Ndi Tchalitchi cha Katolika, pazinthu zonse, kutembenukira ku chiphunzitso chomwe chimalimbikitsa kuti pangakhale "nkhondo yachilungamo," ndikofunikira kuyang'anitsitsa malingaliro a chiphunzitso ichi chapakatikati, choyambirira chokhazikitsidwa ndi mphamvu zaumulungu za mafumu, zopangidwa ndi woyera yemwe amatsutsana ndi kudziteteza koma amathandizira ukapolo ndipo amakhulupirira kuti kupha achikunja kunali kwabwino kwa achikunja - chiphunzitso chosagwirizana ndi mfundo zomwe mpaka pano zikufotokozabe mawu ake achilatini.Laurie Calhoun, Nkhondo ndi Kuwonongeka: Kufufuza Kwambiri, akuyang'ana diso la wafilosofi woona pazokambirana za "nkhondo yolungama", akumanyalanyaza zonena zawo zachilendo, ndikufotokozera mosamala momwe amaperewera. Nditangopeza bukuli, nayi mndandanda wanga wowerengera wowerengedwa wofunikira pakuthana ndi nkhondo:
A Global Security System: An Alternative Nkhondo by World Beyond War, 2015.
Nkhondo: A Crimea Against Humanity by Roberto Vivo, 2014.
Nkhondo ndi Kuphulika: Kufufuza Kwambiri Laurie Calhoun, 2013.
Kusintha: Chiyambi Cha Nkhondo, Kutha kwa Nkhondo by Yudith Dzanja, 2013.
Mapeto a Nkhondo ndi John Horgan, 2012.
Kusandulika ku Mtendere ndi Russell Faure-Brac, 2012.
Pambuyo pa Nkhondo: Ubwino Wathu wa Mtendere ndi Douglas Fry, 2009.
Kulimbana ndi Nkhondo by Winslow Myers, 2009.
Izi ndizo zizindikiro za Calhoun jus ad bellum:
- ziwonetsedwe poyera
- khalani ndi chiyembekezo choyenera kuti mupambane
- khalani ndi ntchito yokha basi
- khalani ndi ulamuliro wovomerezeka ndi cholinga chabwino, ndipo
- ali ndi chifukwa chokha komanso chokwanira (chokwanira kuti chiwerengero cha nkhondo chikhale chokwanira)
Ndikuonjezeranso chimodzi monga chofunikira chenicheni:
- khalani ndi chiyembekezo choyenera chochitidwa ndi jus mu bello.
Izi ndizo zizindikiro za Calhoun jus mu bello:
- njira yokhayo yeniyeni yolankhulira zolinga za usilikali ingagwiritsidwe ntchito
- osagonjetsedwa sangathe kuukiridwa
- Asilikali a adani ayenera kulemekezedwa monga anthu, ndi
- akaidi a nkhondo ayenera kuchitidwa ngati osagonjetsa.
Pali zovuta ziwiri pamndandandawu. Choyamba ndikuti ngakhale chinthu chilichonse chikadakwaniritsidwa, chomwe sichinachitikepo ndipo sichingachitike, sizingapangitse kuphedwa kwa anthu kukhala kwamakhalidwe kapena kwalamulo. Ingoganizirani ngati wina adapanga zofunikira paukapolo chabe kapena kungomangirira kenako ndikwaniritsa izi; kodi zingakukhutitseni? Vuto lachiwiri ndiloti njirazi, monga ndanenera - monga momwe Purezidenti Obama adafanana, zowonjezera, zokhazokha zokhazokha zakupha a drone - sizinakumaneko kwenikweni.
"Kulengezedwa pagulu" kumawoneka ngati chinthu chimodzi chomwe chingachitike ndi nkhondo zaposachedwa komanso zaposachedwa, koma sichoncho? Nkhondo zimalengezedwa asanayambe, ngakhale kukonzedwa ndi mgwirizano wamaphwando nthawi zina. Tsopano nkhondo, makamaka, yalengezedwa bomba litayamba kugwa ndipo mbiri ikudziwika. Nthawi zina, nkhondo sizilengezedwa. Malipoti okwanira akunja akuunjikira ogwiritsa ntchito mwakhama ku United States kuti adziwe kuti dziko lawo lili pankhondo, kudzera ma drones osadziwika, ndi dziko lina. Kapenanso ntchito yopulumutsa anthu, monga ku Libya, ikufotokozedwa ngati china osati nkhondo, koma m'njira yomwe imatsimikizira owonerera kuti kulandidwa kwina kwa boma kukuchitika ndi chipwirikiti ndi masoka aanthu ndi asitikali omwe atsatire. Kapenanso wofufuza nzika wamkulu atha kuzindikira kuti asitikali aku US akuthandiza Saudi Arabia kuphulitsa Yemen, kenako ndikupeza kuti US yakhazikitsa asitikali apansi - koma palibe nkhondo yomwe yalengezedwa pagulu. Ndapempha unyinji wa omenyera ufulu wamtendere ngati atha kutchula mayiko asanu ndi awiri omwe Purezidenti wapano wa US waphulitsa, ndipo nthawi zambiri palibe amene angachite. (Koma afunseni ngati nkhondo zina sizikudziwika kuti ndi zachilungamo, ndipo manja ambiri adzawombera m'mwamba.)
Kodi pali nkhondo zilizonse "zomwe zikuyembekezeka kupambana"? Izi zitha kudalira pazinthu zina zapadera kapena momwe mungatanthauzire "kuchita bwino," koma zikuwonekeratu kuti pafupifupi nkhondo zonse zaku US zaka 70 zapitazi (ndipo pakhala pali zambiri) zakhala zikulephera pazokha. Nkhondo "zodzitchinjiriza" zabweretsa ngozi zatsopano. Nkhondo zachifumu zalephera kupanga ufumu. Nkhondo "zothandiza anthu" zalephera kupindulitsa anthu. Nkhondo zomanga mafuko zalephera kumanga mayiko. Nkhondo zothana ndi zida zowonongera zakhala zikumenyedwa m'malo omwe zida zotere kulibe. Nkhondo zamtendere zabweretsa nkhondo zochulukirapo. Pafupifupi nkhondo yatsopano iliyonse imatetezedwa potengera kuthekera kuti mwina ingakhale ngati nkhondo yomwe idachitika zaka 70 zapitazo kapena ngati nkhondo yomwe sinachitike (ku Rwanda). Pambuyo pa Libya, zifukwa ziwirizi zidagwiritsidwanso ntchito ku Syria, ndi chitsanzo cha Libya mwachidziwikire chidafafanizidwa ndikuyiwalika monga ena ambiri.
"Waged pokhapokha ngati njira yomaliza" ndichofunikira kwambiri jus ad bellum, koma sanakumanepo ndipo sangathe kukumanapo. Pali zoonekeratu nthawi zonse malo ena. Ngakhale pamene dziko kapena dera likugwedezeka kapena kuwonongedwa, zipangizo zopanda chilema zimakhala zopambana ndipo zimapezeka nthawi zonse. Koma dziko la United States likulimbana ndi nkhondo kunja kwina. (Calhoun akunena kuti 2002 Ndondomeko ya National Security akuphatikizira mzerewu: "Tikuzindikira kuti chitetezo chathu chabwino ndicholakwa.") Pazochitikazi, zowonekeratu, pali njira zambiri zopanda chinyengo zomwe zimapezeka nthawi zonse - ndipo nthawi zonse zimakhala zabwino, kunkhondo, chitetezo choyipitsitsa ndi chabwino kukhumudwitsa.
“Wogwidwa ndi mkulu wovomerezeka ndi cholinga choyenera,” ndi muyezo wopanda tanthauzo. Palibe amene wafotokoza zomwe zimawerengedwa kuti ndi udindo wovomerezeka kapena amene tiyenera kukhulupirira zolinga zawo. Cholinga chachikulu cha njirayi ndikusiyanitsa mbali iliyonse yankhondo yomwe mwakhalapo kuchokera kutsidya lina, yomwe ili yapathengo komanso yoyipa. Koma mbali inayo imakhulupirira zosiyana, monganso maziko. Izi zikuyeneranso kuloleza, kudzera mu Chinyengo cha Medieval Monkish Bullshitting, chilichonse chophwanya mfundo za jus mu bello. Kodi mukupha ambiri omwe sanali omenyera nkhondo? Kodi mumadziwa kuti mukupita? Zonse ndi zabwino bola ngati munganene kuti cholinga chanu sichinali kupha anthu onsewo - zomwe mdani wanu saloledwa kunena; mdani wanu atha kudzudzulidwa chifukwa chololeza anthuwo kukhala komwe bomba lanu limagwera.
Kodi nkhondo "ingakhale ndi chifukwa choyenera komanso chofanana (mokwanira mokwanira kuti chioneke nkhondo)"? Nkhondo iliyonse itha kukhala ndi chifukwa chabwino, koma izi sizingatanthauze nkhondo yomwe ikuphwanya zina zonse mndandandandawu komanso zofunikira pamakhalidwe ndi malamulo. Chifukwa choyenera nthawi zonse chimatsatiridwa bwino ndi njira zina kupatula nkhondo. Kuti nkhondo idamenyedwa ukapolo usanathe sikusintha kusankha komwe mayiko ambiri adachita pomaliza ukapolo popanda nkhondo yapachiweniweni. Sitingavomereze kuphana m'minda yayikulu tsopano, ngakhale titamaliza kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta zakale pambuyo pake. Zambiri zomwe zimatha kuganiziridwa kapena zomwe timauzidwa kuti nkhondo zenizeni zimamenyedwera, sizimaphatikizapo kutha kapena kupewa china chilichonse choyipa ngati nkhondo. Nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, isanafike komanso pomwe akuluakulu aku US ndi Britain adakana kupulumutsa omwe adzazunzidwe ndi chipani cha Nazi, nthawi zambiri amayesedwa kuti ndi oyipa kupha anthu m'misasa, ngakhale izi zidachitika nkhondo itatha, ndipo ngakhale nkhondoyo idapha angapo anthu ochulukirapo ngati misasa.
Chifukwa chiyani ndidawonjezera izi: “khalani ndi chiyembekezo chokwaniritsidwa ndi jus in bello”? Ngati nkhondo yolondola iyenera kukwaniritsa zonse ziwiri, ndiye kuti sayenera kuyambitsidwa pokhapokha atakhala ndi chiyembekezo chodzakumana ndi gawo lachiwiri - zomwe palibe nkhondo yomwe idachitikapo ndipo palibe nkhondo yomwe ingachitike. Tiyeni tiwone zinthu izi:
"Njira zokhazokha zokhazikitsira zolinga zankhondo ndizomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito." Izi zitha kukwaniritsidwa chifukwa ndizopanda tanthauzo, zonse kuti zikhale zodzipangira zokha ndi diso la wankhondo kapena wopambana. Palibe mayesero okakamiza kuti gulu losalowerera ndale lidziwitse kuti china chake kapena sichofanana kapena chomveka, ndipo palibe nkhondo yomwe imadziwika kuti idaletsedwa kapena yoletsedwa kwambiri ndi mayeso otere. Izi sizingakwaniritsidwe mpaka kukhutitsidwa ndi ozunzidwa kapena otayika.
Anthu amene sanachite nawo nkhondoyi sangatetezeredwe. ” Izi mwina sizinakwaniritsidwepo. Ngakhale akatswiri omwe amatsutsana ndi nkhondo amakonda kuganizira za nkhondo zam'mbuyomu pakati pa mayiko olemera osati nkhondo zam'mbuyomu zakuchotsa nkhondo zomwe mayiko olemera amalimbana ndi anthu achilengedwe. Chowonadi ndichakuti nkhondo inali nkhani yoyipa nthawi zonse kwa osagwirizana nawo. Ngakhale nkhondo zamakedzana ku Europe munthawi yomwe chiphunzitso chopusachi chidakonzedwa kuzungulira mizinda, njala ndi kugwiriridwa ngati zida zankhondo. Koma mzaka 70 zapitazi osakhala omenyera nkhondo akhala ambiri akuvutika chifukwa cha nkhondo, nthawi zambiri ambiri, ndipo nthawi zambiri mbali imodzi. Chinthu choyambirira chomwe nkhondo zaposachedwa zachita ndikupha anthu wamba mbali imodzi ya nkhondo iliyonse. Nkhondo imangokhala kuphedwa kwa mbali imodzi, osati zochitika zina zongoganiza kuti "osagwirizana nawo satetezedwa." Kutanthauzira "kuwukira," monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, osaphatikizaponso kupha anthu ambiri komwe "sikunakonzedwe" ndi akuphawo sikungasinthe izi.
"Asitikali a adani ayenera kulemekezedwa monga anthu." Zoonadi? Mukayenda moyandikana ndi kupha mnansi wanu, kenako kupita kwa woweruza kukakufotokozerani momwe mumalemekezera mnzako ngati munthu, munganene chiyani? Mwina muli ndi ntchito yotseguka kwa inu monga katswiri "wankhondo yolondola", kapena mwayamba kale kuzindikira kupusa kwa bizinesiyo.
"Akaidi akumenya nkhondo ayenera kutengedwa ngati osagwirizana nawo nkhondo." Sindikudziwa nkhondo iliyonse yomwe yakwaniritsidwa bwino ndipo sindikudziwa momwe zingakhalire popanda kumasula akaidi. Zachidziwikire kuti maphwando ena munkhondo zina ayandikira kwambiri kuposa ena kuti akwaniritse izi. Koma United States yatsogolera posachedwapa pakusunthira zizolowezi wamba kutali ndi, m'malo moyandikira, lingaliro ili.
Kupitilira pamavuto amtunduwu ndi lingaliro "yankhondo chabe", a Calhoun akuwonetsa kuti kuchitira mtundu ngati munthu ndizovuta kwanthawizonse. Lingaliro loti asirikali otumizidwa kunkhondo akudzitchinjiriza pamodzi siligwira ntchito chifukwa amatha kudziteteza mwa kusiya. M'malo mwake, akudziika pachiwopsezo chakupha anthu omwe alibe chochita ndi zolakwa zomwe atsogoleri awo amawanamizira - ndikupanga ndalama.
Calhoun amachita china chake m'buku lake, ndikungopita, chomwe chidapangitsa ziwopsezo zomwe Jane Addams adayesa kuti womenyera ufulu wamkulu adatsala pang'ono kumenyedwa ndikuchotsedwa kunja. Calhoun akunena kuti asirikali amapatsidwa mankhwala kukonzekera nkhondo. Addams adati, polankhula ku New York, pankhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse, kuti m'maiko omwe adayendera ku Europe, asitikali achichepere adanena kuti kunali kovuta kupanga bayonet mlandu, kupha anyamata ena pafupi, pokhapokha "atakopeka , ”Kuti Angelezi anapatsidwa ramu, the German ether, ndi French absinthe. Kuti ichi chinali chiwonetsero chodalira kuti amuna sanali onse akupha mwachilengedwe, komanso kuti zinali zowona, adasiyidwa pazakuwukira kwa "miseche" ya Addams ya asitikali oyera. M'malo mwake asitikali aku US omwe akuchita nawo "nkhondo zachilungamo" lero amafa chifukwa chodzipha kuposa zifukwa zina, ndipo zoyesayesa ku ikani kuwonongeka kwa makhalidwe awo kungakhale nako anawapanga iwo kwambiri amavomereza opha mkati m'mbiri.
Ndiye pali vuto loti United States yadzipanga kukhala zida zapamwamba kwambiri zopangira zida zankhondo padziko lonse lapansi ndipo nthawi zambiri imadzipeza ikulimbana ndi zida zaku US, ndipo imapezanso asitikali ankhondo aku US okhala ndi zida zankhondo aku US akumenyana wina ndi mnzake, monga pompano ku Syria. Kodi bungwe lirilonse linganene kuti ndi zolimbikitsa komanso zodzitchinjiriza kwinaku likutsogolera kupindula kwa zida ndikuchulukirachulukira?
Pomwe lingaliro "lankhondo chabe" limasokonekera poganizira zakugulitsa zida zankhondo, koma limangofanana ndi malonda a zida. Kutsatsa ndi kuchuluka kwa zongonena za "nkhondo chabe" padziko lonse lapansi kumapereka mitundu yonse ya omwe amapanga nkhondo ndi njira zopambanitsira omwe amathandizira pazoyipa zawo.
A kanthawi kochepa, ndidamva kuchokera kwa wolemba mabulogu akufunsa ngati ndikudziwa ngati nthano ya "nkhondo chabe" inali italepheretsa nkhondo pazifukwa zosalungama. Nayi fayilo ya zotsatira za blog:
"Pokonzekera nkhaniyi ndidalemba anthu makumi asanu-omenyera nkhondo komanso ankhondo okhaokha, ophunzira-ochita zankhondo, omwe akudziwa kena kake kongogwiritsa ntchito nthanthi yankhondo-ndikufunsa ngati anganene umboni wankhondo womwe ungachitike (kapena wasintha kwambiri) chifukwa cha zovuta zankhondo zokha. Oposa theka adayankha, ndipo palibe m'modzi yemwe angayankhe mlandu. Chodabwitsa kwambiri ndi chiwerengero chomwe chinawona funso langa ngati buku limodzi. Ngati masitepe ankhondo okhawo akuyenera kutsata mfundo zachilungamo, zowonadi zake ziyenera kukhala zenizeni. ”
Nazi zomwe ndidayankha kufunsa:
"Ndi funso labwino kwambiri, chifukwa aliyense akhoza kutchula nkhondo zambiri zotetezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito 'nkhondo yokha,' koma cholinga chake nthawi zonse chimawoneka ngati kuteteza nkhondo kapena magawo awo kapena malingaliro awo, mosiyana ndi 'nkhondo zopanda chilungamo' zina, ' osateteza nkhondo zina. Zachidziwikire, ndi chiphunzitso chakale komanso chofala chotere, munthu amatha kunena kuti akuletsa chilichonse, kuwachitira chilungamo akaidi, lingaliro lililonse losagwiritsa ntchito zida za nyukiliya, lingaliro la Iran loti asagwiritse ntchito zida zamankhwala pobwezera Iraq, ndi zina zambiri. Chimodzi mwazifukwa zomwe sindinaganizepo za 'nkhondo chabe' ngati njira yoletsera kapena kuthetsa kapena kuchepetsa nkhondo zenizeni ndikuti sizowonjezera; Zonse zili m'diso la ofunda. Kodi mulingo wina wakupha ndi 'wofanana' kapena 'wofunikira'? Angadziwe ndani! Sipanakhalepo njira yodziwira. Sizinakhalepo zaka 1700 kuti zikhale chida chogwiritsa ntchito. Ndi chida chodzitchinjiriza, osayenera kuyang'anitsitsa kwambiri. Ngati tiwunikiranso mosamala tsopano, tikhulupirira, zidzawoneka kwa anthu ambiri momwe zingagwirizane monga ukapolo, kungogwiririra, komanso kuzunza ana. ”
