Kufunika kwa Mtengo wa Khirisimasi wa December 1914

Mu Disembala 1914, kusefukira kodabwitsa kwamtendere, ngakhale kwakanthawi, kudachitika pamene ambiri mwa asirikali aku 100,000, kapena khumi peresenti, adangokhala mbali ya 500 mile Western Front mu Nkhondo Yadziko I, motsutsana, komanso modziletsa, adasiya kumenyera nkhondo osachepera Maola a 24-36, Disembala 24-26. Zosangalatsa zokhazokha zomwe zidapezeka kwakanthawi koyamba pa Disembala 11, ndikupitilizabe mpaka Chaka Chatsopano komanso kumayambiriro kwa Januware 1915. Magulu osowa a 115 anali okhudzidwa pakati pa asitikali aku Britain, Germany, France ndi Belgian. Ngakhale kuli kwakuti ambiri adaletsa mwamtundu uliwonse kuyanjana ndi mdani, malo ambiri kutsogolo kwa mitengo yochitira umboni yokhala ndi makandulo, asirikali akutuluka mumayala awo okha a 30 kupita kumayendedwe a 40 kugwirana chanza, kugawana utsi, chakudya ndi vinyo, ndi kuyimbira wina ndi mnzake. A Troops ochokera kumbali zonse adatenga mwayi kuti aike maliro awo m'manda munkhondo zonse, ndipo panali malipoti a ntchito zamaliro. Nthawi zina maofesala adalowa mgululi. Palinso zotchulidwa pano ndi apo za masewera a mpira omwe amasewera pakati pa Ajeremani ndi Britain. (Onani SOURCES).

Kuwonetsera kochititsa chidwi kwa mzimu wa munthu monga izi, sizinali, komabe, zinali zachilendo m'mbiri ya nkhondo. M'malo mwake, chinali kuyambiranso kwa miyambo yokhazikitsidwa kale. Zovuta zazing'ono komanso zida zazing'ono wamba komanso zochitika zaubwenzi zomwe zakhala zikuchitika pakati pa adani zachitika nthawi yayitali yomenyera nkhondo kwazaka zambiri, mwina kwotalikirapo.[1] Izi zikuphatikizanso nkhondo ya Vietnam Nam.[2]

Army Retire Lt.Col Dave Grossman, pulofesa wa sayansi yankhondo, wanena kuti anthu amakana kwambiri kupha kumene kumafunikira maphunziro apadera kuti agonjetse.[3] Sindinathe kuyika bayonet yanga pa dummy nthawi yanga yophunzirira ranger ku USAF koyambirira kwa 1969. Ndikadakhala kuti ndakhala wamkulu wagulu lankhondo m'malo mwa mkulu wankhondo, komanso wazaka zochepa, ndimadabwa, kodi zikadakhala zophweka kupha mwalamulo? Atsogoleri anga analiwonekeratu kuti sanasangalale ndikakana kugwiritsa ntchito bayonet yanga, chifukwa asitikali amadziwa bwino kuti amuna amatha kupangidwa kokha kuti azipha. Wankhanza wofunikira kuti gulu lankhondo ligwire ntchito ndi woopsa. Ikudziwa kuti siyingalole kukambirana pazokambirana zake ndipo iyenera kuyika mwachangu ming'alu iliyonse mu kachitidwe ka kumvera kwa khungu. Ndidakhazikitsidwa pomwepo pa â € œOfficer Control Rosterâ € ndipo ndinayang'anizana ndi chipongwe chachifumu kumbuyo kwa chitseko chotsekedwa momwe ndimawopsezedwa ndi milandu yamilandu, ndinachita manyazi mobwerezabwereza, ndikuyimbidwa kuti ndine wamantha komanso wogulitsa. Kudziletsa kwanga kosachita nawo chidwi chotenga nawo mbali, ndinuzidwa, kudzetsa mavuto omwe anali pachiwopsezo chosokoneza ntchito yathu.

Katswiri wazama psychology ku Yale University ku 1961, patangopita miyezi itatu chiyambireni kuyambika kwa mlandu wa Adolph Eichmann ku Yerusalemu chifukwa cha udindo wawo wogwirizira kuphedwa kwa Nazi, adayambitsa mayesero osiyanasiyana kuti amvetse bwino momwe zimakhalira pomvera olamulira. Zotsatira zake zinali zodabwitsa. Mirram adawunikira anthu ake kuti adzayimiridwe ndi anthu wamba aku America. Pozindikira kufunikira kwa kutsatira malamulo, ophunzira adauzidwa kuti asindikize zomwe akuchita zomwe akuganiza kuti ndizododometsa, zomwe zimachitika pang'onopang'ono pazokwana ma volitini, nthawi iliyonse Wophunzira (wochita sewerayo) amalakwitsa pa ntchito yofananira ndi mawu . Ophunzirawo atayamba kufuula ndikupweteka, Woyeserera (waudindo) adanenetsa kuti kuyesako kuyenera kupitiliza. Wodabwitsa kwambiri wa 65 peresenti ya Ophunzira nawo adapereka magetsi ochuluka kwambiri omwe angathe kupha munthu yemwe akulandidwayo. Kuyesera kowonjezereka komwe kwachitika zaka zapitazo m'mayunivesite ena ku United States, komanso m'maiko ena asanu ndi anayi ku Europe, Africa, ndi Asia, onse adavumbulutsa ziwonetsero zambiri zofananira zaulamuliro. Kafukufuku wa 2008 wopangidwa kuti abwereze mayeso a kumvera kwa a Micraat popewa zovuta zake zingapo zotsutsana, adapeza zotsatira zofananira.[4]

Mirram yalengeza kuti phunziroli ndi lofunika kwambiri:

Anthu wamba, kumangochita ntchito zawo, ndipo popanda chidani chilichonse, atha kukhala othandizira pakuwononga koopsa. . . Chomwe chimasinthitsa malingaliro pamutu womvera ndi chakuti (iye) adziwonere yekha (ngati alibe) zochita zake. . . Iye (amadziona) osati ngati munthu wochita zinthu molongosoka koma ngati wogwira ntchito kunja, "akuchita ntchito yake" yomwe idamveka mobwerezabwereza m'mawu achitetezo a omwe akuimbidwa mlandu ku Nuremberg. . . . M'magulu ovuta kumakhala kosavuta kunyalanyaza udindo pamene munthu ali pakati chabe pazoyipa koma ali kutali ndi zotsatirapo zomaliza. . . . Chifukwa chake pali kugawanika kwa zochita zonse za anthu; palibe mwamuna m'modzi (mkazi) amene angaganize zochitazo ndipo akukumana ndi zotsatirapo zake.[5]

Magrafu adatikumbutsa kuti kuwunika kovuta mbiri yathu kumavumbula "ulamuliro wokhazikitsidwa" wopanda boma, woponderezedwa, wolimbikitsa kuchuluka kwa ogula osagwirizana ndi kuwopseza kwa ena, kutchula chiwonongeko cha nzika zoyambirira, kudalira ukapolo ya mamiliyoni, ophunzira a ku America aku America, ndikugwiritsa ntchito napalm motsutsana ndi nzika zaku Vietnam.[6]

Monga momwe a Milgramu adanenera, "kulephera kwa munthu m'modzi, malinga momwe zingapezekere, sikuli ndi zotsatira zake. Adzasinthidwa ndi munthu wotsatira pamzere. Ngozi yokhayo yakugwirira ntchito yankhondo ikukhala kuti mwina defector yokhayo ilimbikitse ena.â € [7]

Mu 1961 wafilosofi wamakhalidwe komanso wazachipembedzo wa a Hannah Arendt, yemwe ndi Myuda, adawona umboni wa mlandu wa Adolf Eichmann. Adadabwa kupeza kuti anali "wopotoza kapena wokhumudwa." M'malo mwake, Eichmann ndi ena ambiri monga iye -, ndipo akadali, abwinobwino. " [8]  Arendt adalongosola kuthekera kwa anthu wamba kuchita zozizwitsa zapadera chifukwa cha kukakamizidwa ndi anzawo kapena malo enaake ochezera, monga \ kuletsa kwa zoyipa.â € Kuchokera pakuyesa kwa a Milgraph, tikudziwa kuti "zoyipa zoyipa" € siyosiyana ndi a Nazi.

Akatswiri azamaphunziro a Eco-psychologists komanso olemba mbiri yakale amati akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale anakhazikitsidwa mwaulemu, zomverana, komanso mgwirizano, zakhala zofunika kuti nyama zathu zizichita izi kuti zizigwirizana ndi chilengedwe. Komabe, zaka za 5,500 zapitazo, kuzungulira 3,500 BCE, midzi yaying'ono ya Neolithic idayamba kusinthika kukhala m'matawuni akuluakulu â € œcivilizations.â € Chifukwa, "lingaliro latsopano la bungwe lidatulukira" zomwe wolemba mbiri yakale Lewis Mumford adatcha "bwinachachachine," - amaphatikizidwa kwathunthu kwa anthu - amakakamizidwa kuti azigwira ntchito limodzi kuti agwire ntchito pamlingo wokulirapo womwe sunaganiziridwepo. Chitukuko chidawona kupangidwa kwa maofesi olamulidwa ndi gulu la anthu olamulira (mfumu) ndi alembi ndi amithenga, omwe adakonza makina antchito (unyinji wa antchito) kuti apange mapiramidi, zida zothirira, komanso njira zazikulu zosungira tirigu pakati pamagulu ena, onse kukakamizidwa ndi ankhondo. Zomwe anali nazo zinali kuphatikiza mphamvu, kulekanitsa anthu m'magulu, kugawa kwa anthu ogwira ntchito mokakamizidwa ndi ukapolo, kusasiyana kwa chuma ndi mwayi, komanso mphamvu yankhondo ndi nkhondo.[9] Popita nthawi, chitukuko, chomwe tidaphunzitsidwa kuti tiziganiza kuti ndi chopindulitsa pa umunthu, zatsimikizira zowopsa pamtundu wa zolengedwa zathu, osatchulanso mitundu ina ndi chilengedwe cha chilengedwe. Monga mamembala amakono a mitundu yathu (kupatula anthu amtundu wachipembedzo omwe mwanjira ina atapulumuka) takhala okakamira mibadwo mazana atatu mchitsanzo chofuna kumvera kwakukulu pamaofesi amakono.

Mumford akuwonetseratu kuti akufuna kudzilamulira pawokha m'magulu ang'onoang'ono ndi gulu la anthu lomwe tsopano lakhala lodana ndi kukhulupirika kwaukadaulo ndi ukadaulo. Kupanga kwachitukuko cha anthu kumatauni kwadzetsa mchitidwe wachiwawa komanso nkhondo zodziwika kale,[10] zomwe Andrew Schmookler amachitcha "siniginal sinâ € yachitukuko,[11] ndi Mumford, â € œcollective paranoia komanso zabodza za mafuko. ” [12]

â € œCivilizationâ € imafuna boma lalikulu kumvera kuwongolera maofesi olamulira ofukula. Ndipo sizikukhudzana ndi momwe mphamvu yolowera m'malo mwake imakwaniritsidwa, ngakhale kudzera munjira zotsatizana, atsogoleri achipembedzo, kapena posankhidwa mwa demokalase, imagwiranso ntchito mosiyanasiyana machitidwe ankhanza. Ufulu wodziyimira pawokha womwe anthu anali nawo kale m'magulu azitukuko chisanakhale chitukuko tsopano akusiya kukhulupirira mabungwe olamulira ndi malingaliro awo owongolera, omwe amafotokozedwa kuti ndi opondereza â € œdomination hierarchiesâ € pomwe kulanda amuna ndi akazi kulanda amayi, pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ngati kuli kofunikira.[13]

Kukula kwa mabungwe olamulira motsutsana, ulamuliro wa mafumu ndi olemekezeka, kuthamangitsa anthu pazikhalidwe zakale zokhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Kuphatikiza pakukakamizidwa, kulekanitsidwa kwa anthu ku mgwirizano wapansi ndi dziko lapansi kunadzetsa chitetezo, mantha, komanso kuvulala kwa psyche. Akatswiri a ecopysch amati kusinthaku kunayambitsa chilengedwe unkudziwa.[14]

Chifukwa chake, anthu amafunikira kukonzanso komanso kulimbikitsa zitsanzo za kusamvera maulamuliro azandale omwe adapanga nkhondo za 14,600 kuyambira pachiwonetsero chachitukuko zaka XXUMX zapitazo. Kwa zaka zapitazi za 5,500 pakhala pali mgwirizano wapafupifupi wa 3,500 womwe udasainidwa pofuna kuthetsa nkhondo, osapezekanso chifukwa magulu ofukula a mphamvu adakhalabe omwenso amafuna kuti azimvera pakukulitsa gawo, mphamvu kapena zida. Tsogolo la zolengedwa, ndi miyoyo ya mitundu ina yambiri, lili pachiwopsezo, popeza timadikirira kuti anthu abwere m'maganizo athu, onse payekhapayekha komanso mogwirizana.

Lamulo la Khrisimasi ya 1914 ya zaka zana zapitazo inali chitsanzo chodabwitsa cha momwe nkhondo zimangopitilira ngati asirikali avomera kumenya nkhondo. Imafunika kulemekezedwa ndikukondwerera, ngakhale ikadakhala mphindi yaying'ono munthawi. Zimayimira kuthekera kwa kusamvera kwa anthu ku mfundo zamisala. Monga wolemba ndakatulo waku Germany komanso wolemba wosewera Bertolt Brecht adalengeza, Zambiri, thanki yanu ndi galimoto yamphamvu. Ikugwetsa nkhalango, ndi kugwetsa amuna zana. Koma ili ndi chilema chimodzi: imafuna driver.[15] Ngati wamba wamba akana kuyendetsa galimoto yankhondo, atsogoleri adzatsala kuti amenye nkhondo zawo. Akadakhala achidule.