Ndi John Scales Avery, December 14, 2018
Kuyankhulana kwapadera kwa anthu otchuka mu kayendetsedwe ka mtendere kwatumizidwa ndi intaneti pa tsamba la Countercurrents. Kuwonjezera pa kutulutsidwa mu Countercurrents, mndandandawu udzatulutsidwanso ngati bukhu. Kuyankhulana kwa imeloyi ndi Dr. David Krieger ndi gawo la mndandandawu.
David Krieger, Ph.D. ndiye woyambitsa ndi Purezidenti wa Nuclear Age Peace Foundation. Pakati pa maulendo angapo omwe amatsogoleredwa ndikuyesetsa kukhazikitsa mtendere padziko lonse lapansi, iye ndi woyambitsa ndi membala wa Global Council of Abolition 2000, khungu pa World Future Council, ndipo ali pulezidenti wa Komiti Yaikulu ya International Network of Engineers ndi Asayansi pa Udindo Wadziko Lonse. Ali ndi BA mu Psychology ndipo amagwira MA ndi Ph.D. madigiri mu Sayansi Yandale kuchokera ku yunivesite ya Hawaii komanso JD ku koleji ya Santa Barbara ya Law; adatumikira zaka 20 monga woweruza pro tem kwa Santa Barbara Municipal ndi Superior Courts. Dr. Krieger ndi mlembi wa mabuku ambiri ndi maphunziro a mtendere mu Nuclear Age. Walembera kapena kusintha mabuku oposa 20 ndi nkhani zambiri komanso mitu. Iye amalandira mphoto zingapo ndi ulemu, kuphatikizapo OMNI Center for Peace, Justice ndi Ecology Peace Writing Award kwa ndakatulo (2010). Ali ndi mndandanda watsopano wa ndakatulo Muka. Kuti mudziwe zambiri pitani ku Nuclear Age Peace Foundation webusaitiyi: www.wagingpeace.org.
John: Ndakhala ndikuchita chidwi ndi ntchito yanu yodzipereka komanso yankhondo kuti muthane ndi zida za nyukiliya. Munandipatsa ulemu waukulu pondipanga kukhala mlangizi wa Nuclear Age Peace Foundation (NAPF). Inu nonse ndinu Oyambitsa komanso Purezidenti wa NAPF. Kodi mungatiuze pang'ono za banja lanu, komanso moyo wanu wachinyamata komanso maphunziro? Kodi ndi masitepe ati omwe adakupangitsani kuti mukhale m'modzi wodziwika bwino padziko lonse lapansi pakuchotsa kwathunthu zida za nyukiliya?
David: John, watilemekeza ife pokhala mlangizi wa Nuclear Age Peace Foundation. Ndiwe m'modzi mwa anthu odziwika bwino omwe ndimadziwa pazowopsa za zida za nyukiliya ndi matekinoloje ena mtsogolo mwa moyo padziko lathu lapansi, ndipo mwalemba bwino za ziwopsezozi.
Ponena za banja langa, moyo wachinyamata komanso maphunziro, ndidabadwa zaka zitatu mizinda ya Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki isanawonongedwe ndi zida za nyukiliya. Bambo anga anali dokotala wa ana, ndipo amayi anga anali mayi wapabanja komanso wodzipereka kuchipatala. Onsewa anali amtendere kwambiri, ndipo onse adakana zankhondo mosadalira. Ndingafotokoze zaka zanga zoyambirira kukhala zopanda chiyembekezo. Ndidapita ku Occidental College, komwe ndidaphunzira maphunziro apamwamba owolowa manja. Nditamaliza maphunziro anga ku Occidental, ndidapita ku Japan, ndipo ndidadzutsidwa pakuwona kuwonongeka kwa Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki. Ndinazindikira kuti ku US, tidawona kuphulika kumeneku kuchokera pamwamba pamtambo wa bowa ngati ukadaulo waukadaulo, pomwe ku Japan kuphulitsa bomba kumawonedwa pansi pamtambo wa bowa ngati zoopsa zakupha mosasankha.
Nditabwerera kuchokera ku Japan, ndinapita kukamaliza sukulu ku Yunivesite ya Hawaii ndikupeza digiri ya Ph.D. mu sayansi zandale. Ndinalembedwanso kulowa usilikali, koma ndinatha kulowa nawo m'malo osungira monga njira ina yokwaniritsira udindo wanga wankhondo. Tsoka ilo, pambuyo pake ndinaitanidwa kukagwira ntchito. Pausilikali, ndinakana malamulo a ku Vietnam ndipo ndinakalembetsa kuti ndikhale munthu wokana usilikali chifukwa cha zimene amakhulupirira. Ndinkakhulupirira kuti nkhondo ya ku Vietnam inali yoletsedwa komanso yachiwerewere, ndipo sindinkafuna kukatumikira kumeneko. Ndinatengera mlandu wanga ku khothi la feduro ndipo pamapeto pake ndinamasulidwa mwaulemu. Zomwe ndakumana nazo ku Japan komanso gulu lankhondo la US zathandizira kukonza malingaliro anga pankhani yamtendere ndi zida za nyukiliya. Ndinayamba kukhulupirira kuti mtendere unali wofunikira mu Nuclear Age ndikuti zida za nyukiliya ziyenera kuthetsedwa.
Anthu ndi zamoyozi zimaopsezedwa ndi ngozi yowonongeka konse kwa nkhondo ya nyukiliya. Zingatheke chifukwa cha kulephera kwachinsinsi kapena umunthu, kapena kupyolera mu kukula kwa nkhondo yomwe imalimbana ndi zida zowonongeka. Kodi munganenepo kanthu za ngozi yaikuluyi?
Pali njira zambiri momwe nkhondo ya zida za nyukiliya ingayambitsire. Ndimakonda kulankhula za "M" asanu. Izi ndi: nkhanza, misala, kulakwitsa, kusokonekera komanso kusokoneza. Mwa awa asanu, nkhanza zokha ndizomwe zingalepheretsedwe ndi kuletsa kwa zida za nyukiliya ndipo izi sizotsimikizika. Koma kuletsa nyukiliya (kuopseza kubwezera zida za nyukiliya) sikungathandize konse kupenga misala, kulakwitsa, kusokeretsa kapena kusokoneza (kubera). Monga mukuwonetsera, nkhondo iliyonse m'nyengo ya zida za nyukiliya itha kukhala nkhondo yankhondo. Ndikukhulupirira kuti nkhondo yankhondo, ngakhale itayambika bwanji, imabweretsa ngozi yayikulu yomwe ikukumana ndi anthu, ndipo ingalepheretsedwe ndi kuthetsedwa kwathunthu kwa zida za nyukiliya, zomwe zimatheka kudzera pazokambirana zomwe zili mgawo, zovomerezeka, zosasinthika komanso zowonekera.
John: Kodi mungathe kufotokozera zotsatira za nkhondo ya nyukiliya pa ozoni wosanjikiza, pa kutentha kwa dziko lonse, ndi pa ulimi? Kodi nkhondo ya nyukiliya ingayambitse njala yaikulu?
David: Kumvetsetsa kwanga ndikuti nkhondo ya zida za nyukiliya idzawononga kwambiri ozone wosanjikiza kuti ma radiation a ultraviolet afike padziko lapansi. Kuphatikiza apo, nkhondo yanyukiliya imachepetsa kutentha kwambiri, mwina kuponyera dziko mu Ice Age yatsopano. Zotsatira za nkhondo ya zida za nyukiliya paulimi zitha kudziwika bwino. Asayansi ya zakuthambo akutiuza kuti ngakhale nkhondo yaying'ono "yaying'ono" pakati pa India ndi Pakistan momwe mbali iliyonse imagwiritsa ntchito zida za nyukiliya 50 m'mizinda yakumaloko ikhoza kuyika mwaye wokwanira mu stratosphere kuletsa kutentha kwa dzuwa, kufupikitsa nyengo zokula, ndikupangitsa njala yayikulu kutsogolera anthu pafupifupi XNUMX biliyoni amwalira. Nkhondo yayikulu ya zida za nyukiliya ibweretsa zovuta zowonjezereka, kuphatikizapo kuthekera kowononga moyo wovuta kwambiri padziko lapansi.
John: Bwanji za zotsatira za kutentha kwa dzuwa kuchokera ku kugwa? Kodi mungafotokoze zotsatira za kuyesedwa kwa Bikini kwa anthu a Marshall Islands ndi zilumba zina zapafupi?
David: Kutha kwa ma radiation ndi ngozi imodzi mwapadera ya zida za nyukiliya. Pakati pa 1946 ndi 1958, US idachita mayesero 67 a zida za nyukiliya ku Marshall Islands, ndi mphamvu yofanana yophulitsa mabomba a 1.6 Hiroshima tsiku lililonse kwazaka khumi ndi ziwiri. Mwa mayeserowa, 23 idachitika ku Bikini Atoll ku Marshall Islands. Ena mwa mayeserowa adayipitsa zilumba ndi zombo zausodzi mtunda wamakilomita kutali ndi malo oyeserera. Zilumba zina zidakalipobe kwambiri kuti anthu asabwerere. A US adachita manyazi anthu aku Marshall Islands omwe adakumana ndi vuto la ma radioactive ngati nkhumba za Guinea, kuwawerenga kuti adziwe zambiri za ma radiation paumoyo wa anthu.
John: Nuclear Age Peace Foundation idagwirizana ndi Marshall Islands pomanga milandu mayiko onse omwe adasaina Pangano la Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty komanso omwe ali ndi zida za nyukiliya poswa Article VI ya NPT. Kodi mungalongosole zomwe zachitika? Nduna yakunja kwa Marshall Islands, a Tony deBrum, alandila Mphotho Yoyenera Yokhala Ndi Moyo chifukwa chazomwe amachita pamilandu. Kodi mungatiuze kena kake za izi?
David: Nuclear Age Peace Foundation idakambirana ndi Marshall Islands pamilandu yawo yamphamvu yolimbana ndi mayiko asanu ndi anayi okhala ndi zida za nyukiliya (US, Russia, UK, France, China, Israel, India, Pakistan, ndi North Korea). Milandu ku International Court of Justice (ICJ) ku The Hague idatsutsana ndi mayiko asanu oyambawa chifukwa cholephera kukwaniritsa zida zawo zankhondo malinga ndi Article VI ya Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) pazokambirana zothana ndi mpikisano wa zida za nyukiliya ndikukwaniritsa zida zanyukiliya. Mayiko ena anayi okhala ndi zida za nyukiliya, omwe sanali maphwando a NPT, adasumilidwanso mlandu chifukwa cholephera kukambirana, koma malinga ndi malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi. A US adaimbidwanso mlandu ku khothi ku US.
Mwa mayiko asanu ndi anayi, UK, India ndi Pakistan okha ndi omwe adavomereza ulamuliro wa ICJ. M'milandu itatu iyi Khothi lidagamula kuti panalibe kutsutsana kokwanira pakati pa maphwando ndikuchotsa milanduyi osafikira pamlanduwo. Mavoti a oweruza 16 pa ICJ anali pafupi kwambiri; pankhani yaku UK oweruza adagawa 8 mpaka 8 ndipo mlanduwo udagamulidwa ndi voti yoponya Purezidenti wa Khothi, yemwe anali Mfalansa. Mlanduwo ku khothi lamilandu ku United States nawonso adachotsedwa asanafike pazoyenera. Zilumba za Marshall Islands ndi dziko lokhalo padziko lonse lapansi lomwe likufuna kutsutsa mayiko asanu ndi anayi okhala ndi zida za nyukiliya m'milandu iyi, ndipo adachita izi motsogozedwa ndi Tony de Brum molimba mtima, yemwe adalandira mphotho zambiri chifukwa cha utsogoleri wake pankhaniyi. Unali mwayi kwa ife kugwira nawo ntchito pamilandu iyi. Zachisoni, Tony adamwalira ku 2017.
John: Pa July 7, 2017, Pangano Lotsutsa Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) linaperekedwa ndi ambiri mwa bungwe la United Nations General Assembly. Uwu unali chipambano chachikulu mu kuyesetsa kuchotsa dziko lonse pangozi ya kuwonongeka kwa nyukiliya. Kodi mungatiuzepo kanthu za momwe alili Panganoli?
David: Panganoli likadali mkati mopanga ma siginecha ndi kuvomereza. Idzayamba kugwira ntchito masiku 90 pambuyo pa 50th Dziko limayika kuvomerezeka kapena kulowa nawo. Pakadali pano, mayiko 69 asayina ndipo 19 avomereza kapena kuvomera mgwirizanowu, koma manambala amasintha pafupipafupi. ICAN ndi mabungwe omwe amagwirizana nawo akupitiliza kukakamiza mayiko kuti alowe mgwirizanowu.
John: ICAN inalandira mphoto ya Nobel Peace chifukwa cha khama lake lomwe linayambitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa TPNW. Nuclear Age Peace Foundation ndi imodzi mwa mabungwe a 468 omwe amapanga ICAN, motero, mwanjira ina, mwalandira kale mphoto ya Nobel Peace. Ndakhala ndikusankhira inu kangapo, panokha, ndi NAPF monga bungwe la Nobel Peace Prize. Kodi mungatipempherere zomwe zingakuyenereni kuti mupereke mphoto?
David: John, mwandisankha ine ndi NAPF mokoma mtima kangapo pa Mphotho Yamtendere ya Nobel, yomwe ndikukuthokozani kwambiri. Ndinganene kuti zomwe ndakwanitsa kwambiri ndikupeza ndikutsogolera Nuclear Age Peace Foundation ndikugwira ntchito molimbika komanso mosagwedezeka pamtendere ndikuchotseratu zida za nyukiliya. Sindikudziwa ngati izi zingandiyenere kulandira Mphotho Yamtendere ya Nobel, koma ndi ntchito yabwino komanso yabwino yomwe ndimanyadira nayo. Ndikumvanso kuti ntchito yathu ku Foundation, ngakhale yapadziko lonse lapansi, ikuyang'ana kwambiri ku United States, ndipo ili ndi dziko lovuta kwambiri kupita patsogolo.
Koma ndinganene izi. Zakhala zosangalatsa kugwira ntchito zoterezi kwa anthu onse, ndikugwira ntchitoyi, ndakumana ndi anthu ambiri odzipereka omwe akuyenera kulandira Mphotho Yamtendere ya Nobel, kuphatikiza inu. Pali anthu ambiri aluso komanso odzipereka m'mabungwe amtendere ndikuchotsa zida za nyukiliya, ndipo ndimawagwadira onse. Ndiwo ntchito yofunika kwambiri, osati mphotho, ngakhale Nobel, ngakhale kuzindikira komwe kumabwera ndi Nobel kungathandize kupitanso patsogolo. Ndikuganiza kuti ndi zomwe zakhala zikuchitika ndi ICAN, yomwe tidalumikizana nayo koyambirira ndipo takhala tikugwira nawo ntchito kwazaka zambiri. Chifukwa chake tili okondwa kutenga nawo gawo mphothoyi.
John: Maofesi a zamagulu ndi mafakitale padziko lonse lapansi amafunikira kukangana koopsa kuti amvetsetse ndalama zawo zazikulu. Kodi munganenepo kanthu kowopsa kwa zotsatirazi?
David: Inde, malo opangira zida zankhondo padziko lonse lapansi ndiowopsa kwambiri. Sikuti amangokhala brinkman okha omwe ali vuto, koma ndalama zambiri zomwe amalandila zomwe zimachotsa pamapulogalamu azachipatala, maphunziro, nyumba. komanso kuteteza chilengedwe. Kuchuluka kwa ndalama zopita kumalo ogwirira ntchito yankhondo m'maiko ambiri, makamaka ku US, ndizonyansa.
Ndangokhalira kuwerenga buku lalikulu, lotchedwa Mphamvu kudzera mu Mtendere, lolembedwa ndi Judith Eve Lipton ndi David P. Barash. Ndi buku lonena za Costa Rica, dziko lomwe linasiya gulu lankhondo ku 1948 ndipo lakhala mwamtendere m'malo owopsa padziko lapansi kuyambira pamenepo. Mutu wa bukuli ndi "Momwe Kuponderezedwa Kumabweretsa Mtendere ndi Chisangalalo ku Costa Rica, & Zomwe Dziko Lonse Lapansi Lingaphunzire Padziko Laling'ono Lopanda Zachilengedwe." Ndi buku labwino kwambiri lomwe likuwonetsa kuti pali njira zabwino zosungilira mtendere kuposa kudzera munkhondo. Ikutembenuza mawu akale achiroma pamutu pake. Aroma adati, "Ngati mukufuna mtendere, konzekerani nkhondo." Chitsanzo cha Costa Rica chikuti, "Ngati mukufuna mtendere, konzekerani zamtendere." Ndi njira yanzeru komanso yamtendere yamtendere.
John: Kodi oyang'anira a Donald Trump adathandizira pachiwopsezo cha nkhondo ya zida za nyukiliya?
David: Ndikuganiza kuti a Donald Trump nawonso adathandizira pachiwopsezo cha nkhondo yankhondo. Ndiwokonda zachiwerewere, wokonda zachiwerewere, ndipo nthawi zambiri samanyengerera, zomwe ndizophatikiza zoyipa kwa wina yemwe amayang'anira zida zankhondo zamphamvu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Amuzunguliridwapo ndi Inde amuna, omwe nthawi zambiri amawoneka kuti amamuuza zomwe akufuna kumva. Kupitilira apo, a Trump achotsa US mgwirizanowu ndi Iran, ndipo walengeza kuti akufuna kuchoka ku Mgwirizano Wapakati pa Zankhondo za Nyukiliya ndi Russia. Kulamulira kwa a Trump pazida zanyukiliya zaku US zitha kukhala zoopsa kwambiri pankhondo yanyukiliya kuyambira pomwe Nuclear Age idayamba.
John: Kodi munganene chinachake chokhudza zakutchire za ku California? Kodi kusinthasintha kwa nyengo kwasokoneza ngozi ngati yofanana ndi ngozi ya nyukiliya?
David: Moto wakuthengo ku California wakhala wowopsa, woipitsitsa m'mbiri ya California. Moto wowopsawu ndiwonso chiwonetsero china cha kutentha kwanyengo, monganso kukula kwa mphepo zamkuntho, mphepo zamkuntho ndi zochitika zina zokhudzana ndi nyengo. Ndikukhulupirira kuti kusintha kwanyengo koopsa ndi ngozi yofanana ndi ngozi ya ngozi ya nyukiliya. Tsoka la nyukiliya lingachitike nthawi iliyonse. Ndikusintha kwanyengo tikuyandikira malo omwe sipadzakhalanso kubwerera kuzinthu zachilendo ndipo dziko lapansi lopatulika lidzakhala losakhalamo ndi anthu.
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John Scales Avery, Ph.D., yemwe anali gawo la gulu lomwe linagawana 1995 Mphoto ya Nobel Yamtendere pa ntchito yawo pokonzekera Zokambirana za Pugwash pa Sayansi ndi World Affairs, ndi membala wa TRANSCEND Network ndi Pulofesa Wothandizira Emeritus ku HC Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. Iye ndiye tcheyamani wa gulu la Danish National Pugwash ndi Danish Peace Academy komanso analandira maphunziro ake mu filosofi ya sayansi ndi zamaganizo pa MIT, University of Chicago ndi University of London. Iye ndi mlembi wa mabuku ndi zolemba zambiri pa nkhani za sayansi komanso mafunso okhudza chikhalidwe. Mabuku ake aposachedwapa ndi Theory Theory ndi Evolution komanso Mavuto a Chitukuko mu 21st Century
