Palibe chabwino pa nkhondo kapena kupha. Mtengo wankhondo wankhondo umafika patali kupyola pa nkhondo - umakhudza kwambiri okwatirana, ana, abale, alongo, makolo, agogo, azibale awo, azakhali awo ndi amalume m'mibadwo yonse. Zapezeka kuti asilikari ambiri m'mbiri yonse safuna kupha anthu ena ndipo kutero zikuwoneka kuti zikutsutsana ndi chikhalidwe chawo. Monga chilolezo chogwiritsa ntchito nkhanza pothetsa mikangano, zotsatira zakupha pankhondo ndizowopsa ... ndipo zotsatira zachiwawa zomwe boma limavomereza nthawi zambiri zimakhala zopweteka kwa onse omwe amatchedwa opambana ndi otayika. Sizopambana.
A George Bush adanena kuti tikukumana ndi zoopsa "zoyipa zoyipa" kukhala Korea, Iran ndi Iraq. Boma la Obama, mwatsoka, lachulukitsa mayiko omwe akufuna kuwatsata. Pomwe, Martin Luther King, Jr. adati zoyipa zomwe sizingachitike padziko lapansi ndi umphawi, kusankhana mitundu komanso nkhondo. Zoipa zitatu za King zimachitika tsiku lililonse ku US zoweta ndi mayiko ena. Mwinamwake ngati Bush ndiyeno Obama ali ndi chidwi chothetsa uchigawenga akadayang'anitsitsa pakuwunika kwakukulu kwa King.
Kuyambira kale, zokambirana zakhala zikuchitika pazomwe angathetsere kusamvana. Zosankhazi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zachiwawa komanso njira zosankhana. Zikuwonekeranso kuti pali kusiyana kokhazikika pamalingaliro pakati pa "anthu" m'boma kuthetsa mikangano ndi momwe mikangano pakati pa "mayiko" imathetsera. Ndi mkanganowu komanso malingaliro awo pomwe umphawi, kusankhana mitundu komanso nkhondo zimayenderana.
Anthu ambiri padziko lapansi amathetsa kusamvana payokha kudzera munjira zosachita zachiwawa (mwachitsanzo, kukambirana, mgwirizano wapakamwa). Dr. King adati cholinga chosintha nkhanza zosagwirizana ndi anthu kapena kusamvana kosagwirizana si kufuna kubwezera koma kusintha mtima wa omwe amatchedwa mdani. “Sitichotsa chidani pakulimbana ndi chidani; timachotsa mdani, "adatero," pothetsa udani. Chifukwa chaichi chidani chimangowononga komanso kuwononga. ”
Mayiko ambiri amakhalanso ndi malamulo oletsa kugwiritsa ntchito nkhanza. Mwachitsanzo, m'magulu aboma aku US, munthu sayenera kupha mnzake mwadala. Ngati ndi choncho, ali pachiwopsezo chotsutsidwa ndi boma zomwe zitha kuchitika, ataweruza milandu, m'boma momwemo kupha munthuyo chifukwa cha mlanduwu. Chilango ku US, komabe, chimasungidwa kwa iwo okha omwe alibe chuma. Ndizoyenera kudziwa kuti United States ndiye dziko lokhalo lakumadzulo lomwe likugwiritsabe ntchito chilango cha imfa, chomwe chimaperekedwa kwa anthu osauka kwambiri komanso mosiyana kwambiri ndi anthu amtundu - anthu omwe nthawi zambiri alibe njira yodzitetezera. Chilango cha imfa ndi chitsanzo chachikulu cha boma lovomerezeka (kapena mantha) ngati njira yothetsera kusamvana. M'mawu a Dr. King, mfundo zanyumba zaku America ndizosankhana, makamaka nkhondo yolimbana ndi osauka ndipo, ndi chilango chonyongedwa, imawonetsa anthu omwe sakufuna kukhululuka.
Zaka zapitazo ndidafuna kudziwa zambiri zankhondo ndipo ndinafufuza mopanda nzeru ena mwa abwenzi a abambo anga omwe adamenya nawo nkhondo ku Germany nthawi ya WWII. Iwo samalankhula nane. Iwo sakanagawana kalikonse. Zinatenga kanthawi kuti amvetsetse tanthauzo la kukana kwawo. Nkhondo, ndaphunzira kale, ikufanana ndi nkhanza, zowawa ndi mavuto zomwe sizosadabwitsa kuti kugawana zokumana nazozi ndichinthu chomwe anthu ambiri safuna kuchita. M'buku lake Zimene Munthu Aliyense Ayenera Kudziwa Zokhudza Nkhondo, mtolankhani Chris Hedges alemba, "Timalimbikitsa nkhondo. Timazisandutsa zosangalatsa. Ndipo mu zonsezi timaiwala zomwe nkhondo ili, zomwe zimachita kwa anthu omwe akuvutika nayo. Tikupempha omwe ali asitikali ndi mabanja awo kuti apereke nsembe zomwe zimakongoletsa moyo wawo wonse. Anthu omwe amadana kwambiri ndi nkhondo, ndawawona, ndi achikulire omwe amadziwa izi. ”
Pothana ndi mikangano "pakati pa mayiko", pakati pa anthu oyenera, nkhondo imangotengedwa ngati njira yomaliza pazifukwa zilizonse, osatinso chifukwa chakuwononga kwake kwakukulu. Lingaliro la "nkhondo yolungama" lakhazikitsidwa pamaziko amenewo - kuti china chilichonse chayesedwa kuti athetse kusamvana nkhondo isanachitike. Komabe, potchulanso Dr. King, anafunsa mwanzeru chifukwa chake "kupha nzika m'dziko lanu ndilolakwa, koma kupha nzika za dziko lina pankhondo ndichinthu champhamvu kwambiri?" Makhalidwe abwino amapotozedwa kukhala otsimikiza.
United States ili ndi mbiri yoopsa ya kugwilitsila nchito nkhanza zochuluka poyesa kuthetsa mikangano yapadziko lonse yomwe nthawi zambiri imafuna kulamulila ndi kukhala ndi mwayi wochuma, monga mafuta. Kawirikawiri ndi US poyera za zifukwa zenizeni zankhondo. Chinyengo chili panthawi imodzimodzi pomwe anyamata athu amaphunzitsidwa kupha.
Pofanana ndi zoyipa zitatu za tsankho, umphaŵi ndi nkhondo, zolinga za nkhondo za ku United States zili ndi kufanana kwakukulu ndi amene amalanga chilango chathu. Izi ndizomwe anthu osauka komanso anthu amitundu yosiyanasiyana kusiyana ndi mabanki ambiri olemera komanso oyera omwe ali owononga, mabungwe a mabungwe ndi akuluakulu a boma, ndi zina zotero. Kuyankha kwa chilungamo ku United States ndi mabwalo a makhoti kulibe kwambiri ndipo vuto la maphunziro ndi zolakwika ndizofunikira kwambiri kusayenerera kumakhala koopsa kwambiri. Komabe, chochitika cha Ferguson ndi ena ambirimbiri ku United States chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa miyoyo ya Black kumakhala kukumbukira, ndithudi, monga zitsanzo zodziwika za khalidwe labwino ku America. Monga momwe zilili pabwalo lathu lakumidzi, anthu ambiri a ku America akhala akusauka kwambiri, osagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino komanso mayiko okhala ndi mitundu, kumene US angatsimikizidwe kuti apambana.
Ziwawa "zimatizunza" ngati gulu. Sizabwino kwa ife momwe mungayang'anire. Zaka zingapo zapitazo katswiri wa chikhalidwe cha ku Britain Colin Turnbull adasanthula momwe chilango cha imfa chimakhudzira United States. Adafunsa mafunso alonda omwe amafa, anthu omwe adakoka switch yamagetsi, andende omwe ali pamzere wophedwa komanso abale am'banja la anthu onsewa. Zovuta zakusokonekera kwamaganizidwe ndi zovuta zaumoyo zomwe zidalipo kwa onse omwe adachita nawo kupha boma mwachindunji kapena mosadziwika bwino zinali zazikulu. Palibe amene anapulumuka zoopsazi.
Akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha anthu ayambanso kuyang'ana momwe "nkhondo" ingakhudzire anthu. Zimakhalanso ndi "nkhanza" pa ife. Amadziwika kuti zomwe zimakhudza momwe timakhalira ndi mabanja komanso anzathu omwe atizungulira. Koma zomwe akatswiri azikhalidwe za anthu sanayang'ane ndi momwe mfundo za boma zimakhudzira machitidwe amunthu. Akatswiri ena azachikhalidwe apeza kuti pambuyo pa nkhondo pali kuwonjezeka kwa momwe munthu amagwiritsira ntchito nkhanza mmaiko onse omwe ataya ndi opambana pamkangano. Akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha anthu ayang'ana mtundu wakale wachiwawa, komanso kusokonekera kwachuma ndi ena kuti afotokozere izi. Malongosoledwe okha omwe akuwoneka kuti ndi okakamiza kwambiri ndikuvomereza kwa boma kugwiritsa ntchito ziwawa kuthetsa kusamvana. Nthambi zonse zaboma kuchokera kwa akuluakulu, kunyumba yamalamulo, kumakhothi zimavomereza ziwawa ngati njira yothetsera kusamvana, zikuwoneka kuti zimasefukira anthuwo - ndizoyatsa kugwiritsa ntchito kapena kuwona chiwawa ngati njira yovomerezeka moyo watsiku ndi tsiku.
Mwina chimodzi mwazifukwa zotsutsa kutumiza atsikana ndi anyamata athu kunkhondo ndikuti ambiri aife sitifuna kupha konse. Ngakhale tidaphunzitsidwa momwe nkhondo zitha kukhala zopambana, ambiri aife sitimvera zomwe tikufuna kupha. M'buku lake lochititsa chidwi Kupha: Kufunika kwa Maganizo a Kuphunzira Kupha Nkhondo ndi Sosaiti (1995), katswiri wazamisala Lt. Colonel Dave Grossman apereka mutu wonse ku "Osapsa Moto M'mbiri Yonse." Kafukufuku apeza kuti m'mbiri yonse, munkhondo iliyonse, 15% mpaka 20% ya asirikali ali okonzeka kupha. Kuchepetsa kumeneku kuli konsekonse ndipo kumagwira ntchito kwa asirikali ochokera kumayiko onse m'mbiri yakale. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, ngakhale mtunda kuchokera kwa mdani sikuti umalimbikitsa kupha. Grossman akupeza zochititsa chidwi kupeza kuti "Ngakhale ndi mwayi uwu, 1% yokha yaomwe akuchita ndege zankhondo zaku US adalemba 40% ya onse oyendetsa ndege omwe adapha pa WWII; ambiri sanaponyere aliyense pansi kapena kuyesera konse. ”
A US mwachidziwikire sanayamikire anthu ochepawa, motero adayamba kusintha momwe amaphunzitsira asitikali awo. Anthu aku America adayamba kugwiritsa ntchito njira zowunikira za IP Pavlov ndi BF Skinner pamaphunziro awo, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti asitikali athu abwerere mobwerezabwereza. Msodzi wina anandiuza kuti m'maphunziro oyambira sikuti "mumangoyesa" kupha kosalekeza koma muyenera kunena mawu oti "kupha" poyankha pafupifupi chilichonse. "Kwenikweni msirikali wayambiranso njirayi nthawi zambiri," atero a Grossman, "kuti akapha pankhondo amatha kudzikana yekha, pamlingo umodzi, kuti akupha munthu wina." Mwa nkhondo yaku Korea asitikali 55% aku US adatha kupha ndipo Vietnam ndi 95% yodabwitsa adatha kutero. Grossman ananenanso kuti Vietnam tsopano ikudziwika kuti ndi nkhondo yoyamba yopangira mankhwala pomwe asitikali aku US adadyetsa asitikali athu mankhwala ochulukirapo kuti achepetse mphamvu zawo pochita zachiwawa ndipo mwina akuchitanso chimodzimodzi ku Iraq.
Poyankha funso lachiwerengero chochepa cha omwe amapha pankhondo, Grossman akuti "Momwe ndidasanthula funso ili ndikuphunzira momwe amaphera pomenya nkhondo malinga ndi wolemba mbiri, katswiri wamaganizidwe komanso msirikali, ndidayamba kuzindikira kuti panali chinthu chimodzi chachikulu chomwe sichikumveka pomvetsetsa kwakupha pankhondo, chomwe chimayankha funso ili ndi zina zambiri. Chosowacho ndichowona komanso chosavuta kuwonetsa kuti amuna ambiri amakana kupha anzawo. Kukana kwamphamvu kwambiri kotero kuti, m'malo ambiri, asitikali omenyera nkhondo amafa asanagonjetse. ”
Chowonadi chakuti sitikufuna kupha ndichitsimikizo cha umunthu wathu. Kodi tikufunadi kusintha anyamata ndi atsikana athu kukhala akatswiri, opha aluso? Kodi tikufunadi kusintha machitidwe achichepere mwanjira imeneyi? Kodi tikufunadi kuti achinyamata athu azisalidwa ndi umunthu wawo komanso wa ena? Kodi si nthawi yoti tithane ndi zoyipa zenizeni padziko lapansi, maziko enieni a zoipa kukhala kusankhana mitundu, umphawi ndi nkhondo ndi zina zonsezi kuphatikiza ndi umbombo wolamulira chuma cha dziko mopweteketsa tonsefe? Kodi tikufunadi kuti ndalama zathu zamsonkho zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupha anthu osauka padziko lapansi, kuwononga mayiko awo ndikutiwononga ife tonse pochita izi? Zachidziwikire kuti titha kuchita bwino kuposa izi!
Heather Grey amapanga "Mtendere Wokha" pa WRFG-Atlanta 89.3 FM yokhudza nkhani zakomweko, zigawo, mayiko ndi mayiko. Mu 1985-86 adatsogolera pulogalamu yopanda zachiwawa ku Martin Luther King, Jr. Center for Non-Violent Social Change ku Atlanta. Amakhala ku Atlanta ndipo amatha kufikira justpeacewrfg@aol.com.
