Kodi Kumwa Nkhondo N'kwabwino?

By David Swanson, October 1, 2018

Nkhondo ndi chizoloŵezi chodzikonda chomwe chimapweteka ogwiritsira ntchito ake ndipo chingapereke kanthawi kochepa. Pamsonkhano wamtendere ku Canada posachedwapa ndinamva anthu angapo akudzitcha okha "kubwezeretsa anthu a ku America." Mmene anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti nkhondo zimayambika ndipo akupitiriza chifukwa chomveka ndikumvetsetsa kwakukulu; Nkhondo sangathe kufotokozedwa mopanda tsankho.

Koma fanizo lililonse lingatengedwe m'njira yonyenga, ndipo ndikuganiza kuti zatheka ndi nkhondo ndi mowa.

Chani? Kodi pali mliri wa anthu wonyenga kuganiza za nkhondo monga mowa kwambiri ngati mowa? Inde, ndikuganiza kuti pali.

Pakati pa anthu omwe anamvapo za Pangano la Kellogg-Briand, chilengezo cha padziko lonse chakuti iwo adzapanga - pafupifupi mawu a mawu - pakumva Pangano lotchulidwa ndi: "Ndinaganiza kuti wagwetsedwa chifukwa sanagwire ntchito."

Ndinatenga nthawi yaitali kuti ndizindikire kuti mawuwa amachokera ku mowa. Kwa zaka zambiri, ndemanga imeneyi inandidabwitsa. Chifukwa chimodzi, lamulo sali "loponyedwa." Iwo ayenera kuti achotsedwe. Iwo sangakhoze kunyalanyazidwa - ine ndikutanthauza, izi sizomwe zimayendera. Ndipo ngati tinyalanyaza malamulo onse amene aphwanyidwa, tiyenera kunyalanyaza pafupifupi malamulo onse, ndithudi malamulo onse omwe amathandiza ntchito iliyonse. Tangoganizani kunyalanyaza kapena kudula malamulo ophwanya kuphedwa chifukwa chakupha kulipo. Tangoganizani kumunyoza Mose ngati munthu wotsalira kuti aziletsa kupha anthu m'malo mokhazikitsa malamulo othandizira kupha munthu. Tangoganizirani kuletsa kuletsedwa koyendetsa nthawi yoyamba yomwe inaphwanyidwa, ndipo mmalo mwakuponya magalimoto apolisi ndi malonda a mowa monga chisonyezero cha kuunikira kwaulere.

Nchifukwa chiani Pangano la Mtendere ndilo lamulo lokha lokha limene likugwiridwa ndi miyezo yodabwitsa yosakhalapo ngati iphwanya malamulo?

Ndikuika pambali mazokambirana angapo okhudzana pano. Chimodzi ndi lingaliro lakuti Charter la UN linalowetsa Pangano la Mtendere mwa kulembetsa mitundu ina ya nkhondo. Palibe amene amachitapo zimenezo; Ndilo chidziwitso changa nthawi zonse ndikuganiza kuti wina akhoza kuyesa.

Kuyankhulana kwina ndiko kufunika koti "nkhondo" yothetsera nkhondo malinga ngati nkhondo ilipo. Apanso, palibe amene akunena izi, koma ndikuganiza kuti zikuchitika ngati izi: Ngati mumaletsa kugulitsa masitolo, mukhoza kuchepetsa koma simungathe kuchotsa; Komabe, kukhalapo kwake sikukutanthauza kuti aliyense m'masitolo kuti adziteteze okha kwa ena ogulitsa masitolo; koma nkhondo imafunidwa ndi anthu abwino kuti ateteze okha kwa otsutsa ena otsala a nkhondo. Ndikuganiza kuti wina akhoza kunena izi chifukwa anthu ambiri amaganiza choncho, ndipo ambiri amachitabe. Koma chidziwitso chiripo tsopano chomwe chimatiuza kuti kupanga nkhondo kumapweteka anthu opanga nkhondo, ndipo mayankho osagwirizana ndi nkhondo amatha kukhala opambana kuposa achiwawa.

Ndiye n'chifukwa chiyani aliyense akumvera mobwerezabwereza "izo sizinachite" mantra pamene Kellogg-Briand Pact yatchulidwa? Sindikuganiza kuti zili ndi chochita ndi Charter ya UN kapena kuti ikhale yopindula mokwanira yomwe ikugwirizana ndi chiletso cha nkhondo ndi kupewa kuletsa khalidwe lina. Mmalo mwake, ndikuganiza, ngakhale - kachiwiri - palibe amene wanena izi, ndipo ochepa ngati angadziwe, kuti lingaliro la lamulo likutsutsidwa chifukwa "silinagwire ntchito" ndi lingaliro lozikidwa mu kuletsa ndikutsatira kulemekeza mowa mwauchidakwa. Kumwa kunali koletsedwa, ndipo "sikunagwire ntchito," ndipo chiletsocho chinachotsedwa. Ndipo kubwezeretsa kumeneku kunabwera pafupi nthawi ya Pact of Paris yomwe ikuphwanyidwa kwambiri.

Tsopano, ena angakuuzeni kuti chifukwa chake Kellogg-Briand Pact "sinagwire ntchito" ndikuti inkafunika "mano," inkafunika "kuyeserera." Ndimalingalira kuti ndikugwiritsa ntchito nkhondo kuti ndithetse nkhondo kuti ikhale yopanda chiyembekezo komanso yodetsedwa , ndi kulephereka kosadziwika komwe kunawonetsedwa ndi bungwe la United Nations. Ndikulingalira kuti Pact "sinagwire ntchito" kuti ikhale yopanda pake chifukwa cha kupambana kwakukulu komwe kwabweretsa pafupi kugonjetsa mapeto, kubwezeretsanso malamulo apadziko lonse, poyambitsa nkhondo, poyambitsa chizunzo cha nkhondo. Ndikutenga ntchito yathu kuti ndipitirize ntchito yothetsa nkhondo ndi kuthetsa mikangano yopanda chilema ndi kubwezeretsanso anthu ogwira nkhondo komanso ogulitsa zida zapadziko lapansi. Koma lingaliro loti Pangano silikugwira ntchito, ndipo chifukwa chake "silinagwire" ndi lingaliro lochepa. Ndipo ngakhale lingaliro limeneli likugwirizana ndi lingaliro la nkhondo monga tchimo lodziwika bwino panthawi ya uchidakwa, yomwe imafunika kuponyedwa ndi akuluakulu oyenerera ngati kuli kotheka, kapena kuloledwa ndi kulamulidwa ngati kuli kofunikira.

Koma nkhondo si mowa, ndithudi, ndipo kwenikweni ndi yosiyana ndi mowa mwa njira zingapo zovuta.

Choyamba, pali ntchito zabwino za mowa. Ndimakonda kukhala ndi mowa kapena kapu ya vinyo. Ndilibe 10 mwa iwo. Sindiyendetsa mowa. Sindikuvulaza. Nkhondo imalingaliridwa ndi ena mwa njira yomweyi, koma lingaliro ili ndi lopanda pake. Kutumiza msilikali kuchokera ku drone kupita kunyumba ya munthu sikugwiritsa ntchito bwino nkhondo. Ndi kupha, ndipo imabweretsa umphawi wambiri.

Chachiwiri, oweruza omwe ankafuna kuthetsa nkhondo ankaphatikizapo anthu komanso kupewa kuletsa mowa. Kuletsa chinthu chimodzi sikugwirizana bwino ndi kuletsa chinthu china.

Chachitatu, kumwa ndizochita payekha. Mukhoza kuchita ndi anzanu, koma munthu aliyense amamwa kapena samamwa. Kuletsa tango kapena kugwedeza kungakhale pafupi ndi kuthetsa nkhondo. Ndipotu, oweruzawo ankaganiza momveka bwino potsata njira yoletsera kugonjetsedwa, ndipo adanena kuti palibe ulamuliro umene unaletsedwa kukhala wonyengerera komanso wogonjetsa. Zimatengera awiri ku tango kapena kupanga nkhondo. Popeza kuti Kellogg-Briand Pact akutsutsidwa koyamba, ku Nuremberg ndi ku Tokyo, mayiko akuluakulu sanamenyane mwachindunji, koma adamenyana ndi mayiko ang'onoang'ono omwe adagonjetsedwa.

Chachinayi, kumwa moyenera kumatchuka. Nkhondo ndi zambiri zomwe sizikukondedwa. Kumwa mowa kwambiri kulikonse. Nkhondo zowonongeka zimayambira pakati pa olamulira amphamvu a mayiko opanga nkhondo. Nkhondo si vuto la anthu, koma vuto la kusowa kwa mphamvu ndi anthu. Nkhondo zachinyengo zingapambane ndi anthu, ndipo kupambana kumeneku kungafanane ndi kuledzera. Koma zabodza zimapangidwa ndi anthu ochepa. Kuletsa mowa kumamwa mowa. Kulimbana ndi nkhondo kwakhala kovuta kwambiri, ndipo ntchito yake yoyamba ndi kunyenga kuti nkhondo siinaletsedwe.

Chachisanu, kuletsa mowa kunabweretsa chinsinsi, chobisika, malonda achibwana pamlingo waukulu ngati ludzu la anthu. Kuletsa nkhondo mwinamwake kunachititsa kuti anthu azing'onong'ono ndi kupha, koma nkhondo siingagwire ntchito yaikulu komanso yosungidwa. Simungathe kubisala nkhondo yaikulu pansi ndikufuna chinsinsi kuti muwone. Vuto la nkhondo ndi vuto la ntchito zazikuru kwambiri zotseguka padziko lapansi zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mabungwe akuluakulu padziko lonse lapansi. Kupha nkhondo mofulumira kumachepetsa nkhondo.

Chachisanu ndi chimodzi, choletsedwa chinapangitsa mowa kukhala wosangalatsa, pamene icho chikupanga ndipo chiyenera kupitiriza kupanga nkhondo yonyansa kwambiri.