Ino ndi nthawi yothetsa kulembetsa zolembera ndikubwezeretsanso ufulu wonse kwa anthu a chikumbumtima.

Wolemba Bill Galvin ndi Maria Santelli, Center on Conscience & War[1]

Chifukwa choletsedwa ndi akazi ku US Armed Forces tsopano, kukambirana za kulembetsa kulembera kubwereranso ku nkhani, makhoti, ndi nyumba za msonkhano. Koma mavuto ndi Selective Service System (SSS) Kulembetsa kumapita mozama kuposa kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. Palibe chidwi cha ndale pakubwezeretsanso ndalamazo. Komabe kulembetsa kulembetsa kulembetsa kumakhala zolemetsa kwa anyamata a fuko lathu - ndipo tsopano, mwinamwake akazi athu achichepere, komanso.

Zilango zopanda malire zomwe anthu omwe safuna kulemba kapena kulephera kuzilembera zimapangitsa kuti moyo wawo ukhale wovuta kwambiri kwa anthu ambiri omwe amalembedwa kale, makamaka omwe amatsutsa zomwe amakhulupirira chifukwa chofuna kulowa usilikali. Palibe mwayi wolembetsa ngati wokana kulowa usilikali chifukwa cha zimene amakhulupirira. Kutetezedwa kwalamulo kwa anthu amene amakhulupirira kulowa usilikali chifukwa cha chikumbumtima kunaperekedwa m'malamulo a maiko angapo oyambirira,[2] ndipo adalembedwera kumayambiriro oyambirira a zomwe zinasinthidwa ndi Choyamba Chachiwiri ku Bill of Rights ya US Constitution.[3] M'malo mwa kulemekeza ndi kulimbikitsa ufulu ndi chitetezo, amatsenga amasiku ano adziyika osakhala olembetsa ku malamulo omwe amakana maphunziro, ntchito ndi mwayi wina wofunikira. Malamulo amenewa amakhala ngati mtolo wosavomerezeka kwa iwo omwe sangathe kulemba, ndi chikumbumtima chabwino makamaka kulanga ndi kusokoneza awo omwe akukhala moyo wawo moona mtima weniweni wa demokarase yathu.

Nkhondo itatha ku Vietnam itatha mu 1975, kulembetsa kulembetsa kumatha. Mu 1980 Purezidenti Carter anabwezeretsanso kulembera kuti atumize uthenga ku Soviet Union, yomwe idangoyamba kupha Afghanistan, kuti US akhoza kukhala okonzekera nkhondo nthawi iliyonse. Lamuloli lidali lamulo la dziko lero: pafupifupi amuna onse okhala ku US ndi amuna onse pakati pa zaka za 18 ndi 26 akuyenera kulembedwa ndi Selective Service.

Zilango zakulephera kulembetsa ndizotheka kwambiri: ndi federal felony yomwe imakhala ndi chilango chazaka 5 m'ndende komanso chindapusa chofika $ 250,000.[4] Popeza 1980 anyamata mamiliyoni ambiri aphwanya lamulo mwa kulephera kulembetsa. Ndipo mwa iwo omwe analembetsa, anthu mamiliyoni ambiri adaphwanya malamulo mwa kulephera kulembetsa nthawi yomwe inakhazikitsidwa mulamulo.[5]  Popeza 1980 anthu ambiri a 20 akhala akuimbidwa mlandu chifukwa cholephera kulemba. (Chigamulo chomaliza chinali pa January 23rd, 1986.) Pafupifupi onse amene ankatsutsidwawo anali omvera chifukwa chokana kulowa usilikali chifukwa chokana kulowa usilikali monga chikumbumtima, chikumbumtima kapena ndale.[6]

Poyambirira, boma likukonzekera kutsutsa otsutsa ochepa a anthu ndikuwopseza ena onse kuti azitsatira zofuna zawo. (Mwachigawenga, njira iyi ikuyitanidwa kuti "kulepheretsa anthu ambiri.") Ndondomekoyi idakhumudwitsidwa: kukana kulowa usilikali chifukwa cha chikumbumtima chinali pa nkhani zamadzulo kukamba za makhalidwe awo, kunena kuti akutsutsana ndi malamulo apamwamba, komanso osatsatira malamulo zowonjezereka.

Poyankha, kuyambira mu 1982, boma la federal linakhazikitsa lamulo lachilango ndi ndondomeko zomwe zimakakamiza anthu kulembetsa ndi Selective Service. Malamulo awa, omwe amatchedwa malamulo a "Solomoni" pambuyo pa membala wa Congress omwe adayamba kuwafotokozera (osati chifukwa cha nzeru zawo zoganiza kuti)!

• Thandizo la ndalama ku Federal kwa ophunzira a koleji;
• Maphunziro a ntchito ya Federal;
• Ntchito ndi mabungwe akuluakulu a federal;
• S. Ufulu kwa alendo.

Service Selective yanena kuti cholinga chawo ndi kuwonjezera chiwerengero cha chiwerengero, osati kutsutsa osalandila. Amaloledwa kulembetsa kulembedwa kwa nthawi yaitali mpaka wina atembenuka ndi 26, patapita nthaŵi sizingatheke kulembetsa mwalamulo kapena mwaulemu. Chifukwa chakuti pali zaka zisanu zoperewera za zophwanya lamulo la Selective Service, kamodzi wosakhala wolembetsa akutembenukira 31[7] sangathe kuimbidwa mlandu, komabe kukana thandizo la ndalama la federal, maphunziro a ntchito, ndi ntchito kumapitilira moyo wake wonse.

Service Selective yachitira umboni pamaso pa Congress kuti palibe chomwe chingapindule mwa kukana mapindu awa kwa iwo omwe akukalamba kwambiri kuti asalembedwe.[8] Komabe, mu ndondomeko yovomerezeka, akuluakulu a boma atsimikiza kuti kupeza munthu kulemba ndiko kumusangalatsa munthuyo, chifukwa kulephera kulemba kulembetsa kumawapangitsa kukhala osagwirizana ndi "maboma" awa. Chosankha Bwino Gil Coronado kuti aone,

"Ngati sitikwanitsa kukumbutsa abambo akumizinda yakumidzi za udindo wawo wolembetsa, makamaka ochepa ndi amuna obwera, ataya mwayi wokwaniritsa maloto aku America. Ataya mwayi woyenera kulandira ngongole ndi ndalama zothandizira kukoleji, ntchito zaboma, maphunziro pantchito komanso osamukira kumayiko ena, kukhala nzika. Pokhapokha ngati titakwanitsa kutsatira malamulo ambiri olembetsa, America atha kukhala ndi mwayi wokhala pansi. "[9]

M'malo moyesera kuthetsa chilango chosakondera kwa anthu omwe sali olembetsa, ndikuwongolera gawo lonse kwa osewera, Service Selective yalimbikitsa mayiko kuti ayambe Zina Zilango kwa omwe samalembetsa kulembedwa. Malinga ndi Ripoti Lapachaka la SSS la 2015 ku Congress, opitilira awiri mwa atatu mwa amuna omwe adalembetsa mu FY 2015 adakakamizidwa ndi zinthu monga chiphaso chalamulo kapena mwayi wopeza ndalama.[10]

Zaka zomwe boma la federal likugwiritsa ntchito chilango cha Solomon, 44 imati, District of Columbia, ndipo madera angapo apanga malamulo omwe amalimbikitsa kapena kulepheretsa kulembetsa ndi Selective Service. Malamulo amenewa amatenga mitundu yambirimbiri: zina zimakana thandizo la ndalama la boma kwa ophunzira osayina; kulemba kwa anthu ena ku mabungwe a boma; ena mwa iwo omwe salembetsa malipiro apamwamba a boma; ndipo ena akunena za kuphatikiza izi zilango. Misonkho yomwe imaletsa kugwira ntchito ndi maboma a boma yadutsa m'madera a 20 ndi gawo limodzi.

Malamulo akugwirizanitsa kulembetsa kalata yoyendetsa, chilolezo cha ophunzira, kapena chithunzi cha ID zosiyana ndi boma, pofuna kulembetsa kuti adzalandire chidziwitso kapena chilolezo, zomwe ndizochitika ndi mayiko ambiri, kuti athe kupereka mwayi woti alembetse. Mfundo zokhazo zomwe sizinapitirirepo malamulo a boma pazolembetsa ndi Selective Service ndi Nebraska, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Vermont, ndi Wyoming.

Kuphwanya kulikonse kwamalamulo kumakhala ndi chilango ngati munthu aweruzidwa. Komabe - ndipo ndi koyenera kubwereza - boma silinamize aliyense chifukwa chophwanya malamulo a Selection Service kuyambira 1986, pamene mazana a zikwi za nzika za US adzalangidwa kuyambira nthawi imeneyo.[11] Chizoloŵezi ichi chokhazikitsa popanda kuimbidwa mlandu kapena kutsutsa kumaphwanya dongosolo la malamulo lokhazikitsidwa ndi Constitution. Kuwonjezera apo, kulanga anthu m'njira zosagwirizana ndi chilango chawo - cholakwira chimene sichidaimbidwe - chikutsutsana ndi dongosolo lathu lachilamulo ndi lingaliro lathu lachilungamo. Ngati pali cholinga cha ndale chokhazikitsa lamulo, ophwanya malamulo ayenera kuimbidwa mlandu ndipo ali ndi ufulu woweruzidwa ndi woweruza wa anzawo. Ngati palibe lamulo la ndale lokhazikitsa lamulo, lamulo liyenera kuchotsedwa. 

Komabe, mmalo mosiya lamulo losavomerezeka ndi lolemetsa, posachedwapa ndale ndi zofalitsa zamakono zakhala zikuwongolera kulengeza kwa amayi. Pa February 2, 2016 Mtsogoleri wa asilikali ndi Mtsogoleri wa Marine Corps onse achitira umboni pamaso pa Komiti Yachigawo Yachigawo cha Senate kuti athandizire kukwaniritsa zolembera kwa amayi. Patapita masiku awiri, Woimira Duncan Hunter (R-CA) ndi Woimira Ryan Zinke (R-MT) adayambitsa Cholinga cha Act of America's Girls Act, zomwe, ngati zidapitidwa, zikhoza kuwonjezera zofunikira zolembera kwa amayi. Zidzakhalanso akazi, komanso mosiyana ndi amayi a chikumbumtima, kutsutsa milandu, komanso chilango chokhalitsa moyo chifukwa cha chikumbumtima chawo.

Kubwerera ku 1981, pamene kulembedwa kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kwasankhidwa ngati chisankho chogonana, Khoti Lalikulu linagamula kuti mwamuna wamwamuna yekhayo yekhayo ndi amene anasankhidwa kuti alembedwe. Iwo adati, "Amayi amachokera kuntchito yolimbana," sakhala ndi malo omwewo omwe amalembedwa kuti alembedwe kapena akulembera, "ndi Congress, pokhala ndi ulamuliro wa malamulo kuti" akweze ndi kusunga "asilikali, anali ndi ulamuliro woganizira "zosowa za nkhondo" pa "chilungamo."[12]

Koma nthawi zasintha, ndipo akazi tsopano akudziwika kuti ndi "malo omwewo." Tsopano kuti akazi sakuletsedwanso ku nkhondo, chifukwa chake Khotilo linalola kuti pulogalamu yokha yolembera yamwamuna ikhalebenso. Milandu yambiri ya milandu m'zaka zaposachedwapa yatsutsa mchitidwe wa amuna okhawo wokhazikika pa maziko a malamulo omwe ali "chitetezo chofanana", ndi chimodzi mwazochitikazo anali kutsutsana pamaso pa 9^th Khoti Lalikulu la Malamulo Lachigawo pa December 8, 2015. Pa February 19, 2016, khoti la milandu linakana chigamulo cha makhoti akutsutsa chigamulochi ndikuchibwezeretsanso kuti apitirize kukambirana.

Koma kuwonjezera amayi ku chilango chotsatiridwa ndi malamulo ndi malamulo apadera a Selective Service System samathetsa kanthu.

Pomwe panopa malamulo a boma ndi a boma akusankha, ngati munthu akufuna kubwerera ku sukulu m'tsogolo kapena akufuna ntchito ndi mabungwe a boma kapena boma, angapeze mwayi wotsekedwa chifukwa sanalembetse. Popanda chithunzi cha ID kapena driver's license, ufulu wa munthu aliyense wa chikumbumtima kuti aziyenda ndi oletsedwa. Chithunzi cha chithunzi nthawi zambiri chimayenera kugula ndege kapena tikiti ya sitima, kapena matikiti okayenda pa njira zina zoyendetsa ngakhale mkati mwa US. Chidziwitso Chachibadwidwe cha Ufulu Wachibadwidwe Chaputala cha 13.1 chikuti, "aliyense ali ndi ufulu woyenda ndi kumakhala m'malire a dziko lililonse."[13] Zotsatira za malamulo amenewa ndizochepetsera ufulu wapadera wa munthu. Kuwonjezera apo, ngati zomwe zimatchedwa kuti Chowopseza ID ziyenera kupitiriza kufalikira ndipo zikugwiridwa ndi makhoti, malamulowa angalepheretse ufulu wokana kulowa usilikali chifukwa cha chikumbumtima chosonyeza: voti.

Ndi ochepa omwe anganene kuti aphungu omwe amatsatira malamulo a chilango amadziwa kuti mwadzidzidzi ndikuwongolera mwachangu kuvulaza kapena kusokoneza magulu ena, koma izi ndizo zotsatira za zochita zawo. Nthawi yatha kuti athetse mavutowa - Osaphatikizapo amayi a chikumbumtima (kapena amayi ena) kuti gulu liwalange. Nthawi yatha kuyambitsa Selective Service System yokha, ndipo pa February 10, Woimira Mike Coffman (R-CO), pamodzi ndi Oimira Peter DeFazio (D-OR), Jared Polis (D-CO) ndi Dana Rohrabacher (R-CA) adawonetsa ndalama zomwe zingakwaniritse zonse ziwiri. HR 4523 ichotsa lamulo la Military Selective Service Act, kuthetseratu kufunika kwa kulembetsa kwa aliyense, pomwe ikufuna kuti "munthu sangalandidwe ufulu, mwayi, phindu, kapena ntchito pantchito yalamulo la Federal" chifukwa chokana kapena kulephera kulembetsa pamaso pa chotsa. Pempho tsopano akuzungulira kuti athandizire khama ili loluntha komanso labwino.

Ngakhale kutembenuka kumene kumachepetsa kulembetsa ("Ndikofulumira, ndikosavuta, ndi lamulo;" Kungolembetsa chabe, siwolemba), zokambiranazi zikukumbutsa mwatsopano kuti, monga Khothi Lalikulu linanenera kale mu 1981, "cholinga Kulembetsa ndikupanga gulu lankhondo lomwe lingamenye nkhondo. ” Cholinga cholembetsa ndikukonzekera nkhondo. Ana athu aakazi ndi ana athu amayenera bwino.

[1] Center on Conscience & War (CCW) idakhazikitsidwa ku 1940 kuteteza ufulu wa omwe akana kulowa usilikali chifukwa cha zomwe amakhulupirira. Ntchito yathu ikupitilira lero, kupereka ukadaulo waluso ndi madera kwa onse omwe amatsutsa kutenga nawo mbali pankhondo kapena kukonzekera nkhondo.

[2] Lillian Schlissel, Chikumbumtima ku America (New York: Dutton, 1968) p. 28

[3] Ibid, tsa. 47. Apa a Schlissel akunena za a James Madison, Zomwe apita ku Congress kuti apange Bill of Rights Annals of Congress: The Debates and Proceedings ku Congress of the United States, Vol. Ine, Nduna Yoyamba, Sukulu Yoyamba, June 1789 (Washington DC: Gales ndi Seaton, 1834). Onaninso Harrop A. Freeman, "Chikumbumtima cha Chikumbumtima," Univ. Penn. Law Rev., vol. 106, ayi. 6, pp. 806-830, pa 811-812 (April 1958) (akuwerengera mbiri yolemba mbiri mwatsatanetsatane).

[4] App 50 USC. 462 (a) ndi 18 USC 3571 (b) (3)

[5] Zomwe Zisankhidwa Pogwiritsa Ntchito Mauthenga A pachaka ku Congress, 1981-2011

[6] http://hasbrouck.org/draft/prosecutions.html

[7] Timagwiritsa ntchito liwu lakuti "iye" chifukwa lamulo limakhudza amuna pa nthawi ino.

[8] Richard Flahavan, Selective Service System Associate Director, Public and Intergovernmental Affairs, pamsonkhano pakati pa Selective Service ndi ogwira ntchito ku Center on Conscience & War, Nov 27, 2012

[9] Lipoti la pachaka la 1999 ku Congress ya United States, kuchokera kwa Director of Selective Service, p.8.

[10] https://www.sss.gov/Portals/0/PDFs/Annual%20Report%202015%20-%20Final.pdf

[11] ibid.

[12] Rostker v. Goldberg, 453 US 57 (1981).

[13] Nkhani 13 ya Universal Declaration of Human Rights http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml