Nkhondo Yachimanga Yachimanga: Nkhondo Yachilendo Yamakono Yofotokozedwa

(Ili ndi gawo 3 la World Beyond War pepala woyera A Global Security System: An Alternative Nkhondo. Pitirizani ku yapitayi | zotsatirazi gawo.)

Pamene dziko loyamba lidayamba kupanga dziko lakale iwo adakumana ndi vuto lomwe tangoyamba kuthetsa. Ngati gulu lamtendere likuyang'aniridwa ndi zida zankhondo, zachiwawa, zinkakhala ndi zisankho zitatu zokha: kupereka, kuthawa, kapena kutsanzira ndondomeko ya nkhondo-komanso chiyembekezo chogonjetsa nkhondo. Mwa njirayi mayiko ena adagonjetsedwa ndi magulu a asilikali ndipo akhalabe choncho. Anthu adadzitsekera mkati mwachitsulo chachitsulo cha nkhondo. Kusamvana kunasanduka militized. Nkhondo ndi nkhondo yothandizira komanso yogwirizana pakati pa magulu omwe amachititsa anthu ochulukirapo. Nkhondo imatanthauzanso, monga wolemba John Horgan kuika zida, nkhondo, chikhalidwe cha nkhondo, magulu, zida, mafakitale, ndondomeko, mapulani, malankhulidwe, tsankho, ziganizo zomwe zimapangitsa gulu loopsa likutsutsana sizingatheke komanso zingatheke.^note1

Pa kusintha kwa nkhondo, nkhondo sizili chabe ku mayiko. Wina akhoza kunena za nkhondo zosakanizidwa, kumene nkhondo yachilendo, zigawenga, kuzunza ufulu wa anthu ndi mitundu ina ya nkhanza zazikulu zomwe sizikuchitika.^note2 Anthu omwe sali a boma amachititsa mbali yofunikira kwambiri pa nkhondo, yomwe nthawi zambiri imatenga mawonekedwe a nkhondo yotchedwa asymmetric.^note3

Ngakhale nkhondo zina zimayambitsidwa ndi zochitika zapachilendo, iwo "samatha" pokhapokha. Ndizo zotsatira zosavomerezeka za chikhalidwe cha anthu pofuna kuthetsa nkhondo yapadziko lonse ndipachiweniweni, War System. Cholinga cha nkhondo ndizo Nkhondo Yomwe Yomwe Imakonzekeretsa Dziko Lapansi kwa Nkhondo Zina.

Nkhondo Yapachiyambi imakhala pazikhulupiriro ndi zikhulupiliro zomwe zakhala zikuzungulira motalika kotero kuti zowona ndi zowona zimatengedwa mopepuka ndipo zimapita makamaka osatsutsika ngakhale kuti ziri zonyenga.^note4 Pakati pa zida zankhondo zamtundu wa War System ndizo:

Ndondomeko ya nkhondo imaphatikizanso zipangizo zamakono ndi zida. Ndilimbikitsidwa kwambiri pakati pa anthu ndipo mbali zake zosiyanasiyana zimadyetserana kuti zikhale zamphamvu kwambiri.

Nkhondo ndizokonzekera bwino, zowonongeka zokonzekera za mphamvu zomwe zakonzedweratu nthawi yayitali ndi Nkhondo Yomwe Imayendetsedwa m'mabungwe onse a anthu. Mwachitsanzo, ku United States (chitsanzo cholimba cha gulu la nkhondo), sikuti pali magulu okhazikitsa nkhondo monga nthambi yoyang'anira boma kumene mtsogoleri wa dziko ndi mkulu wa asilikali, bungwe palokha (gulu lankhondo , navy, asilikali apachilumba, alonda a m'mphepete mwa nyanja) ndi CIA, NSA, Security Homeland, magulu a nkhondo ambili, koma nkhondo imamangidwanso muchuma, kupitiliza chikhalidwe m'masukulu ndi mabungwe achipembedzo, miyambo ya mabanja, zochitika zamasewera, zopangidwa m'maseŵera ndi mafilimu, ndipo zimakhudzidwa ndi nkhani zamalonda. Pafupifupi palibe pamene wina amaphunzira za njira ina.

Chitsanzo chimodzi chokha cha nsanamira imodzi yokha ya chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe ndi kuyitanitsa usilikali. Amayiko amayesetsa kuti alembetse achinyamata m'magulu ankhondo, ndipo amachitcha kuti "Service." Olemba ntchito amayesetsa kwambiri kuti "Utumiki" ukhale wokongola, wopereka ndalama ndi zokopa za maphunziro ndi kuwonetsa ngati zosangalatsa komanso zachikondi. Zonsezi sizikuwonetsedwa konse. Zojambula zojambula siziwonetsa asilikali olumala ndi ophedwa kapena midzi yowonongeka ndi anthu omwe afa.

Ku US, a Gulu la Zamalonda ndi Kufufuza Gulu la Ndalama Nthambi imakhala ndi magalimoto amtundu wamakilomita amodzi omwe amachititsa kuti pakhale zovuta kuti apite ku sukulu zapamwamba. "Zombozi zikuphatikizapo" Army Adventure Semi "ndi" Army Adventure Semi ". ndi ena.^note5 Ophunzira akhoza kusewera ndi ma simulators ndi kumenyana ndi nkhondo zamtunda kapena kuuluka kwa Apache ku helikopita ndi kupereka zida zogwiritsira ntchito zida zogwiritsira ntchito zithunzi zamtunduwu ndikuwongolera. Malori ali pamsewu masiku 230 pachaka. Kufunika kwa nkhondo kumatengedwa mopepuka ndipo kuwonongeka kwake kumapweteka.

Chikhalidwe cha zigawenga chimayendetsa ufulu wa anthu. Mu nthawi ya nkhondo, choonadi ndizoyamba kuwonongeka monga maboma propag kuthandiza ndikuletsa kukambirana kwaulere ndi kusagwirizana. Posachedwapa boma limayang'ana nzika zogwiritsa ntchito magetsi, kuikidwa kundende popanda kuimbidwa mlandu kapena kuchotsedwa ndi kuzunzika, zonse zowonjezereka chifukwa cha chitetezo cha dziko.

Nkhondo zimabweretsa gawo kuchokera ku maganizo ena ophweka. Maboma atha kudzikweza okha ndi magulu a anthu kuti pali mayankho awiri okha: Kugonjera kapena kumenyana, kulamulidwa ndi "zinyama" kapena kuwaponya mu Stone Age. Nthawi zambiri amatha kunena za "Munich Analogy," - pamene 1938 a British adapatsa nzeru kwa Hitler ndipo kenako, dziko lapansi linayenera kumenyana ndi chipani cha Nazi. Cholinga chake ndi chakuti a British "adanyamuka" kwa Hitler akanatha kumbuyo ndipo sipadzakhalanso nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Mu 1939 Hitler anaukira Poland ndi British anasankha kumenyana. Anthu mamiliyoni makumi anafa.^note6 "Nkhondo Yowonjezereka" yotentha kwambiri ndi mtundu wa zida za nyukiliya. Mwamwayi, m'zaka za zana la 21, zakhala zikuwonetseratu kuti kupanga nkhondo sikugwira ntchito kukhazikitsa mtendere, monga momwe zilili ndi Gulf Wars, nkhondo ya Afghanistan ndi Syria / ISIS. Talowa m'boma. Kristin Christman, mkati Paradigm For Peace, akuwonetsera mwa njira yofananamo njira ina yothetsera vuto la nkhondo yapadziko lonse:

Titha kuthetsa nkhondo pokhapokha titasintha maganizo, funsani mafunso ofunikira kuti tipeze zomwe zimayambitsa khalidwe la wachiwawa, komanso koposa zonse, kuti tiwone ngati khalidwe lake ndi limodzi mwa iwo. Monga mankhwala, kuchiza zizindikiro za matenda okha sikungachiritse. M'mawu ena, tiyenera kulingalira tisanatulutse mfuti. Cholinga cha mtendere chimachita zimenezo.

Nkhondo Yachiwawa siigwira ntchito. Sichibweretsa mtendere, kapena ngakhale chitetezo chochepa. Chimene chimapanga ndi kusatetezeka pakati. Komabe timapitirira.

Nkhondo zatha; mu Nkhondo Yonse aliyense ayenera kusamala ndi wina aliyense. Dziko lapansi ndi malo owopsa chifukwa Nkhondo ya nkhondo imapanga choncho. Ndi Hobbes"Nkhondo ya onse kutsutsana ndi onse." Amitundu amakhulupirira kuti ndizo zowonongeka ndi zoopsezedwa ndi mafuko ena, zowona kuti mphamvu zina za asilikali zimapangidwira kuwonongeka pamene sakulephera kuona zolakwa zawo, kuti zochita zawo zikupanga kwambiri khalidwe lomwe amawopa ndi kulimbana nawo monga adani kukhala zithunzi zoyanjana za wina ndi mzake. Zitsanzo zikuchuluka: nkhondo ya Aarabu ndi Israeli, nkhondo ya India-Pakistan, nkhondo ya ku America yowopsya yomwe imayambitsa magulu ambiri. Mbali iliyonse imayendetsa malo okwera kwambiri. Mbali iliyonse imaipitsa wina pamene ikuponyera phindu lake lapadera ku chitukuko. Kuwonjezeka kwa izi ndizopikisana ndi mchere, makamaka mafuta, monga mayiko akutsata chitsanzo chachuma cha kukula kosatha komanso kuledzera kwa mafuta.^note8 Kuwonjezera apo, mkhalidwe umenewu wa kusakhazikika kwa nthawi zonse umapatsa olemekezeka olemekezeka ndi atsogoleri kukhala ndi mwayi wotsata mphamvu zandale poyesa mantha ambiri, ndipo amapereka mwayi waukulu kwa opanga zida omwe amathandizira ndale zomwe zimayaka moto.^note9

Mwa njirayi, nkhondoyi imadzipangitsa kudzikonda, kudzimangiriza ndi kudzipangira. Kukhulupirira kuti dziko ndi malo owopsa, mayiko amadzikweza okha ndikuchita mwamtendere mu mkangano, motero amatsimikizira kwa amitundu ena kuti dziko lapansi ndi malo owopsa ndipo motero ayenera kukhala ndi zida ndi kuchita chimodzimodzi. Cholinga chake ndi kuopseza ziwawa zankhondo pamtendere chifukwa choyembekeza kuti "zidzasokoneza" mbali ina, koma izi sizilephera, ndipo cholinga chake sichikuletsa kusagwirizana, koma kuti tipambane. Njira zina pa nkhondo zina sizikufunidwa mozama ndi lingaliro lakuti pangakhale njira ina yopita ku Warokha, pafupifupi sizimachitika kwa anthu. Mmodzi samapeza chimene wina safuna.

Sichikwanira kuthetsa nkhondo inayake kapena zida zina ngati tikufuna mtendere. Chikhalidwe chonse cha nkhondoyi chiyenera kusinthidwa ndi njira yosiyana yothetsera mikangano. Mwamwayi, monga tidzaonera, dongosolo ili likukula kale mu dziko lenileni.

Nkhondo Yachitatu ndi kusankha. Chipata ku khola lachitsulo ndikutseguka ndipo tikhoza kutuluka nthawi zonse tikasankha.

(Pitirizani ku yapitayi | zotsatirazi gawo.)

Tikufuna kumva kuchokera kwa inu! (Chonde lankhulani ndemanga pansipa)

Izi zawatsogolera bwanji inu kuganiza mosiyana za njira zina zankhondo?

Kodi mungawonjezere, kapena kusintha, kapena kukayikira za izi?

Kodi mungatani kuti muthandize anthu ambiri kumvetsetsa za njirazi?

Kodi mungachite bwanji kuti izi zitheke ku nkhondo?

Chonde mugawane nkhaniyi!

Zolemba zofanana

Onani zina zotsatizana nazo “Kodi Nchifukwa Ninji Njira Ina Yotetezera Padziko Lonse Ili Yofunika Komanso Yofunika?”

Onani Mndandanda wa Zamkatimu A Global Security System: An Alternative Nkhondo

zolemba:
1. Nkhondo ndi vuto lathu lofulumira kwambiri. Tiyeni tiwathetsere. (bwererani ku nkhani yaikulu)
2. Werengani zambiri ku: Hoffman, FG (2007). Kusamvana muzaka za 21: kuphuka kwa nkhondo zosakanizidwa. Arlington, Virginia: Institute of Potomac for Studies Studies. (bwererani ku nkhani yaikulu)
3. Nkhondo zopanda malire zimachitika pakati pa maphwando omenyera kumene mphamvu zina zankhondo, njira zamakono kapena machitidwe amasiyana kwambiri. Iraq, Syria, Afghanistan ndi zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri za zochitikazi. (bwererani ku nkhani yaikulu)
4. Nkhondo za America. Zochitika ndi Zochitika Zenizeni (2008) ndi Paul Buchheit amathetsa maganizo olakwika a 19 pa nkhondo za US ndi nkhondo ya US. Nkhondo ya David Swanson ndi Bodza (2010) imatsutsa mfundo za 14 zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zikonzekere nkhondo. (bwererani ku nkhani yaikulu)
5. The Mobile Exhibit Company imapereka "ziwonetsero zambiri monga Magalimoto ambirimbiri, Interactive Semis, Adventure Semis, ndi Adventure Trailers zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi olemba zida zankhondo kuti athe kugwirizanitsa anthu a America ndi American Army ndikuwathandiza kudziwa bwino nkhondo ku sukulu ya sekondale ndi koleji. ophunzira ndi malo awo okhudzidwa. Onani webusaitiyi pa: http://www.usarec.army.mil/msbn/Pages/MEC.htm (bwererani ku nkhani yaikulu)
6. Mawerengero amasiyana kwambiri malingana ndi gwero. Zotsatira zimachokera ku 50 miliyoni mpaka ku 100 miliyoni zakufa. (bwererani ku nkhani yaikulu)
7. Paradigm for Website yamtendere (bwererani ku nkhani yaikulu)
8. Kafukufuku wina anapeza kuti maboma akunja ndi nthawi zowonjezereka za 100 kuti athetse nawo nkhondo zapachiweniweni pamene dzikoli likulimbana ndi mafuta ambiri. Kuphunzira kwathunthu "Mafuta pamwamba pa madzi" angapezeke apa. (bwererani ku nkhani yaikulu)
9. Umboni wozama wa chikhalidwe ndi anthropological ungapezeke m'mabuku awa: Pilisuk, Marc, ndi Jennifer Achord Rountree. 2008. Amene Amapindula ndi Nkhanza ndi Nkhondo Padziko Lonse: Kuululira Njira Yowononga. Nordstrom, Carolyn. 2004. Zithunzi za Nkhondo: Chiwawa, Mphamvu, ndi Kupindulitsa Kwachigawo Cha m'ma 1900. (bwererani ku nkhani yaikulu)