chikhalidwe chozungulira. Kulimbana ndi nkhondo kumalimbikitsa apolisi, komanso maganizo. Nkhondo yabwino ingakhale ndi katundu wolemetsa woposa.

Koma palibe nkhondo yeniyeni yomwe ingatheke. Zina mwanjira zongonena za nkhondo ndizongopeka, sizingayesedwe konse, motero sizingakwaniritsidwe moyenera. Izi zikuphatikiza "cholinga choyenera," "cholinga chenicheni," ndi "kufanana." Zina sizakhalidwe konse. Zina mwa zinthuzi ndi monga “kulengezedwa poyera” komanso “kutsatiridwa ndi anthu ovomerezeka ndi oyenerera.” Komabe zina sizingatheke kuti nkhondo iliyonse ikumane. Ena mwa iwo ndi "njira yomaliza," "chiyembekezo chokwanira cha kupambana," "osagwirizana omwe sanatengeke ndi ziwopsezo," "asitikali ankhondo omwe amalemekezedwa ngati anthu," ndi "akaidi ankhondo omwe amawoneka ngati osachita nawo nkhondo." Njira iliyonse imafotokozedwa m'buku la David Swanson Nkhondo Sitili Yokha. Tiyeni tikambirane pano imodzi yokha, yotchuka kwambiri: "njira yomaliza," yachokera m'bukuli.

Malo Odyera Otsiriza

Ndizoyenda bwino pomwe chikhalidwe chimachoka ku chikhumbo chotseguka cha Theodore Roosevelt chofuna nkhondo yatsopano chifukwa chankhondo, ponamizira kuti nkhondo iliyonse ndiyomwe iyenera kukhala njira yomaliza. Kunamizira kumeneku kuli ponseponse tsopano, kotero kuti anthu aku US amangoganiza popanda kuuzidwa. Kafukufuku wamaphunziro posachedwapa apeza kuti anthu aku US amakhulupirira kuti nthawi iliyonse boma la US likamenya nkhondo, latha kale zina zonse. Gulu lachitsanzo litafunsidwa ngati akuthandiza nkhondo inayake, ndipo gulu lachiwiri lidafunsidwa ngati akuthandizira nkhondoyi atauzidwa kuti njira zina zonse sizabwino, ndipo gulu lachitatu lidafunsidwa ngati akuthandiza nkhondoyi ngakhale panali Njira zabwino, magulu awiri oyamba adalembetsa mulingo wothandizirana womwewo, pomwe thandizo lankhondo lidatsika kwambiri pagulu lachitatu. Izi zidapangitsa ofufuzawo kuzindikira kuti ngati njira zina sizinatchulidwe, anthu saganiza kuti zilipo - m'malo mwake, anthu amaganiza kuti ayesedwa kale.[I]

Pakhala zaka zoyesayesa zazikulu ku Washington, DC, kuyambitsa nkhondo ndi Iran. Zina mwazovuta kwambiri zachitika mu 2007 ndi 2015. Ngati nkhondoyi idayambika nthawi iliyonse, mosakayikira ikadafotokozedwa ngati njira yomaliza, ngakhale chisankho chongoyambitsa kuti nkhondoyi idasankhidwa kangapo . Mu 2013, Purezidenti wa US adatiwuza za "njira yomaliza" yofunikira yopangira bomba lalikulu ku Syria. Kenako adasintha lingaliro lake, makamaka chifukwa chokana anthu. Zinapezeka kuti osati Kuphulika kwa mabomba kwa Suriya kunaliponso.

Tangoganizani chidakwa chomwe chimatha kumwa mowa wambiri usiku uliwonse ndipo m'mawa uliwonse amalumbira kuti kumwa kachasu ndi njira yake yomaliza, sakanachitira mwina. Zosavuta kulingalira, mosakayika. Woledzera nthawi zonse amadzilungamitsa, komabe mopanda nzeru ziyenera kuchitidwa. M'malo mwake, kusiya mowa nthawi zina kungayambitse kukomoka kapena kufa. Koma kodi kusiya nkhondo kungachite zimenezo? Tangoganizani dziko limene aliyense amakhulupilira munthu aliyense wokonda kusuta, kuphatikizapo wokonda nkhondo, ndipo ananenana wina ndi mnzake “Iye analibe chosankha china. Iye anali atayeseradi china chirichonse.” Sizomveka, sichoncho? Pafupifupi zosayerekezeka, kwenikweni. Ndipo pa:

Anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti dziko la United States likulimbana ndi nkhondo ku Syria, ngakhale kuti:

• Dziko la United States linatha zaka zambiri likutsutsa mayiko a UN kuti azikhala mwamtendere ku Syria.[Ii]
• Dziko la United States linachotsa chigamulo cha mtendere ku Russia ku 2012.[III]
• Ndipo pamene United States inati pulogalamu ya mabomba idafunika nthawi yomweyo ngati "njira yomaliza" ku 2013 koma anthu a ku America anali otsutsa mwatsatanetsatane.

Mu 2015, mamembala ambiri a US Congress adanenanso kuti mgwirizano wanyukiliya ndi Iran uyenera kukanidwa ndipo Iran iwonongedwe ngati njira yomaliza. Sizinatchulidwepo za Iran ya 2003 yopempha kuti athetse pulogalamu yake ya nyukiliya, zomwe zidanyozedwa mwachangu ndi United States.

Ambiri amakhulupirira kuti United States ikupha anthu okhala ndi drones ngati njira yomaliza, ngakhale kuti m'madera ochepa omwe United States amadziŵa mayina a anthu omwe akufuna, ambiri (ndipo ndithudi onse) akanatha mosavuta kumangidwa.[Iv]

Anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti United States idapha Osama bin Laden ngati njira yomaliza, kufikira pomwe omwe akukhudzidwawo adavomereza kuti "kupha kapena kugwira" sikunaphatikizepo njira iliyonse yomugwirira (ndikuti Bin Laden anali wopanda zida ali kuphedwa.[V]

Amakhulupirira kuti United States idazunza Libya mu 2011, idalanda boma lake, ndipo idalimbikitsa ziwawa zam'madera ngati njira yomaliza, ngakhale mu Marichi 2011 African Union idali ndi pulani yamtendere ku Libya koma idaletsedwa ndi NATO, kudzera pakupanga "yopanda ntchentche" ndikuyambitsa bomba, kupita ku Libya kukakambirana. M'mwezi wa Epulo, African Union idakwanitsa kukambirana mapulani ake ndi mtsogoleri waku Libya a Muammar Gaddafi, ndipo adavomereza.[vi] NATO inapatsidwa chilolezo cha UN kuteteza anthu a ku Libyda kuti ali pangozi, koma analibe chilolezo chopitiriza kupondereza dziko kapena kupasula boma.

Pafupifupi aliyense yemwe amagwira ntchito, komanso akufuna kupitirizabe kugwira ntchito, yaikulu ya ma TV ku United States akuti United States inagonjetsa Iraq ku 2003 ngati njira yomaliza kapena mtundu wotanthauza, ngakhale kuti:

• Pulezidenti wa ku United States adakonza zolinga za cockamamie kuti nkhondo iyambe.[vii]
• Boma la Iraq lidayandikira a Vincent Cannistraro a CIA ndi lonjezo lololeza asitikali aku US kuti afufuze dziko lonselo.[viii]
• Boma la Iraq linapereka chisankho choyang'anitsitsa padziko lonse mkati mwa zaka ziwiri.[ix]
• Boma la Iraq linapereka chilolezo kwa mkulu wa Bush Bush, Richard Perle, kuti atsegule dziko lonse kuti afufuze, kuti apereke chigamulo ku bomba la 1993 World Trade Center, kuti athandize kumenyana ndi chigawenga, komanso kuti akondweretse makampani a mafuta a ku America.[x]
• Pulezidenti wa Iraq anapereka, m'nkhani yomwe pulezidenti wa ku Spain anapatsidwa ndi pulezidenti waku America, kuti achoke ku Iraq ngati akadasunga $ 1 biliyoni.[xi]
• Nthaŵi zonse United States inali ndi mwayi wosangoyamba nkhondo ina.

Pafupifupi aliyense amaganiza kuti United States idalanda Afghanistan mu 2001 ndipo yakhalabe komweko kuyambira "malo omaliza omvera," ngakhale a Taliban adapereka mobwerezabwereza kuti atembenuza bin Laden kupita kudziko lachitatu kuti akaweruzidwe, al Qaeda adalibe kupezeka kwakukulu ku Afghanistan nthawi yayitali yankhondo, ndipo kuchoka kwakhala kosankha nthawi iliyonse.[xii]

Ambiri amati United States idapita kunkhondo ndi Iraq mu 1990-1991 ngati "njira yomaliza," ngakhale boma la Iraq lidali lokonzeka kukambirana zochoka ku Kuwait popanda nkhondo ndipo pamapeto pake adadzipereka kuchoka ku Kuwait pasanathe milungu itatu popanda zifukwa. Mfumu ya Jordan, Papa, Purezidenti wa France, Purezidenti wa Soviet Union, ndi ena ambiri adalimbikitsa kukhazikika kwamtendere, koma White House idalimbikira "njira yomaliza".[xiii]

Ngakhale kupatula njira zowonjezera zomwe zimachulukitsa chidani, kupereka zida, ndi kupatsa mphamvu maboma amphamvu, komanso zokambirana zowonongeka kuti zithandize m'malo mopewera nkhondo, mbiri ya nkhondo ya ku US ikhoza kubwereranso zaka zambiri ngati nkhani ya mndandanda wopanda malire mwayi wamtendere wotetezedwa mosamala pa zonse.

Mexico inali yokonzeka kugulitsa malonda a hafu ya kumpoto, koma United States inkafuna kuigwiritsa ntchito popha anthu ambiri. Spain ankafuna nkhani ya Maine kupita kumayiko ena, koma a US amafuna nkhondo ndi ufumu. Soviet Union idalimbikitsa zokambirana zamtendere nkhondo yaku Korea isanachitike. United States idasokoneza malingaliro amtendere ku Vietnam ochokera ku Vietnamese, Soviet, ndi French, mosalekeza akulimbikira pa "njira yomaliza" pamachitidwe ena onse, kuyambira tsiku lomwe Gulf of Tonkin idalamula nkhondo ngakhale kuti sinachitikepo.[xiv]

Ngati mutayang'ana pankhondo zokwanira, mupeza zochitika zofananira zomwe zinagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi imodzi ngati chowiringula pankhondo ina pena palibenso kanthu. Purezidenti George W. Bush adapempha Prime Minister waku UK a Tony Blair kuti kuwombera ndege ya U2 kuwapangitsa kuti apite kunkhondo yomwe angafune.[xv] Komabe pamene Soviet Union inapha ndege ya U2, Pulezidenti Dwight Eisenhower sanayambe nkhondo.

Inde, inde, wina akhoza kuyankha, mazana a nkhondo zenizeni komanso zopanda chilungamo sizoyambira malo omaliza, ngakhale owalimbikitsa akuti ali ndiudindo womwewo. Koma ongolankhula basi Nkhondo ingakhale njira yomaliza. Kodi sichoncho? Kodi sipangakhale njira ina yofananira kapena yopambana? Allman ndi Winright akugwira mawu a Papa John Paul Wachiwiri pa "ntchito yolanda zida zankhondo ngati njira zina zonse zatsimikizira kuti sizothandiza." Koma "kusamutsa zida" ndikofanana ndi "bomba kapena kuwukira"? Tawona nkhondo zikuyambidwa kuti zikuyenera kuwononga zida, ndipo zotsatira zake zakhala zida zambiri kuposa kale. Nanga bwanji kusiya kumanja ngati njira imodzi yothetsera vuto? Bwanji nanga za msokonezo wamtundu wapadziko lonse? Nanga bwanji zachuma ndi zina zomwe zimatilimbikitsa kuti tisawonongeke?

Panalibe mphindi pomwe kuphulitsa bomba ku Rwanda ikadakhala "njira yomaliza" yamakhalidwe. Panali mphindi yomwe apolisi okhala ndi zida ayenera kuti adathandizira, kapena kudula chizindikiritso chawailesi zomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuputa kupha anthu kukadathandiza. Panali nthawi zambiri pomwe ogwira ntchito mwamtendere opanda zida akanathandizira. Panali mphindi pomwe kufunsa kuyankha mlandu wakupha Purezidenti kukadathandizira. Panali zaka zitatu izi zisanachitike kupewetsa zida ndi kupha anthu aku Uganda zikadathandiza.

"Njira yomaliza" nthawi zambiri amakhala ofooka pomwe wina amaganiza zobwerera mmbuyo mpaka nthawi yamavuto, komabe amafooka kwambiri ngati wina angoganiza zobwerera pang'ono. Anthu ambiri amayesa kunena kuti nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse iliko kuposa nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse, ngakhale imodzi mwa izo sizingachitike popanda ina kapena popanda njira yopanda tanthauzo yothetsera izi, zomwe zidapangitsa owonera ambiri panthawiyo kuneneratu za nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse molondola . Ngati kuukira ISIS ku Iraq tsopano kuli "njira yomaliza" ndi chifukwa cha nkhondo yomwe idakulirakulira mu 2003, zomwe sizikanachitika popanda Gulf War wakale, zomwe sizikanachitika popanda zida ndikuthandizira Saddam Hussein mu nkhondo ya Iran-Iraq, ndi zina zotero m'zaka mazana ambiri. Zachidziwikire kuti zovuta zopanda chilungamo sizimapangitsa kuti zisankho zonse zikhale zopanda chilungamo, koma akuwonetsa kuti wina amene ali ndi lingaliro lina kupatula nkhondo zochulukirapo ayenera kulowererapo pakuwononga kodzidzimutsa m'badwo wamavuto.

Ngakhale panthawi yamavuto, kodi ndizowopsa mwachangu monga momwe amathandizira ankhondo? Kodi wotchi ikugwedezeka pano monganso momwe amayesera kuzunza? Allman ndi Winright akuwonetsa mndandanda wazinthu zina zankhondo zomwe ziyenera kuti zidathera pankhondo kuti zitheke: "zilango zabwino, zoyeserera, zokambirana ndi ena, kapena kuweruza."[xvi] Ndichoncho? Mndandandawu uli pamndandanda wathunthu wazomwe mungapeze zomwe National Public Radio ikuwonetsa "Zinthu Zonse Zoganizira" ndizonse. Ayeneranso kulitcha kuti “Zinthu ziwiri Zomwe Zaganiziridwa.” Pambuyo pake, Allman ndi Winright adanenanso kuti kugwetsa maboma ndibwino kuposa "kukhala nawo". Olembawo akuti, izi zimatsutsana "ndi akatswiri azankhondo komanso omenyera nkhondo masiku ano." Zimatero? Ndi njira iti yomwe mitundu iwiriyi ikuyenera kuti inali yokonda? "Kusunga"? Imeneyi si njira yamtendere kwambiri ndipo si njira yokhayo yothetsera nkhondo.

Ngati mtundu udawukiridwadi ndikusankha kumenyera kumbuyo, sibwenzi ali ndi nthawi yolandila zina mwazomwe zatchulidwazi. Sizingakhale ndi nthawi yothandizidwa ndi akatswiri ochokera ku Just War theorists. Zingangodzipeza zokha zikumenyananso. Dera lomwe lingaliro la Just War lingagwiritsire ntchito, makamaka, ndi nkhondo zazikuluzikulu zomwe sizingatetezeke, nkhondo zomwe ndi "zotsogola," "zoteteza," "zoteteza," ndi zina zambiri.

Gawo loyamba lodzitchinjiriza ndi nkhondo yomwe idayambika kuti itetezeke. Obama Administration, m'zaka zaposachedwa, wafotokozeranso "zomwe zayandikira" kutanthauza tsiku lina. Kenako adati akupha ndi ma drones okhaokha anthu omwe "ali pachiwopsezo ku United States." Zachidziwikire, zikadakhala kuti zikuyandikira kutanthauzira kwanthawi zonse, sizingapitirire, chifukwa zichitika.

Nayi gawo lovuta lochokera ku Dipatimenti Yachilungamo "White Paper" lotanthauzira "zomwe zayandikira":

"[T] akuganiza kuti mtsogoleri wogwira ntchito akuwopseza kuti 'akuyandikira' zaukali ku United States sakufuna kuti United States ikhale ndi umboni wowonekeratu kuti kuukira anthu aku US komanso zofuna zawo zichitika posachedwa. ”[xvii]

Ulamuliro wa George W. Bush unaonanso zinthu chimodzimodzi. Bungwe la National Security Strategy la mu 2002 la ku United States linati: “Tikuzindikira kuti chitetezo chathu chabwino ndi mlandu wabwino.”[xviii] Inde, izi ndi zabodza, ngati nkhondo zowononga zimayambitsa chisokonezo. Koma ndiwowona mtima moona mtima.

Tikangolankhula za malingaliro osadzitchinjiriza pankhondo, zokhudzana ndi zovuta zomwe munthu amakhala nazo nthawi yolandidwa, zokambirana, komanso malingaliro, munthu amakhalanso ndi nthawi yazinthu zina zonse. Zotheka ndi monga: osaziteteza (osakhala ndi zida) chitetezo chazankhondo: kulengeza bungwe loti asaloledwe kulandidwa, zionetsero zapadziko lonse lapansi, ziwonetsero zapadziko lonse lapansi, malingaliro amilandu, zida zaubwenzi kuphatikiza thandizo, kutenga mkangano pakuzenga mlandu kapena kukhothi, kuyitanitsa komiti yoona ndi chiyanjanitso, zokambirana zobwezeretsa, utsogoleri ndi chitsanzo polowa mgwirizanowu kapena International Criminal Court kapena kudzera mu demokalase ku United Nations, zokambirana za anthu wamba, mgwirizano wazikhalidwe, komanso zachiwawa zopanda malire zosiyanasiyana.

Koma bwanji ngati tilingalira nkhondo yodzitchinjiriza, mwina kuwukira koopsa koma kosatheka ku United States, kapena nkhondo yaku US yowonedwa kuchokera mbali inayo? Kodi zinali zaku Vietnam zokha kuti zibwezere? Kodi zinali zaku Iraq kuti amenyere? Etcetera. (Ndikutanthauza izi kuphatikiza zochitika zakuukira dziko lenileni la United States, osati kuwukira, mwachitsanzo, asitikali aku US ku Syria. Monga ndikulemba, boma la United States likuwopseza "kuteteza" asitikali ake Syria iyenera boma la Syria "kuwaukira".)

Yankho laling'ono la funsoli ndi lakuti ngati wotsutsayo akanaletsa, palibe chitetezo chofunika. Kutembenukira ku nkhondo za US kumbali yowonjezereka kuti ndalama zowonjezera za US zokhudzana ndi usilikali zikupotozedwa ngakhale ku K lobbyist ya K Street.

Yankho lalitali ndikuti nthawi zambiri siudindo woyenera kwa munthu wobadwira ndikukhala ku United States kuwalangiza anthu omwe akukhala pansi pa bomba la US kuti ayesetse kukana.

Koma yankho lolondola ndi lovuta kwambiri kuposa onsewa. Ndi yankho lomveka bwino tikayang'ana kuwukira konseko ndi kuwukira / nkhondo zapachiweniweni. Pali zina zomaliza zomwe tiyenera kuyang'ana, ndipo pali zitsanzo zamphamvu kwambiri zomwe mungaloze. Koma cholinga cha chiphunzitsochi, kuphatikiza chiphunzitso cha Anti-Just-War, chikuyenera kukhala chothandizira kupanga zitsanzo zenizeni zakutsogolo, monga kugwiritsa ntchito nkhanza polimbana ndi kuwukira kwachilendo.

Kafukufuku ngati Erica Chenoweth adatsimikiza kuti kukana nkhanza mwankhanza kumatha kuchita bwino, ndipo kupambana kumatha kukhala kosatha, kuposa kukana zachiwawa.[xix] Chifukwa chake ngati titayang'ana china chake ngati kusintha kosachita zachiwawa ku Tunisia ku 2011, titha kupeza kuti ikukwaniritsa zofunikira zina zilizonse pa Nkhondo Yachilungamo, kupatula kuti sinali nkhondo konse. Wina samabwerera mmbuyo ndikumakangana ndi njira yomwe sangachite bwino koma kuti ayambitse ululu ndi imfa. Mwina kuchita izi kungapangitse mkangano wa Just War. Mwina kukangana pa Nkhondo Yachilungamo kungapangidwenso, mopanda tanthauzo, kuti "kulowererapo" kwa US ku 2011 kuti abweretse demokalase ku Tunisia (kupatula kulephera kwa United States kuchita zinthu zoterezi, komanso tsoka lomwe likadachitika). Koma mukangomaliza kusintha popanda kupha ndi kufa konse, sizingakhale zomveka kupangira kuphedwa konse ndi kufa-osati ngati Misonkhano Yachigawo yatsopano ya Geneva ipangidwe, ndipo ngakhale zitakhala zopanda ungwiro zopanda chipwirikiti.

Ngakhale kuti pangakhale zochepa za zitsanzo mpaka pano zomwe sizikhala zotsutsana ndi ntchito zakunja, pali ena omwe ayamba kale kunena kuti apambana. Stephen Zunes ndi awa:

"Kupanda mphamvu kwa anthu osagwirizana ndi nkhondo kunapambanso kuthetsa ntchito ya usilikali kunja. Panthawi yoyamba ya Palestina intifada mu 1980s, ambiri mwa anthu ogonjetsedwawo anayamba kukhala odzilamulira okhaokha chifukwa chosowa ntchito ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa mabungwe ena, kukakamiza Israeli kulola kuti dziko la Palestine likhale lokhazikika komanso kuti azidzilamulira okha m'mizinda yambiri. madera a West Bank. Kukhazikitsa mtima kosagwirizana ndi anthu a ku Western Sahara kwapangitsa Morocco kuti apereke chidziwitso chodzilamulira chomwe-ngakhale kuti akulepherabe kudziko la Morocco kuti apatse Sahrawis ufulu wawo wodzipangira okha - ngakhale kuvomereza kuti gawoli si gawo lina la Morocco.

“M'zaka zomalizira za ulamuliro wa Germany ku Denmark ndi Norway mu nthawi ya WWII, Anazi sanathenso kulamulira anthu. Lithuania, Latvia, ndi Estonia adadzimasula m'manja mwa Soviet kudzera mwa kukana mwankhanza USSR isanagwe. Ku Lebanon, dziko lomwe lidasakazidwa ndi nkhondo kwazaka zambiri, zaka makumi atatu zaulamuliro waku Suriya zidamalizidwa mwa kuwukira kwakukulu, kopanda zachiwawa mu 2005. Ndipo chaka chatha, Mariupol udakhala mzinda waukulu kwambiri womwe ungamasulidwe m'manja mwa zigawenga zothandizidwa ndi Russia ku Ukraine. , osati chifukwa cha kuphulitsa mabomba ndi zida zankhondo zochitidwa ndi asitikali aku Ukraine, koma pamene anthu masauzande ambiri osagwira zida zachitsulo adayenda mwamtendere m'magawo olanda mzindawo ndikuthamangitsa omwe adapatukanawo. ”[xx]

Mmodzi angayang'ane zomwe zingakhale zitsanzo zambiri za kutsutsa a chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha Nazi, komanso ku Germany kukana ku France komwe kunkachitika ku Ruhr ku 1923, kapena mwinamwake ku Philippines komwe kunapindula nthawi imodzi komanso kupambana kwa Ecuador kupititsa patsogolo zida za nkhondo za US , ndipo ndithudi chitsanzo cha Gandhi chowombera dziko la Britain kuchokera ku India. Koma zitsanzo zambiri zokhuza kuponderezedwa kwapakhomo kwa nkhanza zapakhomo zimaperekanso chitsogozo cha zochita zamtsogolo.

Kukhala ndi makhalidwe abwino, kukana kusagwirizana ndi chiwawa chenichenicho sikuyenera kuwonekeratu kukhala wopambana kuposa yankho lachiwawa. Izo zimangoyenera kuwoneka pang'ono pafupi kwambiri. Chifukwa ngati icho chikukwaniritsa icho chidzachita izo mopanda phindu, ndipo kupambana kwake kudzakhala kotheka kukhala kotheka.

Pakalibe kuukiridwa, pomwe akuti kunkhondo kuyenera kuyambika ngati "njira yomaliza," mayankho osachita zachiwawa akuyenera kuwoneka ngati omveka. Ngakhale zili choncho, ayenera kuyesedwa asanayambitse nkhondo atha kutchedwa "njira yomaliza." Koma chifukwa ndizopanda malire ndipo zitha kuyesedwa mobwerezabwereza, pamalingaliro omwewo, munthu sangafikire pomwe kuwukira dziko lina kuli njira yomaliza.

Ngati mungakwanitse kuchita izi, chiganizo cha makhalidwe abwino chikafunabe kuti phindu la nkhondo yanu lidapitirire kuwononga konse komwe kwachitika chifukwa cha kukhazikitsidwa kwa nkhondo.

Onani Mndandanda Ukukula Wazochita Zopanda Zachiwawa Zomwe Zimagwiritsidwa Ntchito M'malo mwa Nkhondo.