Zomwe ziyenera kufotokozedwa sabata ino zikuwonetsa momwe zida zimagwiritsidwira ntchito pa "zida zofewa"
Zolemba za 181,000 zankhondo zatha za uranium zomwe zidawomberedwa mu 2003 ndi asitikali aku America ku Iraq zafukulidwa ndi ofufuza, zomwe zikuyimira zikwangwani zofunikira kwambiri pazomenyera nkhondo zankhondo yomwe US idawatsogolera.
Ndi Samuel Oakford, IRIN News
Cache, yomwe idatulutsidwa ku George Washington University ku 2013 koma mpaka pano sinafotokozedwe, ikuwonetsa kuti zambiri zamatsenga a 1,116 zochitidwa ndi ndege za ndege za A-10 m'mwezi wa Marichi ndi Epulo wa 2003 zinali zotchedwa "mapulo ofewa" ngati magalimoto ndi magalimoto, komanso nyumba ndi magulu ankhondo. Izi zikufanana ndi ziwonetsero zomwe zida ziwirizi zidagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zambiri osati kungoyang'anizana ndi akasinja ndi magalimoto okhala ndi zida zomwe Pentagon imasungira zokambirana zapamwamba za DU.
Mitengo yonyanyirayo idaperekedwa poyankha pempho la Freedom of Information Act lochokera ku National Security Archive ku George Washington University, koma sanawunikidwe ndikusanthula pawokha mpaka pano.
Kumayambiriro kwa chaka chino, Archive idapereka zolembazo kwa ofufuza ku Dutch NGO PAX, ndi gulu loteteza, International Coalition to Ban Uranium Weapons (ICBUW), omwe amasodza kuti adziwe zatsopano. IRIN idapeza zonse ndikuwunika komwe kunachitika ndi PAX ndi ICBUW, zomwe zili mu lipoti lomwe lidzafalitsidwe sabata ino.
Umboni wotsimikizira kuti zida zankhondo zidagwiritsidwa ntchito mosasankha kuposa momwe zidavomerezedwera kale zitha kuyambiranso kuyitanitsa asayansi kuti ayang'ane mozama zaumoyo wa DU kwa anthu wamba m'malo okhala mikangano. Zoyeserera zakayikiridwa - koma sizinatsimikiziridwe konse - zoyambitsa khansa ndi zilema zobereka, pakati pa zovuta zina.
Koma ngati gawo la chitetezo chokhazikika ku Iraq komanso kusafuna kuoneka kuti boma la US ligawireko zina ndi zina ndikuchita kafukufuku, pali zotsalira za maphunziro owopsa ku Iraq. Izi zapangitsa kuti pakhale pang'onopang'ono pomwe ziphunzitso zimafalikira zokhudza DU, ena.
Kudziwa kuti DU idawombeledwa kudutsa dzikolo, koma chisokonezo kuti ndi pati ndipo pamakhala zochuluka motani zomwe zakhumudwitsa Iraqis, amene tsopano ayang'anizana ndi malo okhala ndi nkhondo, imfa, ndi kutayikiridwa.
Masiku ano, ndege zomwezo za A-10 zikuwuluka kachiwiri ku Iraq, komanso Syria, komwe zikulinga magulu ankhondo otchedwa Islamic State. Ngakhale maofesala aku US akuti DU sanachotsedwe ntchito, palibe zoletsa za Pentagon kuti zisachite izi, ndipo zotsutsana zomwe zimaperekedwa ku Congress zidadzetsa mafunso pazotheka kugwidwa kwawo chaka chatha.
Maso azasayansi
Uranium yotsalira ndi yomwe yatsala pomwe maulidi ambiri amtundu wa uranium-235 atapeza chuma - isotopes ake amalekanitsidwa munjira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga mabomba onse a nyukiliya ndi mphamvu.
DU ndi yocheperako poyerekeza ndi yoyambayo, koma imawonedwa ngati mankhwala oopsa komanso "chiwopsezo chazinthu zama radiation mkati mwa thupi", malinga ku US Environmental Protection Agency.
Madotolo ambiri amakhulupirira kuti zovuta zilizonse zomwe zingakhale ndi thanzi labwino zingakhalepo zimachokera pakupumira kwa tinthu titagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi chida cha DU, ngakhale kuyamwa kumakhudzanso. Ngakhale kafukufuku adachitika m'malo opangira ma labotale komanso ndi ma veteran ochepa, palibe kafukufuku wambiri wazachipatala yemwe wachitika kwa anthu wamba omwe amapezeka ku DU m'malo omwe kuli nkhondo, kuphatikiza Iraq.
Pali "umboni wocheperako wodalirika wodalirika" womwe ukuwonetsa kulumikizana pakati pa DU ndi zotsatira zathanzi m'malo awa, a David Brenner, director of the Columbia University's Center for Radiological Research, anafotokozera IRIN. Atayamba kupeza matenda oti azitsatira - mwachitsanzo khansa ya m'mapapo - Brenner adati kafukufukuyu adzafunika "kuzindikira anthu omwe awonekera, ndikuwerengera zomwe zidawonekera kwa aliyense". Ndipamene chidziwitso chotsata chimayamba.
Zomwezo zitha kukhalanso zothandiza pakuyeretsa, ngati zingachitike konse kwakukulu. Koma ma 783 okha pazoyendetsa ndege 1,116 ali ndi malo enieni, ndipo US sinatulutse izi ku Gulf War yoyamba, pomwe kuposa 700,000 zozungulira adathamangitsidwa. Othandizira ali atchulidwa mkangano umenewo ndi “woopsa kwambiri” m'mbiri.
Ku United States, DU imakhala yolamulidwa mwamphamvu, yokhala ndi malire pazomwe ingasungidwe kumalo opangira zida zankhondo, ndipo mapuloteni oyeretsa amatsatiridwa kumalo owombera. Mu 1991, moto utabuka pamalo achitetezo aku America ku Kuwait ndi nyumba za DU zidayipitsa malowa, boma la US lidalipira kuyeretsa ndipo lidachotsa mita ya 11,000 ya cubic metres ndikubweza ku US kuti ikasungidwe.
Poopa kuti kuwononga ndalama kwa DU kumatha kukhalabe koopsa kwazaka zambiri, akatswiri akuti njira zoterezi - ndi zomwezo zotengedwa ku Balkan pambuyo pamikangano kumeneko - zikuyenera kuchitika ku Iraq. Koma choyambirira, olamulira amayenera kudziwa komwe angayang'ane.
"Simunganene zofunikira zokhudzana ndi chiwopsezo cha DU ngati mulibe mzere woyambira momwe zida zagwiritsidwira ntchito komanso zomwe zachitidwa," atero a Doug Weir, wogwirizanitsa mayiko ku ICBUW.
Zomwe deta imawonetsa - ndi zomwe sizichita
Pakutulutsidwa kwa deta yatsopanoyi, ofufuza ali pafupi kwambiri ndi izi kuyambira kale, ngakhale chithunzicho sichinathe. Kuposa 300,000 Zoyungulira pa DU akuti akuwombera panthawi ya nkhondo ya 2003, makamaka ndi US.
Kutulutsidwa kwa FOIA, koperekedwa ndi US Central Command (CENTCOM), kumawonjezera kuchuluka kwa masamba omwe amadziwika ndi kuipitsidwa kwa DU kuyambira pankhondo ya 2003 kufika kupitirira 1,100 - katatu katatu kuposa 350 omwe akuluakulu ku Unduna wa Zachilengedwe ku Iraq adauza PAX kuti akudziwa za ndikuyesera kuyeretsa.
Magulu ena a 227,000 omwe amatchedwa "combat mix" - kuphatikiza komwe ambiri mwa Armor-Piercing Incendiary (API), omwe ali ndi ziwonetsero za DU, ndi High-Explosive Incendiary (HEI) - adanenedwa kuti achotsedwa ntchito pazovuta. Pakuyerekeza kwapakati paXCOM kwa 4 API kumagulu onse a HEI, ofufuza adafika pamakedzana a 181,606 ozungulira a DU.
Ngakhale kutulutsidwa kwa 2013 FOIA kuli kokulirapo, sikumaphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa matanki aku US, kapena zonena za kuipitsidwa kochokera malo osungirako pankhondo, kapena chilichonse chokhudza kugwiritsa ntchito DU ndi ogwirizana ndi US. UK yapereka chidziwitso chokhudzana ndi kuwombera pang'ono kwa akasinja aku Britain ku 2003 ku bungwe la UN la zachilengedwe, UNEP.
Ndemanga ya 1975 US Force Force idalimbikitsa kuti zida za DU zizitumizidwa kokha “kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito poyerekeza ndi akasinja, onyamula zida zankhondo kapena zida zina zolimba”. Anatinso kuponyedwa kwa DU kwa ogwira ntchito kuletsedwa pokhapokha palibe zida zina zilizonse. Zolemba zatsopano zowombera, analemba PAX ndi ICBUW pakuwunika kwawo, "zikuwonetseratu kuti zoletsa zomwe zikunenedwenso pakuwunikiridwa zikunyalanyazidwa kwambiri". Zowonadi, 33.2 peresenti yokha mwa mipherezero ya 1,116 yomwe idalembedwa inali akasinja kapena magalimoto okhala ndi zida.
"Zikuwonetsa momveka bwino kuti ngakhale pali malingaliro onse omwe US idapereka, kuti A-10s amafunikira kuti agonjetse zida zankhondo, zambiri zomwe zidamenyedwa sizinali zida zankhondo, ndipo zochulukirapo zinali pafupi ndi madera okhala anthu," Wim Zwijnenburg, wofufuza wamkulu pa PAX, adauza IRIN.
Maso azovomerezeka
Mosiyana ndi migodi ndi nyumba zophatikizira, komanso zida zankhondo kapena zamankhwala - ngakhale khungu lamaso - palibe mgwirizano woperekedwa pakukhazikitsa kupanga kapena kugwiritsa ntchito zida za DU.
"Kuvomerezeka kogwiritsa ntchito DU munthawi yankhondo sikumatha," a Beth Van Schaack, pulofesa wa ufulu wachibadwidwe ku Stanford University, komanso wogwira ntchito ku US State department, adauza IRIN.
Lamulo lapadziko lonse lapansi lazomenyera nkhondo zikuphatikizapo kuletsa zida zomwe zitha kuyembekezeredwa kuchititsa kuti zikhale zovulaza kwa nthawi yayitali komanso zoletsa njira zankhondo zomwe zimayambitsa kuvulala kwambiri komanso kuvutika kosafunikira. "Palibe chidziwitso chazomwe zikuwoneka posachedwa komanso zazitali za DU paumoyo wa anthu komanso chilengedwe, ndizovuta kutsatira izi mwatsatanetsatane," adatero Van Schaack.
Mu 2014 Lipoti la UN, boma la Iraq lati "likukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zowononga" za uanium zomwe zatha mu mikangano ndikupempha mgwirizano kuti uletse kugwiritsa ntchito ndikusamutsa. Inapempha mayiko omwe agwiritsa ntchito zidazi kuti agwirizane kuti apatse olamulira a kumeneko “chidziwitso chaku malo omwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe agwiritsa ntchito,” kuti athe kuwunika komanso ngati kuli ndi kuipitsidwa.
Kukhala chete ndi chisokonezo
A Pekka Haavisto, omwe anatsogolera ntchito ya UNEP pambuyo pa nkhondo ku 2003, adauza IRIN kuti zinali zodziwika nthawi imeneyo kuti zigawo za DU zimagunda nyumba ndi zina zomwe sizinapangidwe mfuti pafupipafupi.
Ngakhale gulu lake ku Iraq silinapatsidwe ntchito kafukufuku wapa DU, zizindikiritso zake zinali paliponse, adatero. Ku Baghdad, nyumba zopangira mautumiki zinalembeka ndi zowonongeka kuchokera kumabungwe a DU, omwe akatswiri a UN angadziwitse bwino. Pofika nthawi yomwe Haavisto ndi mnzake adachoka ku Iraq kutsatira bomba lomwe 2003 idapanga yomwe idalowera ku hotelo ya Baghdad monga likulu la UN, adati pali zisonyezo zochepa zomwe mabungwe omwe akutsogolera ku America adawona kuti akuyenera kuyeretsa DU kapena kudziwitsa Iraqis komwe idawomberedwa .
"Titagwira ntchito ya DU, titha kuwona kuti asitikali omwe adagwiritsa ntchito anali ndi chitetezo champhamvu kwa iwo eni," atero a Haavisto, yemwe ndi membala wa Nyumba Yamalamulo ku Finland.
"Komatu mfundo yofananayi siivomerezeka mukamalankhula za anthu omwe amakhala m'malo omwe akukonzedwerako - zomwezo zimandisokoneza. Ngati mukuganiza kuti zitha kuwononga gulu lanu lankhondo, ndiye kuti pali zoopsa zofananazi kwa anthu omwe pambuyo pa nkhondoyi akukhala m'malo omwewo. "
Matawuni ndi mizinda ingapo ku Iraq, kuphatikiza Fallujah, yalengeza zakubadwa kobadwa nako komwe anthu akumeneko akukayikira kuti atha kulumikizidwa ndi DU kapena zida zina zankhondo. Ngakhale sizili zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa DU - Fallujah, mwachitsanzo, sizikupezeka mu kutulutsidwa kwa FOIA - ofufuza akuti kufotokozera kwathunthu komwe kuli cholinga cha DU ndikofunikira pakuwongolera ngati chifukwa.
"Sikuti zongobwera kumene [zatsopano] zokhudzana ndi izi, komanso mipata yake ilinso," atero a Jeena Shah, pulofesa wa zamalamulo ku Rutgers University yemwe wathandizira omenyera anzawo kuti ayese kulanda mitengo kuchokera kuboma la US. Ankhondo onse aku US komanso ma Iraqi, atero, amafunikira chidziwitso chonse pazomenyera za poizoni, kotero akuluakulu akhoza "kukonza malo oopsa kuti ateteze mibadwo yamtsogolo ya Iraq, ndikupereka chithandizo chamankhwala kwa iwo omwe avulazidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito izi".
Kodi DU Kubwerera?
Sabata ino, mneneri wa Pentagon adatsimikizira ku IRIN kuti palibe "lamulo loletsa kugwiritsa ntchito DU mu ntchito za Counter-ISIL" ku Iraq kapena Syria.
Ndipo pomwe US Air Force idakana mobwerezabwereza kuti zida za DU zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi A-10s panthawiyi, akuluakulu a Air Force apereka zochitika zosiyanasiyana kwa membala m'modzi wa Congress. M'mwezi wa Meyi, pempho la munthu wina, ofesi ya Woimira ku Arizona a Martha McSally - woyendetsa ndege wakale wa A-10 wokhala ndi A-10s m'boma lake - adafunsa ngati zida za DU zidagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Syria kapena Iraq. Woyang'anira mgwirizano wa Air Force anayankha mu imelo kuti asitikali aku America adawomberanso "Combat Mix" ku Syria masiku awiri - "a 6,479th ndipo 23rd ya Novembala 2015 ”. Mkuluyo anafotokoza kusakaniza "kuli ndi 5 mpaka 1 ratio ya API (DU) ku HEI".
"Chifukwa chake tanena, tawononga ~ 5,100 ma API," adalemba, ponena za zozungulira za DU.
pomwe: Pa 20 Okutobala, CENTCOM idatsimikizira IRIN kuti mgwirizano wotsogozedwa ndi US udathamangitsa zida zankhondo za uranium (DU) zomwe zatha ku Syria pa 18 ndi 23 Novembala 2015. Anatinso kuti zida zankhondo zidasankhidwa chifukwa chamtundu wamasiku amenewo. Mneneri wa CENTCOM adati kukana koyambirira kudachitika chifukwa cha "kulakwitsa pakufotokozera malipoti."
Madetiwo adagwa munthawi yovuta kwambiri yomwe US idawombera motsutsana ndi zomangamanga za IS ndi magalimoto onyamula, otchedwa "Tidal Wave II". Malinga ndi zomwe atolankhani amgwirizano, magalimoto mazana ambiri adawonongedwa mu theka lachiwiri la Novembala ku Syria, kuphatikiza 283 yokha pa 22 Novembala.
Zomwe maimelo adayankha ndikuyankha kwa Air Force zidatumizidwa poyambirira kwa wogwirizira ntchito za zida za nyukiliya a Jack Cohen-Joppa, omwe adagawana nawo IRIN. Ofesi ya McSally pambuyo pake idatsimikizira zomwe onse anali. Kufikira sabata ino, akuluakulu angapo aku US sanathe kufotokoza za kusiyana.
