Kodi Nkhondo Yapadziko Lonse Yoopsa? Umboni Wokuwonongeka Kwazomwe Zachitika

by Sayansi Yamtendere Digest, August 24, 2021

Kuwunikaku kumafotokozera mwachidule ndikuwonetsa kafukufuku wotsatira: Kattelman, KT (2020). Kuyesa kuchita bwino pa Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse Pazachiwopsezo: Zachiwawa zomwe zimachitika pafupipafupi komanso zoyipa zomwe zachitika pambuyo pake. Mphamvu Zamakangano Asymmetric, 13(1), 67-86. https://doi.org/10.1080/17467586.2019.1650384

Kuwunikaku ndi gawo lachiwiri pamitu inayi yokumbukira zaka 20 za Seputembara 11, 2001. Powunikira ntchito yaposachedwa yamaphunziro pazotsatira zoyipa za nkhondo zaku US ku Iraq ndi Afghanistan komanso pa Global War on Terror (GWOT) mochuluka, tikufuna kuti mndandandawu uwonetsetse momwe US ​​akuyankhira uchigawenga ndikutsegulira zokambirana pazinthu zina zopanda chiwawa zankhondo komanso zandale.

Mfundo zolankhula

• Pa Global War on Terror (GWOT), mayiko ogwirizana omwe atumizidwa kunkhondo ku Afghanistan ndi Iraq adakumana ndi zigawenga zomwe zidabwezera nzika zawo ngati nkhanza.
• Zoyipa zakubwezeretsa zigawenga zomwe zidachitika m'maiko amgwirizano zikuwonetsa kuti Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse pa Ziwopsezo sizinakwaniritse cholinga chake chachikulu choteteza nzika kuuchigawenga.

Kuzindikira Kofunika Kwambiri Pazomwe Mungachite

• Mgwirizano womwe ukubwera pakulephera kwa Nkhondo Yapadziko Lonse Lapansi pa Ziwopsezo (GWOT) uyenera kuyambitsa kuwunikanso mfundo zazikulu zakunja kwa US ndikusintha kwa mfundo zakunja, zomwe zingathandize kwambiri kuteteza nzika ku zigawenga zapadziko lonse lapansi.

Chidule

Kyle T. Kattelman akufufuza ngati nkhondo, makamaka nsapato pansi, yachepetsa kuchuluka kwa zigawenga zapadziko lonse ndi Al-Qaeda ndi mabungwe ake motsutsana ndi mayiko amgwirizano pa Global War on Terror (GWOT). Amagwiritsa ntchito njira yodziwira dziko lonse kuti aone ngati zomwe asitikali anachita bwino kukwaniritsa cholinga chimodzi chofunikira cha GWOT-kuteteza zigawenga motsutsana ndi nzika zaku US ndi West kwambiri.

Al-Qaeda adatenga udindo pakuwukira sitima zinayi zapaulendo ku Marichi, Spain, komanso kuphulitsa bomba kwa Julayi 2004 ku London, UK Kafukufuku wina akutsimikizira kuti zigawenga ziwirizi zidabwezera zigawenga zapadziko lonse lapansi. Al-Qaeda adalunjika kumayiko awa chifukwa chazankhondo zomwe akuchita ku GWOT. Zitsanzo ziwirizi zikuwonetsa momwe zopereka zankhondo ku GWOT zitha kukhala zopanda phindu, zomwe zitha kupangitsa kuti zigawenga zibwezeretsere nzika zadziko.

Kafukufuku wa a Kattelman amayang'ana kwambiri kulowererapo kwa asitikali, kapena asitikali apansi, chifukwa ndi "mtima wa aliyense wopikisana naye" ndipo zikuwoneka kuti ma hegemon achi demokalase aku Western apitiliza kuwagwiritsa ntchito, ngakhale anthu akutsutsa, kuti akwaniritse zofuna zawo padziko lonse lapansi. Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu akuwonetsanso umboni wazobwezera panjira yolowerera asitikali ndi ntchito. Komabe, zimangoyang'ana mtundu wa chiwonongeko, osati gulu lomwe lidayambitsa. Pogwiritsa ntchito "zigawenga" za zigawenga zapadziko lonse lapansi, malingaliro amitundu, mafuko, mayendedwe, kapena zipembedzo za magulu amtundu uliwonse amanyalanyazidwa.

Pogwiritsa ntchito malingaliro am'mbuyomu am'mbuyomu, wolemba akufuna kuti awonetsetse momwe angathere ndi zomwe angalimbikitse kuti amvetsetse zomwe kutumizidwa kwa asitikali mdziko kumakhudza kuchuluka kwa zigawenga. Pankhondo yosakanikirana, mayiko adzakhala ndi zida zankhondo zochulukirapo poyerekeza ndi magulu azigawenga omwe mwina akumenya nawo nkhondo, ndipo mayiko onse ndi mabungwe azigawenga azikhala ndi zifukwa zosiyanasiyana zowukira. Mu GWOT, mayiko amgwirizano adathandizira onse ankhondo komanso osachita zankhondo kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana. Zoyeserera za Al-Qaeda zowukira mamembala amgwirizano kupitilira United States zidasiyana. Chifukwa chake, wolemba akuganiza kuti gulu lankhondo lomwe likupereka ndalama zambiri ku GWOT, ndizotheka kukumana ndi zigawenga zapadziko lonse lapansi za Al-Qaeda, chifukwa ntchito yake yankhondo ingalimbikitse chidwi cha Al-Qaeda.

Pakafukufukuyu, zidziwitso zimachokera m'mabuku osiyanasiyana omwe amatsata zomwe zigawenga zachita komanso magulu ankhondo ku Afghanistan ndi Iraq pakati pa 1998 ndi 2003. Makamaka, wolemba amafufuza zochitika za "kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu mosavomerezeka ndi nkhanza ndi omwe siaboma kuti atha kusintha ndale, chuma, chipembedzo kapena chikhalidwe chifukwa cha mantha, kuumirizidwa kapena kuopsezedwa ”a Al-Qaeda ndi anzawo. Pofuna kuthana ndi ziwonetsero za "kumenya nkhondo" pachitsanzo, wolemba adasanthula zochitika "zosagwirizana ndi zigawenga kapena mitundu ina yankhondo."

Zomwe apezazi zikutsimikizira kuti mamembala amgwirizano omwe amapereka magulu ankhondo ku Afghanistan ndi Iraq ku GWOT adakumana ndi ziwopsezo zapadziko lonse lapansi motsutsana ndi nzika zawo. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchuluka kwa zopereka, komwe kumawerengedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa asirikali, kumawonjezera kuchuluka kwa zigawenga zakunja. Izi zinali zowona kumayiko khumi amgwirizano wokhala ndi gulu lalikulu kwambiri lankhondo. Mwa mayiko khumi apamwamba, panali angapo omwe adakumana ndi zigawenga zochepa kapena zochepa zomwe zidachitika asanagwire asitikali koma kenako adalumphira pambuyo pake. Kutumizidwa kunkhondo kuwirikiza kawiri kuthekera komwe dziko lingakumane ndi zigawenga zapadziko lonse lapansi za Al-Qaeda. M'malo mwake, pakuwonjezeka kwa gulu limodzi m'magulu ankhondo panali kuwonjezeka kwa 11.7% pafupipafupi za zigawenga zamayiko akunja za Al-Qaeda motsutsana ndi dzikolo. Pakadali pano, US idapereka asitikali ambiri (118,918) ndipo adakumana ndi zigawenga zapadziko lonse lapansi za Al-Qaeda (61). Kuonetsetsa kuti zomwe zikuyendetsedwazi sizikuyendetsedwa ndi US kokha, wolemba adachitabe zoyeserera ndikuwona kuti palibe kusintha kwakukulu pazotsatira ndikuchotsedwa kwa US pachitsanzo.

Mwanjira ina, panali zodabwitsanso, monga zigawenga zobwezeretsa mayiko ena, motsutsana ndi kutumizidwa kunkhondo ku GWOT. Ziwawa zomwe zawonetsedwa mu kafukufukuyu zikusonyeza lingaliro loti uchigawenga wapadziko lonse suli wachisawawa, wankhanza. M'malo mwake, ochita zisudzo "atha kulingalira" atha kugwiritsa ntchito uchigawenga wadziko lonse mwanzeru. Lingaliro loti dziko litenge nawo mbali pazankhondo zomwe gulu lazachiwembu limachita zitha kukulitsa chidwi cha gulu la zigawenga, zomwe zitha kuchititsa zigawenga zakubwezeretsa mayiko ena mdzikolo. Mwachidule, wolemba adamaliza kuti GWOT sinachite bwino kupangitsa nzika zamgwirizano kukhala zotetezeka kuuchifwamba wapadziko lonse lapansi.

Kudziwitsa

Ngakhale kufufuzaku sikunayende bwino pakufunsidwa kwa asitikali komanso momwe zimakhudzira gulu limodzi lazigawenga, zomwe zapezazi zitha kuphunzitsanso kwambiri mfundo zakunja kwa US. Kafukufukuyu akutsimikizira kukhalapo kwakubwerera m'mbuyo pakulowererapo kwa asitikali polimbana ndi uchigawenga wapadziko lonse lapansi. Ngati cholinga ndikuteteza nzika kukhala zotetezeka, monga zinalili ndi GWOT, kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa momwe kulowererapo kwa asitikali kungakhale kopanda phindu. Komanso, GWOT yawononga zoposa $ 6 trillion, ndi anthu opitilira 800,000 amwalira chifukwa cha izi, kuphatikiza anthu wamba 335,000, malinga ndi Costs of War Project. Pokumbukira izi, mabungwe andale zakunja aku US akuyenera kulingalira zodalira gulu lankhondo. Koma, tsoka, mfundo zakunja zakunja zimatsimikizira kupitilizabe kudalira gulu lankhondo ngati "yankho" pazowopseza zakunja, kuwonetsa kufunikira kwakuti US iganizire zopanga mfundo zakunja zakutsogolo.

Pakati pa mfundo zakunja zakunja zaku US, njira zothetsera mavuto zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti asitikali ankhondo zilipo. Chitsanzo chimodzi ndi magawo anayi ankhondo olowererapo kuthana ndi uchigawenga wadziko lonse. Choyambirira komanso chofunikira kwambiri, njirayi ikulimbikitsa kuti pasanachitike bungwe lazachigawenga. Kulimbitsa mphamvu zankhondo ndikusintha kwa magulu achitetezo kumatha kuchititsa kuti zigawenga zigonjetsedwe koma sizilepheretsa gululi kudzipanganso m'tsogolo. Kachiwiri, njira yotalikirapo komanso yophunzitsira yambiri iyenera kukhazikitsidwa, kuphatikiza magulu ankhondo ndi osagwirizana ndi nkhondo, monga kukhazikika kwa nkhondo ndi chitukuko. Chachitatu, asitikali ankhondo ayenera kukhala njira yomaliza. Pomaliza, maphwando onse akuyenera kuphatikizidwa pazokambirana kuti athetse ziwawa komanso nkhondo.

Ngakhale kuyamikiridwa, njira yomwe tatchulayi ikufunikirabe kuti asirikali achitepo kanthu pamlingo wina - ndipo sizitenga chidwi chokwanira chakuti kumenya nkhondo kungakulitse, m'malo mochepetsa, chiopsezo cha munthu chomenyera. Monga ena anenera, ngakhale kulowererapo koyenera kwa asitikali aku US kungachititse kuti zinthu ziipireipire. Kafukufukuyu komanso mgwirizano womwe wabwera pakulephera kwa GWOT uyenera kuyambitsa kuwunikanso kwa mfundo zazikulu zakunja kwa US. Kupitilira mfundo zakunja, mfundo zakunja zikuphatikiza kuyankha mlandu pakupanga zisankho zoyipa zakunja, kuyamikira mgwirizano ndi mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi, zotsutsana ndi zankhondo, kutsimikizira kulumikizana pakati pa mfundo zapakhomo ndi zakunja, ndikuchepetsa bajeti. Kugwiritsa ntchito zomwe zapezeka mu kafukufukuyu kungatanthauze kuti musamenye nawo nkhondo zigawenga zapadziko lonse lapansi. M'malo moopseza achigawenga komanso kuwopseza zigawenga zamayiko akunja ngati chifukwa chomenyera nkhondo, boma la US liyenera kulingalira zomwe zikuwopseza chitetezo ndikuwunika momwe ziwopsezozi zimathandizira pakubwera kwa uchigawenga wapadziko lonse lapansi. Nthawi zina, monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, kulowererapo kwa asitikali polimbana ndi uchigawenga wapadziko lonse lapansi kumatha kukulitsa chiopsezo cha nzika. Kuchepetsa kusalingana padziko lonse lapansi, kuchepetsa kusintha kwanyengo padziko lonse lapansi, komanso kuletsa thandizo kumaboma omwe akuchita zophwanya ufulu wa anthu zithandizira kuteteza anthu aku America ku uchigawenga wapadziko lonse kuposa momwe magulu ankhondo angathere. [KH]

Kupitiliza Kuwerenga

Crenshaw, M. (2020). Kuganizira zauchigawenga wapadziko lonse: Njira yolumikizirana. United States Institute of Peace. Inabwezeretsa August 12, 2021, kuchokera https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/2020-02/pw_158-rethinking_transnational_terrorism_an_integrated_approach.pdf

Mtengo Wankhondo. (2020, Seputembala). Ndalama zaumunthu. Inatengedwa pa Ogasiti 5, 2021, kuchokera https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/costs/human

Mtengo Wankhondo. (2021, Julayi). Ndalama zachuma. Inatengedwa pa Ogasiti 5, 2021, kuchokera https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/costs/economic

Sitaraman, G. (2019, Epulo 15). Kupezeka kwa mfundo zakunja zomwe zikupita patsogolo. Nkhondo Pamiyala. Idabwezedwa pa Ogasiti 5, 2021, kuchokera https://warontherocks.com/2019/04/the-emergence-of-progressive-foreign-policy/  

Kuperman, AJ (2015, Marichi / Epulo). Kudandaula kwa a Libya ku Obama: Momwe kulowererapo zolinga zabwino kunathera polephera. Zachilendo, 94 (2). Inabwezeretsanso August 5, 2021, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/libya/2019-02-18/obamas-libya-debacle

Mawu ofunika: Nkhondo Yapadziko Lonse Yachigawenga; uchigawenga wadziko lonse; Al-Qaeda; zigawenga; Iraq; Afghanistan