Nthano: Nkhondo N'zosapeŵeka

Zoona: Nkhondo ndi kusankha kwa munthu kosagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi lamulo lirilonse la chilengedwe kapena chilengedwe chokhazikika.

Ngati nkhondo inali yosapeŵeka, sipadzakhalanso pangoyesayesa kumaliza. Ngati nkhondo inali yosapeŵeka, vuto labwino lingapangidwe pofuna kuyesa kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwake pamene likupitirira. Ndipo milandu yambiri yapadera ingapangidwe pokonzekera kupambana nkhondo zosapeŵeka kumbali iyi kapena mbali imeneyo. Ndipotu, maboma amachita izi, koma mfundo zawo ndizolakwika. Nkhondo imalephera.

Ngakhale nkhanza zazing'ono sizingapeŵeke, koma ntchito yovuta kwambiri yothetsa nkhanza ndi mailosi milioni kupyolera mu ntchito yosavuta, ngakhale yovuta, yothetsa kupha anthu ambiri. Nkhondo si chinachake chimene chimapangidwa ndi kutentha kwa chilakolako. Zimatengera zaka zokonzekera ndi kuphunzitsa, kupanga zida ndi maphunziro.

Nkhondo si yodabwitsa. Palibe chimene chikufanana ndi nkhondo zamakono zomwe zakhala zikuchitika zaka zambiri kapena makumi khumi apitawo. Nkhondo, yomwe idakhalapo mwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana, yakhala ikusowapo m'mbiri yonse ya anthu ndi chiyambi. Ngakhale kuti kuli wotchuka kunena kuti nthawi zonse pakhala pali nkhondo pena paliponse padziko lapansi, nthawizonse pakhala kulibe kwa nkhondo zambiri padziko lapansi. Makampani komanso ngakhale mayiko amakono akhala akupita zaka mazana ambiri popanda nkhondo. Anthropologists mtsutso kaya chirichonse chofanana ndi nkhondo chinapezedwa muzinthu zakale zosaka-wosonkhanitsa anthu, momwe anthu anasinthika chifukwa cha kusinthika kwathu kwambiri. Mayiko angapo ali nawo osankhidwa kuti asakhale ndi asilikali. Nazi izi mndandanda.

Kukhazikitsa njira zopewera mikangano ndi mbali ya yankho, koma zochitika zina zotsutsana (kapena kusagwirizana kwakukulu) ndizosapeŵeka, ndichifukwa chake tiyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mogwira mtima komanso zopanda phindu zida kuthetsa mkangano ndi kukwaniritsa chitetezo.

Mabungwe omwe akhalapo kwa zaka zambiri, ndipo zomwe zinalembedwa zosavomerezeka, zachilengedwe, zofunika, ndi zina zofanana ndi zofunikira zosawerengeka, zatha m'madera osiyanasiyana. Izi zikuphatikizapo kupha anthu, kupereka nsembe kwaumunthu, kuyesedwa ndi mavuto, kupha magazi, kugwedeza, mitala, chilango chachikulu, ndi ukapolo. Inde, zina mwa zizoloŵezizi zilipobe mu mawonekedwe otsika kwambiri, zifukwa zonyenga nthawi zambiri amapangidwa za kufunika kwa ukapolo, ndipo kapolo m'modzi ndi wochulukirapo. Ndipo, inde, nkhondo ndi amodzi mwamabungwe ovuta kwambiri omwe angakhutitsidwe nawo mpaka kumapeto. Koma nkhondo imadalira mabungwe akulu ngati omwe adamalizidwa muzochitika zina izi, ndipo nkhondo si chida chothandiza kwambiri pothana ndi ziwawa zazing'ono kapena uchigawenga. Zida zanyukiliya siziletsa (ndipo zitha kuyambitsa) zigawenga, koma apolisi, chilungamo, maphunziro, thandizo, kusachita zachiwawa - zida zonsezi zitha kumaliza kuthetseratu nkhondo. Zomwe zingayambike zitha kubweretsa azimayi omwe ali mgulu lankhondo padziko lonse lapansi kufikira omwe ali pansi pawo, ndikusiya kupatsa ena zida zankhondo zapadziko lonse lapansi. Momwe zinthu zikuyendera, 96% yaumunthu imayang'aniridwa ndi maboma omwe amaika ndalama zochepa pankhondo ndikuchulukitsa zida zochepa zankhondo kuposa United States. Ngati nkhondo ndi "chibadwa chaumunthu," siyingakhale nkhondo ku US. Mwanjira ina, ngati mukufuna kugwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "chibadwa chaumunthu," omwe sanapatsidwe tanthauzo lililonse logwirizana, simungagwiritse ntchito pazomwe 4% ya umunthu imachita, kuli bwanji anthu ochepa amphamvu mwa 4% yaumunthu imachitika. Koma kukulitsa US kubwereranso ku China kuti agwiritse ntchito ndalama pankhondo, kenako onse awiri kubwerera ku Saudi, ndi zina zotero, atha kupanga mpikisano wotsutsana ndi zida zomwe zingapangitse kukopa kwamilandu kwamilandu yothetsa nkhondo mopanda tanthauzo komanso zokopa kwambiri.

Chibadwa chathu:

Nkhondo, monga anthropologists amakonda Douglas Fry kutsutsana, mwinamwake kangokhala kokha pozungulira gawo laposachedwapa la kukhalapo kwa mitundu yathu. Sitinasinthepo. Koma ife tinasintha ndi zizoloŵezi za mgwirizano ndi kudzikonda. Pazaka zino zaposachedwapa za 10,000, nkhondo yakhala yochepa. Anthu ena sadziwa nkhondo. Ena adziwa ndipo adasiya.

Ngakhale m'zaka zaposachedwa, ambiri a Australia, Arctic, Northeast Mexico, Great Basin of North America, ndipo ngakhale ku Europe kusanayambike kwa zikhalidwe zankhondo zapatriarchic sizinachite zambiri kapena popanda nkhondo. Posachedwapa zitsanzo zambiri. Mu 1614 dziko la Japan linadzilekanitsa ndi Kumadzulo ndi kunkhondo zazikulu mpaka 1853 pamene asilikali a pamadzi a ku United States anaumiriza kuloŵamo. M’nthaŵi zamtendere zoterozo, chikhalidwe chimakula. Dziko la Pennsylvania kwa kanthaŵi linasankha kulemekeza anthu a m’dzikolo, makamaka poyerekeza ndi madera ena, ndipo linkadziwa mtendere ndi kuchita bwino.

Monga ena a ife timavutikira kulingalira dziko lopanda nkhondo kapena kupha, anthu ena adapeza zovuta kulingalira dziko lapansi ndi zinthu zimenezo. Mwamuna wina ku Malaysia, adafunsa chifukwa chake sakanatha kuwombera mfuti kwa akapolo, adayankha "Chifukwa chikanawapha." Iye sanathe kumvetsa kuti aliyense angasankhe kupha. N'zosavuta kumuganizira kuti akusowa malingaliro, koma ndi zophweka bwanji kuti tiganizire chikhalidwe chomwe palibe amene angasankhe kupha ndi nkhondo sizidziwika? Kaya ndi zophweka kapena zovuta kulingalira, kapena kulenga, izi ndizofunika kwambiri pa chikhalidwe osati za DNA.

Malinga ndi nthano, nkhondo ndi "yachirengedwe." Komabe pamafunika kukhala ndi chikhalidwe chokwanira kuti anthu akonze nawo nkhondo, ndipo kuvutika maganizo kumakhala kofala pakati pa omwe adatenga mbali. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, palibe munthu mmodzi yemwe amadziwika kuti adandaula kwambiri ndi khalidwe labwino kapenanso kusokonezeka maganizo chifukwa cha vuto la nkhondo.

M'mayiko ena akazi akhala akuchotsedwa ku nkhondo kwa zaka mazana ambiri kenako nkuphatikizidwa. Mwachiwonekere, uwu ndi funso la chikhalidwe, osati cha maonekedwe a majini. Nkhondo ndi yokhazikika, yosapeŵeka, kwa akazi ndi amuna mofanana.

Mitundu ina imayendetsa kwambiri msilikali kuposa ambiri ndikugwira nawo nkhondo zambiri. Mitundu ina, potsutsidwa, imasewera mbali zochepa mu nkhondo za ena. Mitundu ina yasiya kwathunthu nkhondo. Ena sanawononge dziko lina kwa zaka zambiri. Ena aika asilikali awo mu nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale.

M'chiwonetsero cha Seville pa Zachiwawa (PDF), asayansi otsogola padziko lapansi amatsutsa lingaliro loti nkhanza za anthu [mwachitsanzo nkhondo] ndizotsimikizika mwachilengedwe. Mawuwa adalandiridwa ndi UNESCO.

Nkhondo Mu Chikhalidwe Chathu:

Nkhondo yayamba kutsogolera chiwombankhanza, ndipo ndithudi Switzerland ndi mtundu wa dziko la capitalist monga momwe United States iliri. Koma pali chikhulupiliro chofala kuti chikhalidwe cha chigololo-kapena cha mtundu wapadera ndi digiri ya umbombo ndi chiwonongeko ndi kupenya kwafupipafupi - zimaphatikiza nkhondo. Yankho limodzi pazinthu izi ndi izi: chikhalidwe chirichonse cha mtundu womwe ukufuna nkhondo chingasinthidwe ndipo si chomwecho chotheka. Zida zamakampani sizinali zamuyaya komanso zosagonjetsedwa. Kuwononga zachilengedwe ndi zomangamanga chifukwa cha umbombo sizingasinthe.

Pali lingaliro limene izi sizothandiza; kuti, tifunika kuletsa chiwonongeko cha chilengedwe ndi kusintha boma loipa monga momwe tikufunira kuthetsa nkhondo, mosasamala kanthu za kusintha kumeneku kumadalira ena kuti apambane. Kuwonjezera apo, pothandizira pulogalamu yotereyi mu kayendetsedwe kake ka kusintha, mphamvu mwa chiwerengero zidzapangitsa kuti aliyense apambane.

Koma pali lingaliro lina limene izi ndi zofunika; kuti, tifunikira kumvetsetsa nkhondo ngati chikhalidwe chomwe chimachitika ndikusiya kuganiza kuti ndi chinachake chimene chimaperekedwa kwa ife ndi mphamvu zomwe sitingathe kuzilamulira. M'lingaliro limeneli ndikofunikira kuzindikira kuti palibe lamulo lafilosofi kapena chikhalidwe cha anthu chimafuna ife kukhala ndi nkhondo chifukwa tili ndi malo ena. Ndipotu, nkhondo siyendetsedwa ndi moyo kapena moyo wathanzi chifukwa moyo uliwonse ukhoza kusinthidwa, chifukwa njira zosadziŵika ziyenera kuthera ndi tanthawuzo kapena popanda nkhondo, komanso chifukwa nkhondo osauka mabungwe omwe amagwiritsa ntchito izo.

Mavuto Osati Olamulira:

Nkhondo m'mbiri ya anthu mpaka pano osati kulumikizana ndi chiwerengero cha anthu kapena kusowa kwazinthu. Lingaliro lakuti kusinthika kwa nyengo ndi zoopsa zomwe zidzawonongeke mosakayikira zidzapanga nkhondo kungakhale ulosi wokhazikika. Sikuneneratu zochitika zenizeni.

Kukula kwa nyengo ndikumayandikira ndi chifukwa chabwino kuti tipeze chikhalidwe chathu cha nkhondo, kuti tikhale okonzeka kuthetsa mavuto ndi njira zina zopanda phindu. Ndipo kutumizira zina kapena ndalama zonse za ndalama ndi mphamvu zomwe zimapita ku nkhondo ndi kukonzekera nkhondo ku ntchito yofulumira yoteteza nyengo ingapange kusiyana kwakukulu, potsirizira chimodzi mwa ife zowononga zachilengedwe ntchito komanso pothandizira ndalama kuti zisinthe.

Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, chikhulupiriro cholakwika chakuti nkhondo ziyenera kutsatizana ndi chisokonezo cha nyengo zidzalimbikitsanso ndalama zopezeka m'masewera, motero kukulitsa mavuto a nyengo ndi kuwonetsa kuopsa kwa mtundu umodzi wa masoka ndi wina.

Kuthetsa Nkhondo N'zotheka:

Chiyembekezo chothetsa njala padziko lapansi nthawiyina chinali chowoneka chovuta. Tsopano zikudziwika bwino kuti njala ikhoza kuthetsedwa - ndi gawo laling'ono la zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa nkhondo. Pamene zida za nyukiliya sizingathetsedwe komanso kuthetsedwa, palinso gulu lotchuka lomwe likugwira ntchitoyi.

Kuthetsa nkhondo zonse ndi lingaliro lomwe lapeza kulandiridwa kwakukulu nthawi ndi malo osiyanasiyana. Inali yotchuka kwambiri ku United States, mwachitsanzo, mu 1920s ndi 1930s. Kusemphana sikuchitika kawirikawiri pothandizira kuthetsa nkhondo. Nazi pano vuto limodzi pamene izo zinachitika mu Britain.

M'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, malingaliro akuti akuti nkhondo ndi yokhazikika. Lingaliro limenelo ndi latsopano, lopambana, komanso lopanda maziko.