Ndi Joseph Gerson, Maloto Amodzi
Zolinga zathu ndi kupulumuka zimadalira pa zokambirana za Common Security m'malo molephera mobwerezabwereza ndi zakupha za nkhondo
Poyamba poyankhira poyera pa voti ya Brexit yomwe yasokoneza Ulaya ndi dziko lonse lapansi, Purezidenti Obama adafuna kutsimikizira anthu a ku America ndi ena. Anatilimbikitsa kuti tisapereke mchitidwe wodetsa nkhaŵa ndipo tinatsindika kuti NATO sanathe kutha ndi Brexit. Kugwirizana kwa Trans-Atlantic, iye anakumbutsa dziko, akupirira.1 Poyang'anizana ndi zomwe bungwe la European Union likuchita pang'onopang'ono potsutsidwa ndi a Euro oganiza, yang'anani US ndi allied European elite kuonjezera kudzipereka kwawo ku mgwirizano wa zaka makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu zisanu ndi ziwiri wa NATO. Chimake chimene chinapangidwa pambuyo poti dziko la Russia likugonjetsedwa ndi Crimea ndi kuloŵerera kummawa kwa Ukraine ndi mantha a kuwonongedwa kwa nkhondo ndi zoopsa za ku Middle East zidzatenganso mfundo za NATO.
Koma, pamene tikukumana ndi tsogolo, mwina / kapena kuganiza kuti NATO iyenera kuti ikhale yotsalira. Ngakhale ngakhale Pulezidenti wa Zachigwirizano Wadziko Lonse, Zbigniew Brzezinski, adaphunzitsa, kuyambira pamene dziko la NATO lidayamba wakhala polojekiti.2 M'malo mopanga nkhondo yatsopano, yowonjezera komanso yoopsa kwambiri, zofuna zathu ndi moyo wathu zimadalira zokambirana za Common Security3 m'malo molephereka mobwerezabwereza ndi kupha kwauchigawenga.
Izi sizitanthawuza kusayang'ana maso kwa Putin kuti awononge ufulu waulere ndi demokarase, kapena kuphulika kwa nyukiliya ku Moscow ndi mauthenga a pakompyuta.4 Koma zikutanthauza kuti tiyenera kukumbukira kuti zokambirana za Common Security zidathetsa Cold War, kuti Putin angakhale wankhanza komanso wankhanza, adagwira kuwonongeka kwa Russia mu nthawi ya Yeltsin, ndipo adagwira nawo gawo lalikulu pakuchotsa zida zamankhwala aku Syria ndi P-5 + 1 mgwirizano wanyukiliya ndi Iran. Tiyeneranso kuvomereza kuti ndi anthu mamiliyoni awiri m'ndende zaku US, kuphatikiza Guantanamo, kukumbatiridwa ndi boma lodziyimira palokha ku Poland ndi mafumu aku Saudi, komanso gulu lankhondo "Pivot to Asia" US ikutsogolera dziko lopanda ufulu.
Zero-sum kuganiza siziri mwa chidwi cha wina aliyense. Pali njira zina zothandizira zotetezera zomwe zikuchitika masiku ano.
Timatsutsa NATO chifukwa cha ulamuliro wake watsopano wa Ulaya, udindo wake mu nkhondo zachifumu ndi ulamuliro, mphamvu ya nyukiliya yomwe imakhalapo yomwe imapangitsa kuti anthu apulumuke, komanso chifukwa imasiyanitsa ndalama ndi zofunikira zothandiza anthu, zimayendetsa moyo ku US ndi zina. mitundu.
William Faulkner analemba kuti "zakale sizinafa, kuti sizinapite kale," choonadi chomwe chimayanjananso ndi voti ya Brexit. Momwe timayendera pakalipano komanso m'tsogolo tiyenera kudziwitsidwa ndi zovuta za mbiriyakale. Mitundu ya ku Central ndi Eastern Europe kuphatikizapo Poland yakhala ikugonjetsedwa, ikulamulidwa ndi kuponderezedwa ndi a Lithuania, a Sweden, a German, a Tatars, a Ottomans ndi a Russia - komanso ndi otsutsa akuluakulu kunyumba. Ndipo Poland nthawi ina inali mphamvu ya mfumu ku Ukraine.
Chifukwa cha mbiri yakaleyi ndi zochitika zina, ndizopusa kuti chiwonongeko cha nyukiliya chiwonongeke kuti akwaniritse malire pa nthawi iliyonse. Ndipo monga taphunzira kuchokera ku chisankho cha Common Security cha Cold War, kupulumuka kwathu kumadalira zovuta zachikhalidwe zoganizira. Kulekanitsa mikangano yomwe imadza ndi mgwirizano wamagulu, magulu a zida, zankhondo zamakampani ndi zotsutsana ndi chikhalidwe chadziko zimatha kugonjetsedwa ndi kudzipereka kuti azilemekezana.
1913?
Ino ndi nthawi yofanana ndi zaka zomwe nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse isanachitike. Dziko ladziwika ndi kukwera ndi kuchepa kwa mphamvu zofunitsitsa kusunga kapena kukulitsa mwayi wawo ndi mphamvu zawo. Tili ndimipikisano yamikono ndimatekinoloje atsopano; kuyambiranso kukonda dziko lako, mikangano yokhudza madera, mpikisano wazachuma, mgwirizano wamgwirizano, mgwirizano wazachuma ndi mpikisano, komanso ochita masewera okhazikika kuphatikiza Mlembi wa Zachitetezo ku US yemwe akukonzekera msonkhano wa NATO potengera makanema achigawenga ponena kuti "Uyesa chilichonse, upita ku Pepani ”,5 komanso mphamvu zapiko lakumanja ku US ndi Europe, ndi otchuka achipembedzo opha anthu.
Zopikisana za NATO ndi zochitika za usilikali ku Russian zikuphatikiza nkhondo zolimbana ndi nkhondo mpaka mkulu wa asilikali wa ku United States dzina lake Perry akuchenjeza kuti nkhondo ya nyukiliya tsopano ikutha kuposa nkhondo yachisanu.6 Carl Conetta anali wolondola pamene analemba kuti "NATO yankhondo" ku Russia ku Ukraine "ndi chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri chosonyeza kuti anthu amadzipha." Mosakayikira, Moscow akuti "alibe chifuno chodzipha ... alibe cholinga choukira NATO."7 Anaconda-2016 mwezi watha, wophatikiza asitikali a 31,000 NATO - 14,000 a iwo kuno ku Poland - ndipo asitikali ochokera m'maiko 24 anali masewera omenya nkhondo yayikulu kwambiri ku Eastern Europe kuyambira pa Cold War.8 Talingalirani yankho la Washington ngati Russia kapena China ikuchita masewera ofanana a nkhondo ku malire a Mexico.
Popeza kufalikira kwa NATO kumalire ake; likulu lake latsopano ku Poland ndi Romania; kuwonjezeka kwa magulu ankhondo ndi machitidwe ankhondo opondereza kum'mawa kwa Europe, mayiko a Baltic, Scandinavia ndi Black Sea, komanso aku US akuwonjeza ndalama zomwe amawononga pomenya nkhondo ku Europe, sitiyenera kudabwa kuti Russia ikuyesa "kutsutsana" ndi NATO unjika. Ndipo, ndi zida zankhondo zaku Washington zoyamba kunyamula zida zankhondo ku Romania ndi Poland komanso kupambana kwake pazida wamba, zida zapamwamba komanso zapamlengalenga, tiyenera kuchita mantha koma osadabwa ndikudalira kwakukulu kwa zida zanyukiliya ku Moscow.
Pokumbukira zotsatira za zipolopolo zomwe mfuti inapha mfuti ku Sarajevo zaka zana zapitazo, tili ndi chifukwa chodera nkhawa zomwe zingachitike ngati msirikali waku America, waku Russia kapena waku Poland yemwe akuchita mantha, kapena mwangozi, amawotcha chida chotsutsana ndi ndege chomwe chimatsitsa US, NATO kapena ndege ina yankhondo yaku Russia. Monga momwe trilateral European-Russian-US Deep Cuts Commission inamaliza "M'malo okhulupirirana kwambiri, kukulitsa mphamvu zankhondo zomwe zingachitike moyandikira - makamaka magulu ankhondo ndi ntchito zapanyanja mdera la Baltic ndi Black Sea - mwina zimabweretsa zochitika zowopsa zankhondo zomwe…. zingayambitse kusokonekera komanso / kapena ngozi ndikuzunguliratu mosayembekezera. ”9 Anthu ndi anthu. Ngozi zimachitika. Machitidwe amamangidwa kuti ayankhe - nthawizina mwadzidzidzi.
Chigwirizano cha Imperial
NATO ndi mgwirizano wachifumu. Kupitilira cholinga chofuna kukhala ndi USSR, NATO yatheketsa kuphatikiza maboma aku Europe, chuma, magulu ankhondo, matekinoloje ndi magulu amitundu ku US. NATO yaonetsetsa kuti US ipita kumalo oyang'anira ankhondo kuchitapo kanthu ku Greater Middle East ndi Africa. Ndipo, monga a Michael T. Glennon alembera, ndi nkhondo yamu 1999 yolimbana ndi Serbia, US ndi NATO "popanda zokambirana zochepa komanso zocheperako ... adasiya kutsatira malamulo akale a UN Charter omwe amaletsa kulowererapo kwapadziko lonse m'mikangano yapadziko lonse ... mokomera watsopano wosamveka bwino dongosolo lomwe limalolera kulowererapo kwa asitikali koma lili ndi malamulo okhwima komanso achangu. ” Chifukwa chake ndizomveka kuti a Putin adatengera chiphiphiritso chakuti "Malamulo atsopano kapena palibe malamulo, ndikudzipereka kwake kwa wakale.10
Kuyambira pamene nkhondo ya ku Serbia, yosiyana ndi Charter ya United Nations, US ndi NATO inagonjetsa Afghanistan ndi Iraq, adawononga Libya, ndipo mayiko asanu ndi atatu a NATO ali pankhondo ku Syria. Koma tili ndi chisokonezo cha Mlembi Wamkulu wa NATO Stoltenberg akunena kuti sipadzakhalanso malonda ngati momwe Russia imamvera lamulo la mayiko.11
Kumbukirani kuti mlembi wamkulu woyamba wa NATO, Lord Ismay adalongosola kuti mgwirizanowu udapangidwira "kupangitsa Ajeremani kukhala pansi, aku Russia komanso aku America", siyomwe njira yomangira nyumba yofananira ku Europe. Linapangidwa lisanachitike Pangano la Warsaw, pomwe dziko la Russia linali likugwedezedwabe ndi chiwonongeko cha Nazi. Ngakhale zinali zopanda chilungamo, mgwirizano wa Yalta womwe udagawaniza Europe kukhala magawo a US ndi Soviet, udawonedwa ndi omwe amapanga mfundo zaku US ngati mtengo wolipiridwa ku Moscow poyendetsa gulu lankhondo la Hitler kudera lakum'mawa ndi pakati pa Europe. Ndi mbiri ya Napoleon, Kaiser ndi Hitler, mabungwe aku US adazindikira kuti Stalin anali ndi chifukwa choopera kuwukira kwamadzulo kuchokera Kumadzulo. Chifukwa chake US idachita nawo zachiwawa muukazitape wa mayiko aku Eastern Europe ndi Baltic.
Nthawi zina anthu aku US "achitetezo achitetezo" akunena zowona. Zbigniew Brzezinski, yemwe kale anali Phungu wa National Security Advisor Carter, adalemba buku lofotokoza momwe amatchulira kuti "ntchito yachifumu" yaku US12 ntchito. Geostrategical, adalongosola, kulamulira dziko la Eurasia ndikofunikira kuti mukhale wamphamvu padziko lonse lapansi. Kuti tipeze mphamvu mokakamiza kudera la Eurasia, ngati "chilumba champhamvu" chomwe sichipezeka ku Eurasia, US imafunikira malo okhala kumadzulo, kumwera ndi kum'mawa kwa Eurasia. Zomwe Brzezinski adazitcha "dziko lokhalitsa" ogwirizana ndi NATO, zimapangitsa 'kuthekera' kulimbikitsa mphamvu zandale zaku America komanso gulu lankhondo ku Europe. ” Pambuyo pa voti ya Brexit, atsogoleri aku US ndi aku Europe azidalira kwambiri NATO pakuyesa kwawo kuti agwirizane ku Europe ndikulimbikitsa mphamvu yaku US.
Pali zoposa kuphatikiza madera aku Europe, zothandizira ndi matekinoloje mumachitidwe olamulidwa ndi US. Monga Mlembi wakale wa War Rumsfeld ananenera, pogawa ndi kugonjetsa, poyimba New (Eastern ndi Central) Europe motsutsana ndi Old Europe Kumadzulo, Washington idapambana French, Germany ndi Dutch kuti amenyetse Saddam Hussein.
Ndipo ndi zomwe ngakhale nyuzipepala ya New York Times imalongosola kuti ndi "mphotho yoyenera, kuzunzidwa kwadziko pazofalitsa ndi nkhani zamilandu" ndi "kuchoka ku ziphunzitso zoyenera za demokarase ya ufulu" ndi boma la Kacynski, US sanachite mantha kupanga Poland nthiti ya kum'maŵa ya NATO.13 Mtsutso wa Washington wokhudzana ndi kudzipereka kwa demokalase umatsutsana ndi mbiri yake yakale yothandizira olamulira ankhanza ndi maboma opondereza ku Ulaya, monarchies monga Saudis, komanso nkhondo zake za kugonjetsa ku Philippines ndi Vietnam kupita ku Iraq ndi Libya.
Mzinda wa Washington wa ku Ulaya wagwiritsanso ntchito ku Southern Eurasia chuma cha pakhomo. Nkhondo za NATO ku Afghanistan ndi Middle East zikutsatira mwambo wa ku Ulaya. Asanayambe kuvutika kwa Ukraine, Pentagon ya njira yolangizira14 ntchito ya NATO poonetsetsa kuti kuyendetsa mchere ndi malonda komanso kulimbikitsa kuzungulira China ndi Russia.15 Chifukwa chake NATO idatengera chiphunzitso chake "chopezeka m'deralo", ndikupanga zomwe Secretary Kerry adazitcha "maulendo oyenda" ku Africa, Middle East, komanso kupitilira cholinga chachikulu cha mgwirizanowu.16
Zofunikira kuti "zochokera kumadera" zikhale nkhondo ya US drone kuphatikizapo Obama kupha mndandanda ndi US ndi NATO woweruza wochulukitsa drone kupha, ambiri mwa iwo amati moyo wa anthu. Izi, zowonjezera, zakhala zikugonjetsa m'malo mochotseratu kukana kwachinyengo ndi uchigawenga. Mitundu khumi ndi iwiri ya NATO ikugwira nawo ntchito ya drone ya Alliance Ground Surveillance (AGS) yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambira ku NATO ku Italy, ndipo a NATO a Global Hawk a killer drones anagwira ntchito kuchokera ku Ramstein Air Base ku Germany.17
Kukula kwa Ukraine ndi NATO
Chiwerengero chowonjezereka cha akatswiri a zamakono a US, kuphatikizapo mkulu wa asilikali a US Strategic Command General Lee Butler adanena kuti dziko la United States pambuyo pa Cold War "lidzagonjetsa," kuchitira Russia ngati "serf," ndi kuwonjezeka kwa NATO kwa anthu okhala ku Russia ngakhale kuti Chitsamba Chigwirizano cha I-Gorbachev chinapangitsa kuti nkhondo zamakono zowonongeka ndi Russia zisokonezeke.18 Russia sinaimitse vuto la Ukraine. Kupititsa patsogolo kwa NATO ku malire a Russia, dziko la Ukraine limatchedwa dziko la NATO "losafuna," ndipo nkhondo ya Kosovo ndi Iraq inayamba kugwira ntchito iliyonse.
Izi sizikutanthauza kuti Putin ndi wosalakwa pamene akubwezeretsa boma lake la Neo-Tsarist ndi ntchito zolimbikitsa boma la Russia kuti likhazikitse "kufupi ndi mayiko ena" komanso ku Ulaya palokha, ndipo akugwira chuma cha Russia ndi asilikali ake ku China. Koma, kumbali yathu, tiri ndi Mlembi Kerry wa Orwellian double. Anadandaula kuti "kuchitika koopsa" kwa Moscow ku Ukraine, akunena kuti "simukuchita zinthu m'zaka za zana la 21 m'machitidwe apadziko la 19th mwakumenyana ndi dziko lina [pa] maganizo oponderezedwa."19 Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, ndi Libya zinasokonekera.
Akuluakulu akhala akulowererapo ku Ukraine kwanthawi yayitali, ndipo izi ndi zomwe zidachitikira gulu lankhondo la Maidan. Potsogolera ku coup, Washington ndi EU adatsanulira madola mabiliyoni ambiri pakupanga ndi kulimbikitsa maubwenzi aku Ukraine kuti abwezere dziko lomwe kale linali Soviet kuchoka ku Moscow ndikupita Kumadzulo. Ambiri amaiwala kuimilira kwa EU ku boma loipa la Yanukovych: Ukraine itha kutenga njira zotsatirazi zokhala mamembala a EU pongowotcha milatho yake kupita ku Moscow, komwe kum'mawa kwa Ukraine kwakhala kumangidwa kwachuma kwazaka zambiri. Pomwe mikangano idamangidwa ku Kiev, Director wa CIA a Brennan, Secretary Secretary wa State Victoria Nuland - otchuka chifukwa cha "kunyalanyaza EU" kwawo kusalemekeza anthu aku Washington - ndipo Senator McCain adapita ku Maidan kukalimbikitsa kusintha. Ndipo, kuwomberaku kutayamba, US ndi EU adalephera kugwirizira anzawo aku Ukraine kumgwirizano wogawana mphamvu wa Epulo Geneva.
Chowonadi ndi chakuti njira zandale zakumadzulo za dziko la Russia ndi ku Russia komwe kunaphatikizapo Crimea kunaphwanya Memphandula ya Budapest ya 1994, yomwe inapatsa mphamvu "kulemekeza ufulu, ufulu ndi malire omwe alipo kale a Ukraine,"20 komanso "kupewa kuopseza kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu polimbana ndi madera kapena ufulu wandale ku Ukraine." Kodi ndi chiyani chomwe Hitler ananena kuti mapangano amangokhala zidutswa zamapepala?
Kodi kulanda boma ndi nkhondo yapachiweniweni kwatibweretsera chiyani? Gulu limodzi la oligarchs achinyengo m'malo mwake.21 Imfa ndi kuvutika. Asilikali a Fascist omwe kale ankagwirizana ndi Hitler panopa ndi mbali ya akuluakulu a boma ku Ukraine, ndipo mipando yolimba kwambiri ku Washington, Moscow, ndi ku Ulaya konse inalimba.
Kuchokera kumayambiriro, njira yeniyeni yowonjezerekera inali kukhazikitsidwa kwa ndale za Ukraine, zogwirizana ndi za EU ndi Russia.
NATO: Mgwirizano wa Nyukiliya
Kuwonjezera pa vuto la Ukraine, ife tsopano tili ndi msonkhano wa Washington ndi wa NATO kuti tigonjetse ulamuliro wolamulira wa Assad ndi nkhondo ya Russia ku Syria kuti akalimbikitse asilikali ake a ku Middle East kuti apitirize kumenya nkhondo. Russia sichidzasiya Assad, ndikukakamiza Hillary Clinton kuti awononge makompyuta odana ndi ndege, kuopsa kwa nkhondo.
Ukraine ndi Syria zimatikumbutsa kuti NATO ndi mgwirizano wa nyukiliya, ndi kuti kuopsa koopsa kwa nyukiliya sikunathere pomwe mapeto a Cold War akutha. Apanso timamva zamisala kuti "NATO sitingathe kusiya zinthu pazombo zowonongeka" komanso kuti "Kukanika kokwanira kudzaphatikiza zida za nyukiliya ..."22
Kodi ngozi ya nyukiliya ndi yaikulu motani? Putin akutiuza kuti akuganiza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zida za nyukiliya kungathandize kuti Russia ilamulire ku Crimea. Ndipo, Daniel Ellsberg adanena kuti mphamvu za nyukiliya za ku United States ndi Russia zinali zowonongeka kumayambiriro kwa mavuto a Ukraine.23
Mabwenzi, timauzidwa kuti zida za nyukiliya za ku America zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha kuti zisawononge zida za nyukiliya. Koma, monga Bush Bush ndi Wamagulu a Pentagon adalidziwitsa dziko lapansi, cholinga chawo chachikulu ndikuteteza mitundu ina kuti isamachite zinthu zomwe zili zofunikira ku US.24 Popeza kuti poyamba anagwiritsidwa ntchito, zida zimenezi zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kuposa zowonjezereka.
Mlembi wakale wa War Harold Brown adachitira umboni kuti akukwaniritsanso cholinga china. Ndi zida za nyukiliya, adatinso, magulu ankhondo aku US adakhala "zida zankhondo komanso zandale." Noam Chomsky akufotokoza kuti izi zikutanthauza kuti "tapambana kuopseza mokwanira aliyense amene angateteze anthu omwe tikufuna kuwukira."25
Kuchokera ku vuto la Iran la 1946 - Soviet Union isanakhale mphamvu ya nyukiliya - kupyolera mu Bush Bush-Obama "zinthu zonse zomwe zili patebulo" zomwe ziwopseza ku Iran, zida za nyukiliya ku Ulaya zakhala zothandizira kwambiri ku Middle East hegemony. Zida za nyukiliya za ku America ku America zinapatsidwa chidwi pa nthawi ya Nixon "nkhanza" zowononga nyukiliya kuti ziopseze Vietnam, Russia ndi China, ndipo zikutheka kuti zidachitika pa nkhondo zina za ku Asia ndi mavuto.26
Zida za nyukiliya za NATO zikugwiranso ntchito ina: kuletsa "kuwonongeka" ku United States. Msonkhano wa Lisbon wa 2010, pofuna kuchepetsa zomwe mayiko mamembala a NATO angasankhe, "onse adagawana nawo ntchito yothandizira ndi kuthandizira" pokonzekera nkhondo za zida za nyukiliya adatsimikizidwanso. Zowonjezeranso, zidalengezedwa kuti "Kusintha kulikonse kwamalamulowa, kuphatikizapo kugawa malo okhala zida za nyukiliya ku NATO ku Europe, kuyenera kuchitidwa… ndi Alliance yonse. Kutenga nawo mbali kwakukulu kwa omwe siogwirizana ndi zida za nyukiliya ndichizindikiro chofunikira chothandizana komanso kugawana nawo ngozi. ”27 Ndipo tsopano, madzulo a msonkhano wa NATO ndi kutumizidwa kwa nkhondo zatsopano za nyukiliya ku B-61-12 ku Ulaya, General Breedlove, kufikira mtsogoleri wapamwamba wa NATO, adakakamiza kuti US ayambe kuwonjezera mphamvu zake za nyukiliya ndi mabungwe ake a NATO kuti asonyeze "kuthetsa ndi kuthekera" kwawo.28
Njira Yowonjezera Chitetezo ku NATO
Amzanga, mbiri imasuntha ndipo ndondomeko za boma zimasinthidwa ndi mphamvu yochokera pansi. Umo ndi momwe ife tinapindulira ufulu wochuluka ku US, womwe unatsogolera Congress kuti tipewe ndalama za nkhondo ya Vietnam, ndipo palimodzi tinakakamiza Reagan kuti ayambe kukambirana za zida za nkhondo ndi Gorbachev. Ndi momwe Wall Wall inatsekedwa ndipo utsogoleri wa Soviet Union unalembedwera ku fumbi la mbiriyakale.
Vuto lomwe timakumana nalo ndiloti tilandire zofuna za NATO komanso zoopsa zowonjezereka za nkhondo yamphamvu ndi malingaliro ndi changu chofunika m'nthawi yathu. Ku Poland kapena ku Russia kapena ku Washington ndi ku Moscow sikudzakhalanso nthawi zonse, koma Common Security imapereka njira yopita patsogolo.
Common Security ikuphatikiza chowonadi chakale kuti munthu kapena mtundu sungakhale otetezeka ngati zochita zawo zimapangitsa anzawo kapena mdani wawo kukhala owopsa komanso osatetezeka. Chakumapeto kwa Cold War, pomwe zida za nyukiliya 30,000 zidawopseza apocalypse, Prime Minister waku Sweden a Palme adasonkhanitsa otsogolera aku US, Europe ndi Soviet kuti afufuze njira zobwerera m'mbuyo.29 Chitetezo Chodziwika chinali yankho lawo. Izi zinayambitsa kukambirana kwa mgwirizanowu wa mgwirizano wa nyukiliya, womwe unathetsa bata la Cold War mu 1987.
Kwenikweni, mbali iliyonse imatchula zomwe ena akuchita zomwe zimayambitsa mantha ndi kusatetezeka. Pulezidenti wachiwiri amachita chimodzimodzi. Kenaka, mu zovuta zokambirana alangizi amatha kuzindikira mbali iliyonse angathe kutenga njira zochepetsera mantha ena popanda kuwononga chitetezo cha dziko lawo. Monga Reiner Braun anafotokozera, kumafuna kuti "zofuna za ena ziwoneke ngati zovomerezeka ndipo ziyenera kuganiziridwa pa zokambirana [za munthu] ... Chitetezo chokha chimatanthauza kukambirana, kukambirana ndi mgwirizano; limatanthauza kuthetsa mikangano yamtendere. Chitetezo chikhoza kupindulidwa kokha mwa kuyesetsa limodzi kapena ayi. "30
Kodi dongosolo la Common Security lingawoneke bwanji? Zokambirana zopanga Ukraine yopanda ndale ndi kudziyimira pawokha kwa zigawo zake komanso mgwirizano wazachuma ku Russia ndi West zitha nkhondoyo ndikupanga maziko otetezeka kwambiri pakati pa Europe ndi Russia komanso pakati pa maulamuliro akulu. Deep Cuts Commission ikulimbikitsa kuti kulimbikitsa ntchito ya OSCE ndi "njira imodzi yokha yomwe kukambirana pazokhudzana ndi chitetezo kungayambitsidwenso mwachangu."31 M'kupita kwanthawi iyenera kulowa m'malo mwa NATO. Malangizo ena a Deep Cuts Commission ndi awa:
- Kuyika zokambirana za US-Russia kuti zisalepheretse komanso kuyang'anizana ndi mavuto akuluakulu a usilikali omwe amapanga asilikali ku Baltic.
- "[P] kubwezeretsa zochitika za nkhondo zowopsa mwa kukhazikitsa malamulo apadera a makhalidwe ... ndikutsitsimutsa zokambirana za kuchepetsa mavuto a nyukiliya."
- US ndi Russia akuyesa kuthetsa kusiyana kwawo kwa kutsata ndondomeko ya INF ndi kuthetsa ngozi zomwe zikuwonjezeka pa chitukuko cha nyukiliya ndi zida zankhondo.
- Ponena za ngozi yowonjezereka ya zida zankhondo za hyper-sonic.
Ndipo, pamene Komiti ikuyitanitsa kuthetsa zida za nyukiliya zamakono, cholinga chathu chiyenera kukhala kutha kwa chitukuko ndi kutumizidwa kwa zida izi.
Chifukwa cha kuchepetsedwa kwa ndalama, Common Security imatanthauzanso kulemera kwachuma, ndi ndalama zambiri zofunikira zothandiza anthu, kupeza ndi kuthetsa kuwonongeka kwa nyengo, ndikugulitsa chuma cha 21st.
Dziko lina ndilotheka. Ayi ku NATO. Ayi ku Nkhondo! Ulendo wathu wamakilomita chikwi umayamba ndimayendedwe athu amodzi.
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1. http://www.npr.org/2016/06/28/483768326/obama-cautions-against-hysteria-over-brexit-vote
2. Zbigniew Brzezinski. Grand Chessboard, Basic Books, New York: 1997.
3. Commission Yodziyimira Pokha pa Zida Zachitetezo ndi Zachitetezo. Chitetezo Chofananira: pulani yopulumuka. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1982. Commission, yoyambitsidwa ndi Prime Minister Palme waku Sweden, idasonkhanitsa otsogola ochokera ku Soviet Union, Europe ndi United States pachimake pa Cold War. Njira yawo yofananira yachitetezo idapereka paradigm yomwe idapangitsa kukambirana kwa Pangano la Intermediate Nuclear Forces Agreement lomwe lidathetsa Cold War mu 1987, Khoma la Berlin lisanagwe ndi Soviet Union.
4. David Sanger. "Monga nkhondo ya Russian Hackers Attack, NATO Ilibe Njira Yowonekera Yogwiritsira Ntchito", New York Times, June 17, 2016
6. William J. Perry. Ulendo Wanga ku Nuclear Brink, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2015.
7. Carl Connetta. Blog, "RAMPING IT UP"
8. Alex Dubal Smith. "Maiko a Nato amayamba masewera akuluakulu a nkhondo kum'maŵa kwa Ulaya kuyambira nkhondo yozizira." The Guardian, June 7, 2016
9. "Kubwerera kuchokera ku Brink: Kuletsa ndi Kuyankhulana pakati pa Russia ndi Kumadzulo", Brookings Institution: Washington, DC, June, 2016, http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports/2016/06/russia-west-nato-restraint-dialogue
10. Michael J. Glennon. "Kufunafuna Malamulo Achilendo Chachilendo" Chachilendo, May / June, 1999,https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/1999-05-01/new-interventionism-search-just-international-law ;https://marknesop.wordpress.com/2014/12/07/new-rules-or-no-rules-putin-defies-the-newworld-order/
11. Carter pa NATO vs. Russia: 'Mumayesa Chilichonse, Mukhala Okhululuka', PJ Media, Juni 1, 2016,https://pjmedia.com/news-and-politics/2016/06/01/carter-on-nato-vs-russia-you-try-anything-youre-going-to-be-sorry/
12. Zbigniew Brzezinski. Citani Op.
13. "Poland Kusiya Kuchokera ku Demokarase" Wolemba mtsogoleri, New York Times, January 13, 2016 /
14. John Pilger. Nkhondo Yadziko lonse ndi Beckoning ", Counterpunch, http://www.counterpunch.org/2014/05/14/a-world-war-is-beckoning
15. Kulimbikitsa Utsogoleri wa US Global: Chofunikira kwa 21st Century Defense, January, 2012.http://www.defense.gov/news/Defense_Strategic_Guidance.pdf
16. John Kerry. "Malingaliro pa komiti ya Atlantic ya 'Toward Europe Yonse ndi Free' Msonkhano", April 29, 2014,http://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2014/04/225380.htm
17. Nigel Chamberlain, "NATO Drones:" osintha masewera "NATO Watch, Sept. 26, 2013.
18. https://www.publicintegrity.org/2016/05/27/19731/former-senior-us-general-again-calls-abolishing-nuclear-forces-he-once-commanded'Neil MacFarquhar. "Anatsitsimutsidwa, Amalemekezedwa, Ngakhale Akulimbana ndi Russia Kuti Asinthe", ku New York nthawi, June 2. 18 http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/policy-budget/policy/2016/04/11/business-usual-russia-unlikely-nato-leader-says/82902184/
19. John Kerry. Kerry ku Russia: "Simungachite" kudzaukira dziko lina "mwachinyengo", Salon.com,http://www.salon.com/2014/03/02/kerry_on_russia_you_just_dont_invade_another_country_on_a_completely_trumped_up_pretext/
20. Jeffrey. "Ukraine ndi 1994 Budapest Memorandamu", http://armscontrolwonk.com, 29 April, 2014.
21. Andrew E. Karmer. "Osankhidwa ngati Otsitsimula, Atsogoleri a Ukraine Akulimbana ndi Ndalama Zachiphuphu." New York Times, June 7, 2016
22. Bern Riegert. Citani Op.
23. Daniel Ellsberg, lankhulani ku Cambridge, Massachusetts, May 13, 2014. Ellsberg anali mtsogoleri wamkulu wa nkhondo ya nyukiliya ku United States mu Kennedy, Johnson ndi Nixon maulamuliro asanamve mbiri yakale ya Pentagon ya Vietnam.
24. Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo. Chiphunzitso cha Ntchito Zogwirizanitsa Nuclear, Joint Publication 3-12, 15 March, 2015
25. Joseph Gerson, Op Cit. p. 31
26. Ibid. pp. 37-38
27. "NATO 2020: chitetezo chotsimikizika; mgwirizano wamphamvu ", May 17, 2010, http://www.nato.int/strategic-concept/strategic-concept-report.html
28. Philip M. Breedlove. "NATO's Next Act: momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito Russia ndi Zowopsya Zina", Foreign Affairs, July / August, 2016
30. Reiner Braun. Msonkhano Wapadziko Lonse, Msonkhano Wapadziko Lonse wa 2014 wotsutsana ndi Mabomba a Atomic & Hydrogen, Hiroshima, Ogasiti 2, 2014.
31. "Kubwerera kuchokera ku Brink" op. chit.
