mu mawu pa 8 April 2018, Woimira milandu wa International Criminal Court (ICC), Fatou Bensouda, anachenjeza kuti omwe adapha anthu a Palestina pafupi ndi malire a Gaza ndi Israeli akhoza kuimbidwa mlandu ndi ICC. Iye anati:
"Ndili ndi nkhawa kwambiri kuti ndikuzindikira zachiwawa komanso kuwonongeka kwa zinthu ku Gaza Strip malinga ndi ziwonetsero zaposachedwa. Kuyambira pa Marichi 30, 2018, anthu osachepera 27 aku Palestine akuti aphedwa ndi Gulu Lankhondo la Israeli, ndipo ena opitilira chikwi chimodzi avulala, ambiri, chifukwa chowombera pogwiritsa ntchito zida zamoyo ndi zipolopolo za rabara. Chiwawa kwa anthu wamba - muzochitika ngati zomwe zikuchitika ku Gaza - zitha kukhala zolakwa pansi pa Lamulo la Roma ... "
Iye anapitiriza kuti:
"Ndimakumbutsa maphwando onse kuti zomwe zikuchitika ku Palestine zikuwunikiridwa ndi ofesi yanga [onani pansipa]. Ngakhale kuti kufufuza koyambirira sikuli kufufuza, mlandu uliwonse watsopano womwe wachitika malinga ndi momwe zinthu zilili ku Palestine zikhoza kufufuzidwa ndi Ofesi yanga. Izi zikugwirizana ndi zomwe zachitika masabata apitawa komanso zochitika zilizonse zamtsogolo. "
Popeza chenjezo la Purezidenti, chiwerengero cha imfa ndi kuvulala kwa Palestina chawonjezeka, 60 anaphedwa pa 14 May tsiku limene US inasamutsa ambassy yake kuchokera ku Tel Aviv kupita ku Yerusalemu. Pofika 12 Julayi, malinga ndi UN Office for the Co-ordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UN OCHA), Anthu 146 aku Palestine adaphedwa ndipo 15,415 adavulala kuyambira pomwe ziwonetsero zidayamba pa Marichi 30.. Mwa ovulalawo, 8,246 anafunikira chithandizo chamankhwala. Msilikali m'modzi wa Israeli waphedwa ndi mfuti kuchokera ku Gaza. Palibe wamba waku Israeli yemwe waphedwa chifukwa cha ziwonetserozi.
Ziwonetserozi, zomwe zikufuna kuthetsa kutsekereza kwa Israeli ku Gaza ndi ufulu wobwerera kwa othawa kwawo, zidachitika m'masabata otsogolera 70.th chikumbutso cha Nakba, pomwe dziko la Israeli lidayamba kukhala, anthu pafupifupi 750,000 aku Palestine adathamangitsidwa mnyumba zawo ndipo sanaloledwe kubwereranso. Pafupifupi 200,000 mwa othawa kwawowa adakakamizika kulowa ku Gaza, komwe iwo ndi mbadwa zawo akukhala lero ndipo akupanga pafupifupi 70% ya anthu okwana 1.8 miliyoni a Gaza, omwe amakhala m'mikhalidwe yomvetsa chisoni chifukwa cha zovuta zachuma zomwe Israeli adachita zaka zoposa khumi zapitazo. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti masauzande ambiri aku Palestine anali okonzeka kuyika moyo wawo pachiswe ndi manja awo kuti achite ziwonetsero pamikhalidwe yawo.
Palestine ikupereka ulamuliro ku ICC
Chenjezo la Woimira Boma ndiloyenera. ICC ikhoza kuyesa anthu omwe akuimbidwa milandu yankhondo, zolakwa za anthu komanso kupha anthu ngati atapatsidwa mphamvu zochitira izi. Akuluakulu aku Palestine adapereka ulamuliro pa 1 Januware 2015 popereka a chidziwitso ku ICC pansi pa Article 12 (3) ya ICC's Rome Statute "kulengeza kuti Boma la State of Palestine likuvomereza ulamuliro wa Khothi ndi cholinga chozindikiritsa, kuimbidwa mlandu ndi kuweruza olemba ndi kuphatikizira milandu yomwe ili muulamuliro wa Khothi lidachita kudera la Palestine lomwe lidalandidwa, kuphatikiza East Jerusalem, kuyambira Juni 13, 2014 ".
Pobwezeretsanso kuvomereza kwa ulamuliro wa ICC mpaka pano, akuluakulu a Palestina akuyembekeza kuti zidzatheka kuti ICC idzudzule asilikali a Israeli kuti achitepo kanthu pa tsikulo kapena pambuyo pake, kuphatikizapo pa Operation Protective Edge, nkhondo ya Israeli ku Gaza mu July / August 2014, pamene Palestine oposa zikwi ziwiri anaphedwa.
Aka sikanali koyamba kuti akuluakulu a boma la Palestine ayesetse kupereka ulamuliro ku ICC pogwiritsa ntchito chilengezo chamtunduwu. Pa 21 January 2009, posakhalitsa pambuyo pa Operation Cast Lead, yoyamba mwa zigawenga zazikulu zitatu za Israeli ku Gaza, adachitanso chimodzimodzi. chidziwitso. Koma izi sizinavomerezedwe ndi Woyimira milandu wa ICC, chifukwa panthawiyo Palestine inali isanazindikiridwe ndi UN ngati dziko.
Idazindikirika ndi UN mu Novembala 2012 pomwe UN General Assembly idadutsa chigamulo 67/19 (ndi mavoti a 138 ku 9) kupatsa ufulu wowonera Palestina ku UN ngati "dziko losakhala membala" ndikutchula gawo lake kukhala "gawo la Palestine lomwe likugwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambira 1967", ndiko kuti, West Bank (kuphatikizapo East Jerusalem) ndi Gaza. . Chifukwa cha izi, Woyimira mlandu adatha kuvomereza zomwe Palestine adapereka kuti azilamulira pa 1 Januware 2015 ndikutsegula mayeso oyambira "mkhalidwe waku Palestine" pa 16 Januware 2015 (onani Nkhani ya ICC pa Januware 16, 2015).
Malinga ndi Ofesi ya ICC Prosecutor, cholinga cha kufufuza koyambirira koteroko ndi "kusonkhanitsa zidziwitso zonse zofunikira kuti akwaniritse chidziwitso chokwanira ngati pali zifukwa zomveka zopititsira kafukufuku". Zaka zitatu pambuyo pake mayeso oyambirirawa akupitirirabe. Mwanjira ina, Woimira boma pamilandu sanapange chiganizo ngati apitiliza kufufuza kwathunthu, zomwe zitha kupangitsa kuti anthu azizengedwa mlandu. Wa Prosecutor Lipoti la pachaka la 2017 lofalitsidwa mu December 2017 silinanene za nthawi yomwe chisankhochi chidzapangidwe.
(Boma nthawi zambiri limapereka ulamuliro ku ICC pokhala chipani cha boma ku Rome Statute. Pa 2 January 2015, akuluakulu a Palestina anaika zikalata zoyenera kuchita zimenezo kwa Mlembi Wamkulu wa UN, Ban Ki-moon, analengeza pa 6 January 2015 kuti lamulo la Rome "lidzayamba kugwira ntchito ku State of Palestine pa April 1, 2015". Kotero, ngati akuluakulu a Palestina adasankha njira iyi kuti apereke ulamuliro wa ICC, Khotilo silikanatha kutsutsa milandu yomwe inachitidwa pamaso pa 1 April 2015. Ndicho chifukwa chake akuluakulu a Palestina anasankha njira ya "chidziwitso", zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zolakwa zomwe anachita. pa 13 June 2014 kapena pambuyo pake, kuphatikiza pa Operation Protective Edge, akhoza kuimbidwa mlandu.)
"Kutumiza" ndi Palestine ngati chipani cha boma
M'pake kuti atsogoleri aku Palestine akhumudwitsidwa kuti zaka zopitilira zitatu zadutsa popanda kupita patsogolo koonekeratu komwe kunachitika pobweretsa Israeli pamilandu yomwe idachitidwa m'magawo a Palestina kwa zaka zambiri. Zolakwirazi zapitilirabe kuyambira Januware 2015 pomwe Woyimira mlandu adayamba kuwunika koyambirira, kuphedwa kwa anthu wamba zana limodzi ndi asitikali aku Israeli pamalire a Gaza kuyambira 30 Marichi kukhala odziwika kwambiri.
Atsogoleri aku Palestine akhala akupatsa Woimira boma malipoti a mwezi ndi mwezi ofotokoza zomwe akuti ndi zolakwa zomwe Israeli akupitilira. Ndipo, pofuna kufulumizitsa zinthu, pa 15 May 2018 Palestine adapanga "kutumiza"monga chipani cha boma ponena za "zochitika ku Palestine" ku ICC pansi pa Ndime 13 (a) ndi 14 ya Lamulo la Roma: "State of Palestine, motsatira Article 13 (a) ndi 14 ya Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, imatchula zomwe zikuchitika ku Palestine kuti zifufuzidwe ndi Ofesi ya Prosecutor ndipo ikupempha kuti Woimira Boma afufuze, molingana ndi ulamuliro wanthawi ya Khoti, milandu yakale, yomwe ikupitirirabe komanso yamtsogolo mkati mwa ulamuliro wa khoti, yochitidwa m'madera onse a khoti. m’dera la State of Palestine.”
Sizikudziwika chifukwa chake izi sizinachitike pomwe Palestine idakhala chipani chaboma ku Statute mu Epulo 2015. Sizikudziwikanso ngati "kutumiza" tsopano kufulumizitsa kupita patsogolo kwa kafukufuku - mwa iye. yankho ku "referral", Woimira Boma adanena kuti kuyesa koyambirira kudzachitika monga kale.
Kodi ndi zochita zotani zomwe zimapanga mlandu wotsutsana ndi anthu/upandu wankhondo?
Ngati Woyimira mlandu apitiliza kufufuza za "zochitika ku Palestine", ndiye kuti milandu imatha kuperekedwa kwa anthu chifukwa chochita ziwawa zankhondo komanso / kapena zolakwa za anthu. Anthuwa akuyenera kukhala akuyimira dziko la Israeli panthawi yomwe adalakwira, koma ndizotheka kuti mamembala a Hamas ndi magulu ena ankhondo aku Palestine nawonso adzayimbidwa mlandu.
Ndime 7 ya Lamulo la Roma ili ndi mndandanda wazinthu zomwe zimapanga mlandu wotsutsana ndi anthu. Chofunikira kwambiri pamilandu yotere ndikuti ndi "chiwonetsero chochitidwa ngati gawo lachiwembu chofala kapena mwadongosolo kwa anthu wamba". Ntchito zotere zikuphatikizapo:
- Kupha
- chiwonongeko
- kuthamangitsidwa kapena kusamutsa anthu mokakamiza
- wozunzikirapo
- mlandu wa tsankho
Ndime 8 ya Lamulo la Roma imatchula zochitika zomwe zimapanga "umbanda wankhondo". Zikuphatikizapo:
- kupha mwadala
- kuzunzidwa kapena kuchitiridwa nkhanza
- kuwononga kwakukulu ndi kulandidwa katundu, kosalungamitsidwa ndi kufunikira kwankhondo
- kuthamangitsidwa kapena kusamutsa kapena kutsekeredwa m'ndende mosaloledwa
- kutenga akapolo
- kuukira mwadala anthu wamba kapena anthu wamba omwe sachita nawo zachiwembu
- kuukira mwadala zinthu zomwe si zankhondo
ndipo ambiri.
Kusamutsa anthu wamba kudera lolandidwa
Chimodzi mwazotsatira, mu Article 8.2(b)(viii), ndi "kusamutsa, mwachindunji kapena mwanjira ina, ndi Occupying Power ya magawo a anthu wamba kudera lomwe likukhala".
Mwachiwonekere, upandu wankhondowu ndiwofunika kwambiri chifukwa Israeli yasamutsa nzika zake pafupifupi 600,000 ku West Bank, kuphatikiza East Jerusalem, gawo lomwe lakhalapo kuyambira 1967. Lamulo la Rome, lakhala likudzipereka - ndipo lidzapitirizabe kudzipereka mtsogolomu, chifukwa sizingatheke kuti boma la Israeli lidzasiya ntchitoyi mwaufulu kapena kuti kukakamizidwa kokwanira kwa mayiko kudzagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti athetse.
Poganizira izi, pali vuto lalikulu lomwe anthu aku Israeli omwe adayambitsa ntchitoyi, kuphatikiza Prime Minister wapano, ali ndi milandu yankhondo. Ndipo mwina anthu aku America ndi ena omwe amapereka ndalama zothandizira ntchitoyi atha kuimbidwa mlandu wothandizira ndikuthandizira milandu yawo yankhondo. Kazembe wa US ku Israel, David Friedman, ndi mpongozi wa Purezidenti wa US, Jared Kushner, apereka ndalama zomangira.
The Mavi Marmara kutumiza
Israeli anali atakangana kale ndi ICC pomwe mu Meyi 2013 Union of the Comoros, yomwe ndi chipani cha boma ku Rome Statute, idatsutsa zankhondo ya Israeli pa Mavi Marmara tumizani pa 31 Meyi 2010 kwa Woyimira mlandu. Kuukira kumeneku kunachitika m'madzi apadziko lonse lapansi, pomwe inali gawo la gulu lothandizira anthu ku Gaza, ndipo kupha anthu 9 okwera anthu wamba. The Mavi Marmara idalembetsedwa kuzilumba za Comoros ndipo malinga ndi Article 12.2(a) ya Rome Statute, ICC ili ndi mphamvu pamilandu yochitidwa, osati m'gawo la chipani cha boma, komanso zombo kapena ndege zolembetsedwa ku chipani cha boma.
Komabe, mu November 2014, Woimira Boma, Fatou Bensouda, anakana kutsegula kafukufuku, ngakhale kumaliza kuti "pali zifukwa zomveka zokhulupirira kuti milandu yankhondo yomwe ili pansi pa ulamuliro wa International Criminal Court ... inachitikira pa imodzi mwa zombo, Mavi Marmara, pamene asilikali a Israeli adagonjetsa 'Gaza Freedom Flotilla' pa 31 May 2010 ".
Komabe, adaganiza kuti "milandu yomwe ingakhalepo chifukwa chofufuza za nkhaniyi ingakhale 'yamphamvu yokoka' yokwanira kuti a ICC achitepo kanthu". Ndizowona kuti Ndime 17.1 (d) ya Lamulo la Roma imafuna kuti mlandu ukhale "wovuta kwambiri kuti Khoti lichitepo kanthu".
Koma, pamene Union of the Comoros idafunsira ku ICC kuti iwunikenso chigamulo cha Prosecutor, ICC Pre-Trial Chamber. kugwiriziridwa pempholo ndipo adapempha Woimira boma pa milandu kuti alingalirenso chigamulo chake chosayambitsa kafukufuku. Pomaliza, oweruza adatsimikiziridwa kuti Woimira boma pamilandu adalakwitsa zinthu zingapo powunika kukula kwa milandu yomwe ingachitike ngati kafukufuku wachitika ndipo adamulimbikitsa kuti alingalirenso lingaliro lake loti asayambe kufufuza mwachangu. Ngakhale mawu ovutawa a oweruzawa adalankhula, Woimira boma pamilandu adachita apilo motsutsana ndi pempholi kuti "alingalirenso", koma apilo yake idaperekedwa. anakanidwa ndi Bungwe la ICC Appeals Chamber pa November 2015. Choncho anakakamizika "kuganiziranso" chisankho chake cha November 2014 kuti asafufuze. Mu November 2017, iye analengeza kuti, atatha "kulingaliranso" koyenera, anali kumamatira ku chisankho chake choyambirira mu Novembala 2014.
Kutsiliza
Kodi Kufufuza koyambirira kwa Woimira Boma pa “zochitika ku Palestine” kudzakhalanso ndi tsoka lomwelo? Zikuwoneka kuti sizingatheke. Pazokha, kugwiritsa ntchito moto wamoto ndi asitikali aku Israeli motsutsana ndi anthu wamba pafupi ndi malire ndi Gaza kunali koopsa kwambiri kuposa kuwukira kwa asitikali aku Israeli pa Mavi Marmara. Ndipo pali zochitika zina zambiri zomwe zigawenga zankhondo zachitika ndi anthu aku Israeli, mwachitsanzo, pokonzekera kusamutsidwa kwa nzika za Israeli kupita kumadera omwe alandidwa. Chifukwa chake, mwayi ndikuti Woyimira milandu adzapeza kuti milandu yankhondo yachitika, koma ndi gawo lalikulu kuchokera pamenepo kuzindikira omwe ali ndi udindo ndikuwamanga milandu kuti athe kuimbidwa mlandu ndi zikalata zoperekedwa ndi ICC pamilandu yawo. kumanga.
Komabe, ngakhale anthu atatsutsidwa, sizokayikitsa kuti akazengedwa mlandu ku The Hague, popeza ICC siingathe kuwazenga mlandu anthu omwe palibe - ndipo, popeza Israeli sali chipani cha ICC, ilibe udindo wopereka anthu ku ICC. ku ICC kuti ayesedwe. Komabe, monga Purezidenti waku Sudan Omar Hassan al-Bashir, yemwe ICC idamuimba mlandu wopha anthu mu 2008, adadzudzula anthu kuti apewe kupita kumayiko omwe ali mgulu la ICC kuopa kumangidwa ndikuperekedwa.
Mawu omaliza
Pa Julayi 13, Chamber Pre-Trial Chamber ya ICC idapereka "Chigamulo pa Chidziwitso ndi Kufikira kwa Ozunzidwa ndi Zomwe Zilipo ku Palestine”. M'menemo, Chamber inalamula kuti akuluakulu a ICC "akhazikitse, mwamsanga momwe zingathere, njira yodziwitsira anthu komanso ntchito zowunikira anthu kuti apindule ndi anthu omwe akhudzidwa ndi zomwe zikuchitika ku Palestine" ndi "kupanga tsamba lodziwitsa za Webusaiti ya Khothi, makamaka yolunjika kwa omwe akhudzidwa ndi zomwe zikuchitika ku Palestine".
Popereka lamuloli, Bungweli lidakumbukiranso za udindo wofunikira womwe ozunzidwawo adachita m'bwalo lamilandu, ndipo adatchula udindo wa Khotilo kuti alole malingaliro ndi nkhawa za ozunzidwawo kuti aperekedwe ngati koyenera, kuphatikizapo panthawi yomwe akuyesedwa koyambirira. Lamuloli linalonjeza kuti "pamene komanso ngati Woimira boma atenga chigamulo kuti atsegule kafukufuku, Chamber idzaperekanso malangizo ena".
Izi zachilendo za Pre-Trial Chamber, zomwe zikutanthawuza kuti ozunzidwa ndi milandu ya nkhondo ku Palestine, adatengedwa popanda woimira milandu wa ICC. Kodi uku kungakhale kumulimbikitsa mwachifundo kuti ayambe kufufuza?
