Ndi Nicolas JS Davies, World BEYOND War, November 29, 2019
Anthu aku America atakhala pansi pa Chakudya Chamadzulo Cha Thanksgiving, aku Iraq akusalira Otsutsa a 40 adaphedwa ndi apolisi ndi asirikali Lachinayi ku Baghdad, Najaf ndi Nasiriyah. Pafupifupi ochita zionetsero a 400 aphedwa popeza anthu masauzande ambiri adapita mumisewu kumayambiriro kwa Okutobala. Magulu omenyera ufulu wa anthu afotokoza zavuta ku Iraq ngati a “Kukhetsa magazi,” Prime Minister Abdul-Mahdi alengeza kuti atula pansi udindo, ndipo Sweden yatsegulidwa pakufufuza motsutsana ndi Unduna wa Zoteteza ku Iraq Najah Al-Shammari, yemwe ndi nzika ya Sweden, pa milandu yophwanya anthu.
Malinga ndi Al Jazeera, "Apulotesitanti akufuna kulanda gulu lazandale lomwe limaonedwa kuti ndi loipa komanso lotumizira mayiko ena pomwe aku Iraq ambiri ali pa umphawi wopanda ntchito, thandizo laumoyo kapena maphunziro." 36% yokha mwa anthu achikulire ku Iraq ali ndi ntchito, ndipo ngakhale kugwidwa kwa ntchito zaboma muulamuliro waku US, zotsalira zake zowonongekazo zikugwiritsabe ntchito anthu ambiri kuposa mabungwe azinsinsi, zomwe zinaipiraipira kwambiri chifukwa cha ziwawa ndi chisokonezo cha chiphunzitso chankhanza cha US.
Malipoti aku Western amatenga Iran mosavuta ngati wosewera wakunja ku Iraq lero. Koma pomwe Iran yatenga mphamvu yayikulu ndipo ilipo Chimodzi mwazolinga Mwa ziwonetserozi, anthu ambiri omwe akulamulira Iraq lero akadali andende omwe kale US idawulukira ndi gulu lake logwira ntchito mu 2003, "akubwera ku Iraq ndi matumba opanda kanthu oti adzaze" monga woyendetsa taxi ku Baghdad adauza mtolankhani waku Western panthawiyo. Zomwe zimayambitsa mavuto azandale komanso zachuma ku Iraq ndizomwe adachita akapolowo dziko lawo, ziphuphu zawo zomwe zidachitika kale komanso zomwe apolisi aku US achita pakuwononga boma la Iraq, ndikupereka kwa iwo ndikuwasunga pazaka 16.
Chinyengo cha onse aku US ndi Iraq akuulanda US bwino. Bungwe la UN Security Council 1483 idakhazikitsa Fund Yophatikiza $ 20 biliyoni ya Iraq pogwiritsa ntchito chuma chomwe kale chidalandidwa ku Iraq, ndalama zomwe zatsalira mu pulogalamu ya "Mafuta a chakudya" ndi ndalama zatsopano za Iraq. Kafukufuku wa KPMG komanso wofufuza wapadera adapeza kuti ndalama zambiri zidabedwa kapena kuzunzidwa ndi akuluakulu a US ndi Iraq.
Akuluakulu azachitetezo ku Lebanon adapeza $ 13 miliyoni mu ndalama zomwe a Falah Naqib wa zamkati ya zamkati ku Iraq. Bwana woweruza milandu kuntchito Paul Bremer adasunga thumba la $ 600 miliyoni lachiwongola popanda mapepala. Utumiki wa boma la Iraq ndi ogwira ntchito 602 adatola malipiro a 8,206. Yemwe anali mkulu wa Asitikali aku US adachulukitsa mtengo wopangana kuti amangenso chipatala, ndipo adauza wamkulu wa chipatalacho kuti ndalama zowonjezerazo ndi "phukusi lake wopuma pantchito." Kontrakitala waku US adalipiritsa $ 60 miliyoni pa kontrakitala $ 20 miliyoni kuti amangenso fakitala ya simenti, ndipo adauza akuluakulu aku Iraq kuti azingothokoza kuti US idawapulumutsa kwa Saddam Hussein. Kontrakitala wa mapaipi aku US adalipira $ 3.4 miliyoni kwa omwe sapezeka kwa ntchito ndi "ndalama zina zosayenera." Mwa mapangano a 198 omwe adawunikiridwa ndi woyang'anira wamkulu, ndi 44 yokha yomwe idalembedwa kuti itsimikizire kuti ntchitoyi yachitika.
US "olipira" omwe amagawa ndalama zama projekiti kuzungulira Iraq anathira madola mamiliyoni ambiri. Woyang'anira adangofufuza malo amodzi, pafupi ndi Hillah, koma adapeza $ 96.6 dollars dollars osavomerezeka m'derali lokha. Wothandizila Mmodzi ku America sakanakhoza kuwerengetsa $ 25 miliyoni, pomwe wina akhoza kungokhala $ 6.3 miliyoni kuchokera $ 23 miliyoni. A "Coalition Provional Authority" amagwiritsa ntchito othandizira ngati awa ku Iraq konse ndipo "anangochotsa" maakaunti awo pamene achoka kudzikolo. Wothandizira m'modzi yemwe adatsutsidwa adabweranso tsiku lotsatira ndi $ 1.9 miliyoni posowa ndalama.
Bungwe la US Congress lidapanganso ndalama za $ 18.4 biliyoni kuti zimangidwenso ku Iraq mu 2003, koma kupatula $ 3.4 biliyoni adasinthana kukhala "chitetezo," ndalama zosakwana $ 1 biliyoni zidaperekedwa. Anthu aku America ambiri amakhulupirira kuti makampani amafuta aku US apanga ngati achifwamba ku Iraq, koma sizowona. Zolinga zomwe makampani amafuta aku Western adapanga ndi Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti Cheney mu 2001 anali ndi cholinga chimenecho, koma lamulo lololeza makampani ama Western opanga "zopanga zogawana" (PSAs) zokwana mabiliyoni mabiliyoni pachaka lidawululidwa ngati kuwombera ndi kuwombera ndipo Nyumba Yamalamulo Ya Dziko Lapansi ya Iraq idakana izi.
Pomaliza, ku 2009, atsogoleri aku Iraq ndi ambuye awo aku US adasiya ma PSA (panthawiyi ...) ndipo adayitanitsa makampani amafuta akunja kuti apange nawo mgwirizano wa "technical service" (TSAs) mtengo $ 1 mpaka $ 6 pa mbiya iliyonse yowonjezera kupanga kuchokera kumizinda yamafuta aku Iraq. Zaka khumi pambuyo pake, kupanga kwachulukirachulukira miliyoni 4.6 mbiya patsiku, za miliyoni 3.8 zimatumizidwa kunja. Kuchokera ku mafuta aku Iraq omwe amatumiza pafupifupi $ 80 biliyoni pachaka, makampani akunja omwe ali ndi TSAs amapeza $ 1.4 biliyoni zokha, ndipo mapangano akulu kwambiri satsekedwa ndi mafakitale aku US. China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) ikulandila pafupifupi $ 430 miliyoni ku 2019; BP ipeza $ 235 miliyoni; Pulogalamu ya ku America ya Petronas $ 120 miliyoni; Russia ya Lukoil $ 105 miliyoni; ndi ENI $ 100 miliyoni ku Italy. Kuchulukitsa kwa mafuta a Iraq kukuyendabe kudzera ku Iraq National mafuta Company (INOC) kupita ku boma lovomerezeka la US ku Baghdad.
Chuma china chomwe dziko la US lakhala likuchita ndi kusankhidwa kwa zisankho ku Iraq komanso malonda osaloleka a demokalase pomwe nthambi yayikulu ya boma la Iraq idasankhidwa. The Chisankho cha 2018 adatsutsidwa ndi zipani za 143 zomwe zidagawanika m'magulu a 27 kapena "mindandanda," kuphatikiza 61 maphwando ena odziyimira pawokha. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, izi ndizofanana ndi zopangidwa, zingapo dongosolo landale a Britain adapanga kuti azilamulira ku Iraq ndikupatula ma Shiite kuulamuliro pambuyo pa kuukira kwa Iraq kwa 1920.
Masiku ano, dongosolo loipali limasunga mphamvu m'manja mwa a cabal a Shiite achinyengo komanso andale achi Kurdani omwe adakhala zaka zambiri ali ku ukapolo ku West, akugwira ntchito ndi a Ahmed Chalabi a ku Iraq waku US waku Iraq (Iraq) wa Ayad Allawi ku Iraq National Accord (INA) ndi magulu osiyanasiyana a Shiite Islamist Dawa Party. Voter Turnout yachepa kuchokera ku 70% ku 2005 mpaka 44.5% ku 2018.
Ayad Allawi ndi INA anali chida cha CIA wopanda chiyembekezo bungled zankhondo ku Iraq ku 1996. Boma la Iraqi lidatsata izi pawailesi yomwe idatsekedwa ndi m'modzi mwa ochita chiwembucho ndikugwira othandizira onse a CIA mkatikati mwa chigawenga. Inapha asitikali ankhondo makumi atatu ndikumanganso ena zana, ndikusiya CIA wopanda nzeru za munthu kuchokera mkati mwa Iraq.
Ahmed Chalabi ndi INC adadzaza ubowo ndi masamba abodza omwe akuwonjezera mphamvu aku US kudyetsa mchipinda cha media cha US kampani kuti athandize ku Iraq. Pa June 26th 2002, INC idatumiza kalata ku Komiti Yovomerezeka ya Senate kuti ikapemphe ndalama zambiri ku US. Inafotokoza "Program Yokusonkhanitsa Chidziwitso" monga gwero lalikulu la Nkhani za 108 za chida chopeka cha Iraq cha "Zida Zowonongera Misa" komanso zolumikizana ndi Al-Qaeda mu manyuzipepala ndi magazini apadziko lonse lapansi.
Pambuyo pa zigawengazi, Allawi ndi Chalabi adakhala mamembala otsogola ku US Council of Iraq. Allawi adasankhidwa kukhala Prime Minister waboma lakanthawi ku Iraq ku 2004, ndipo Chalabi adasankhidwa kukhala Wachiwiri kwa Prime Minister komanso Nduna ya Mafuta mu boma losintha mu 2005. Chalabi adalephera kupambana pampando wachisankho ku 2005 National Assembly, koma pambuyo pake adasankhidwa kukhala msonkhano ndi adakhalabe wamphamvu mpaka kumwalira kwake ku 2015. Allawi ndi INA adakali nawo pantchito yogulitsa mahatchi pamaudindo akuluakulu zisankho zilizonse, ngakhale sanapeze mavoti opitilira 8% - ndipo 6% yokha mu 2018.
Awa ndi akuluakulu a boma la Iraq watsopano atapangidwa chisankho cha 2018, ndi zina mwazikhalidwe zawo zaku Western:
Adil Abdul-Mahdi - Prime Minister (France). Wobadwira ku Baghdad ku 1942. Abambo anali minisitala waboma motsogozedwa ndi olamulira achifumu aku Britain. Wakhala ku France kuchokera ku 1969-2003, adalandira Ph.D pandale ku Poitiers. Ku France, adakhala wotsatira wa Ayatollah Khomeini komanso membala woyambitsa bungwe la Iran-Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution ku Iraq (SCIRI) ku 1982. Anali nthumwi ya SCIRI ku Iraqi Kurdistan kwa nthawi yayitali m'ma 1990. Pambuyo pa ziwonetserozi, adayamba kukhala Nduna ya Zachuma m'boma lapakati la Allawi ku 2004; Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti kuchokera ku 2005-11; Mtumiki wa Mafuta wochokera ku 2014-16.
Barham Salih - Purezidenti (UK & US). Wobadwira ku Sulaymaniyah mu 1960. Ph.D. mu Zomangamanga (Liverpool - 1987). Ajoina Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) mu 1976. Anamangidwa kwa masabata asanu ndi limodzi mu 6 ndipo adachoka ku Iraq kupita ku UK woimira PUK ku London kuyambira 1979-1979; wamkulu wa ofesi ya PUK ku Washington kuyambira 91-1991. Purezidenti wa Kurdish Regional Government (KRG) kuyambira 2001-2001; Wachiwiri kwa Prime Minister waboma la Iraq ku 4; Nduna ya Zokonza mu boma losintha mu 2004; Wachiwiri kwa PM kuyambira 2005-2006; Prime Minister wa KRG kuyambira 9-2009.
Mohamed Ali Alhakim - Nduna Zakunja (UK & US). Wobadwira ku Najaf ku 1952. M.Sc. (Birmingham), Ph.D. mu Telecom Engineering (Southern California), Pulofesa ku Northeastern University ku Boston 1995-2003. Pambuyo pa ziwonetserozi, adakhala Deputy Secretary-General and Planning Coordinator ku Iraq Executive Council; Nduna Yowona Zachitetezo m'boma lapanthawi ku 2004; Director Director ku Unduna wa Zakunja, ndi Upangiri Wachuma kwa VP Abdul-Mahdi kuchokera ku 2005-10; ndi kazembe wa UN kuchokera ku 2010-18.
Fuad Hussein - Minister of Finance & Deputy PM (Netherlands & France). Wobadwira ku Khanaqin (tawuni yambiri ya Kurdish m'chigawo cha Diyala) ku 1946. Adalowa nawo Kurdish Student Union ndi Kurdish Democratic Party (KDP) ngati wophunzira ku Baghdad. Anakhala ku Netherlands kuyambira 1975-87; Ph.D. yosakwanira mu Ubale Wadziko Lonse; wokwatiwa ndi mkazi wachikhristu wachi Dutch. Wachiwiri kwa wachiwiri kwa Kurdish Institute ku Paris ku 1987. Adapita kumisonkhano yandale yandale ku Beirut (1991), New York (1999) & London (2002). Pambuyo pake, adakhala mlangizi ku Ministry of Education kuyambira 2003-5; ndi Chief of Staff kwa Masoud Barzani, Purezidenti wa KRG, kuyambira 2005-17.
Thamir Ghadhban - Minister of Oil & Deputy PM (UK). Wobadwira ku Karbala mu 1945. B.Sc. (UCL) & M.Sc. mu Petroleum Engineering (Imperial College, London). Adalowa nawo Basra Petroleum Co ku 1973. Director General of Engineering kenako ku Planning ku Iraq Ministry of 1989 kuyambira 92-3. Anamangidwa kwa miyezi itatu ndikutsitsidwa mu 1992, koma sanachoke ku Iraq, ndipo anasankhidwa kukhala Director General of Planning ku 2001. Atawukira, adakwezedwa kukhala CEO wa Unduna wa Mafuta; Nduna Yowona Mafuta mu boma lakanthawi mu 2004; adasankhidwa kukhala National Assembly mu 2005 ndipo adatumikira komiti yaanthu atatu omwe adalemba malamulo a mafuta olephera; Komiti Ya Advisors a Prime Minister's a Advisors's 2006-16.
Major General (Retd) Najah Al-Shammari - Nduna ya Zachitetezo (Sweden). Wobadwira ku Baghdad ku 1967. Msilamu weniweni wa Sunni pakati pa akuluakulu. Msodzi wankhondo kuyambira 1987. Wakhala ku Sweden ndipo mwina adakhalapo membala wa Allawi's INA isanachitike 2003. Wofalitsa wamkulu m'magulu apadera aku US omwe amathandizidwa ndi Iraq omwe adalemba kuchokera ku INC, INA ndi Kurdish Peshmerga ku 2003-7. Wachiwiri kwa wamkulu wa "nkhonya" a 2007-9. Residency in Sweden 2009-15. Nzika yaku Sweden kuyambira 2015. Akuti akufufuzidwa kuti apeze phindu mchinyengo ku Sweden, ndipo tsopano zolakwa za anthu pakupha oposa 300 omwe adatsutsana mu Okutobala-Novembala 2019.
Mu 2003, US ndi othandizira ake adazungulira, zosavomerezeka, zachiwawa mwatsatanetsatane kwa anthu aku Iraq. Akatswiri azaumoyo anena motsimikiza kuti zaka zitatu zoyambirira zankhondo komanso kulowa usirikali zikuwononga 650,000 Iraqi akukhala. Koma a US adachita bwino kukhazikitsa boma la zidole la omwe kale anali azungu achi Shiite komanso a Kurdish ku Green Zone yolimbana ku Baghdad, ndikuwongolera momwe amapangira mafuta ku Iraq. Monga tikuonera, azitumiki ambiri aboma la US-XIUMX yayitali akutsogolera ku Iraq pano.
Asitikali aku US adatumiza ziwawa zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira motsutsana ndi aku Iraq omwe adakana kulowerera komanso nkhanza zankhanza zadziko lawo. Mu 2004, US idayamba kuphunzitsa gulu lalikulu la Iraq apolisi ku Unduna Wam'kati, komanso magulu andalama omwe adasankhidwa omwe a ScIRI a Badr Brigade ankhondo as magulu omwalira ku Baghdad mu Epulo 2005. Izi Ulamuliro wotsutsana ndi US tinadzala mchilimwe cha 2006, ndi mitembo ya omwe ambiri omwe akhudzidwa ndi 1,800 amabweretsa ku Baghdad morgue mwezi uliwonse. Gulu la ufulu wachibadwidwe ku Iraq lidawunika Matupi a 3,498 mwa ophedwa mwachidule ndikuzindikira 92% yaiwo ngati anthu omangidwa ndi magulu a Unduna Wamkati.
US Defense Intelligence Agency idalondola "Zoyambitsa adani" Munthawi yonse yomwe adagwira ntchitoyi ndipo adapeza kuti opitilira 90% anali motsutsana ndi US komanso magulu ankhondo, osati kuwukira "gulu lachipembedzo" kwa anthu wamba. Koma akuluakulu aku US adagwiritsa ntchito nkhani yonena za "ziwawa zamipatuko" kuti awononge ntchito yomwe magulu ophunzitsidwa ndi US ofufuza zamkati amapha magulu ankhondo odziyimira pawokha ngati a Muqtada al-Sadr Gulu Lankhondo la Mahdi.
Boma Iraqis ikutsutsa lero ikulamuliridwanso ndi gulu lomwelo la anthu aku Iraq omwe adachotsedwa ku Iraq omwe adayika masamba abodza kuti akwaniritse kuwukira kwa dziko lawo ku 2003, kenako ndikubisala kukhoma kwa Green Zone pomwe US magulu ankhondo ndi imfa kuphedwa anthu awo kuti atetezere dzikolo "boma lawo lachinyengo."
Posachedwa adachitanso zinthu ngati America mabomba, rockets ndipo zida zankhondo zidachepetsa kwambiri mzinda wa Mosul, wachiwiri ku Iraq, kuti ukhale bwinja, atakhala m'ndende zaka XNUMX, ziphuphu komanso kuponderezana koopsa adayendetsa anthu ake m'manja mwa Islamic State. Malipoti anzeru achi Kurd adawonetsa kuti kuposa Anthu a 40,000 adaphedwa mu chiwonongeko chotsogozedwa ndi US ku Mosul. Pamaganizidwe omenyera nkhondo ya Islamic State, US idakhazikitsanso gulu lankhondo lalikulu la ankhondo a 5,000 US ku al-Asad airbase m'chigawo cha Anbar.
Mtengo wa kumanganso Mosul, Fallujah ndi mizinda ina ndi matauni ena akuyerekezedwa $ Biliyoni 88. Koma ngakhale $ 80 biliyoni pachaka pantchito yamafuta komanso ndalama zakumaboma zopitilira $ 100 biliyoni, boma la Iraq silipereka ndalama konse kuti amangidwenso. Maiko akunja, olemera kwambiri ku Arabhu, alonjeza $ 30 biliyoni, kuphatikiza $ 3 biliyoni kuchokera ku US, koma zochepa kwambiri zomwe zidaperekedwa, kapena mwina zatheka.
Mbiri yaku Iraq kuyambira 2003 yakhala tsoka losatha kwa anthu ake. Ambiri a m'badwo watsopanowu wa Iraq omwe adakula m'mabwinja ndi zipwirikiti zomwe US idasiyidwa ikukhulupirira kuti palibe chomwe angataye koma magazi ndi moyo wawo, monga kupita kumisewu kuti abwezeretse ulemu wawo, tsogolo lawo komanso ulamuliro wadziko lawo.
Zolemba zodetsa magazi za akuluakulu aku US ndi zidole zawo zaku Iraq pazovuta zonsezi ziyenera kukhala chenjezo lamphamvu kwa anthu aku America za zotsatira zowopsa za mfundo zopanda malamulo zakunja zomwe zakhazikitsidwa pamilandu yolipira, kuphatikiza, kuwopseza komanso kugwiritsa ntchito gulu lankhondo kuyesera kukakamiza kufuna kwa atsogoleri achinyengo aku US padziko lonse lapansi.
Nicolas JSDavies ndi wolemba Magazi Pa Manja Athu: Kuthamangira ku America ndi Kuwonongedwa kwa Iraq. Ndi mtolankhani wodziyimira pawokha komanso wofufuza wa CODEPINK.
