Mmene Ntchito Yachikhalire ku Somalia Inagwirira Ntchito Zaka 25 Zomwe Zimakhudza Ntchito ku Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria ndi Yemen Masiku Ano

Ndi Ann Wright, August 21, 2018.

Masiku angapo apitawo, mtolankhani adandiuza za chikumbutso chotchedwa "Malamulo ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe wa ntchito zankhondo za UNOSOM" zomwe ndidalemba mu 1993, zaka makumi awiri ndi zisanu zapitazo. Panthawiyo, ndinali mkulu wa Justice Division of the United Nations Operations in Somalia (UNOSOM). Anandichotsa ku Dipatimenti Yachigawo ku United States kuti ndikagwire ntchito ku United Nations ku Somalia potengera ntchito yomwe ndidachita koyambirira mu Januware 1993 ndi asitikali aku US kuti akhazikitsenso apolisi aku Somalia mdziko lopanda boma.

Kufufuza kwa mtolankhani kumapangitsa kuti ziganizidwe za ndondomeko za usilikali zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Clinton, Bush, Obama ndi Trump omwe akuyang'anira ntchito za US / UN ku Somalia zaka makumi awiri ndi zisanu zapitazo.

Pa Disembala 9,1992, mwezi wathunthu womaliza wa utsogoleri wake, a George HW Bush adatumiza Asitikali ankhondo aku US 30,000 ku Somalia kuti atsegulire anthu aku Somalia omwe ali ndi njala chakudya chomwe chimayang'aniridwa ndi asitikali aku Somali omwe adadzetsa njala yayikulu ndikufa mdziko lonselo. Mu February 1993, oyang'anira atsopanowo a Clinton adapereka ntchito zothandiza anthu ku United Nations ndipo asitikali aku US adachotsedwa mwachangu. Komabe, mu February ndi March, ??? UN inali itatha kutenga mayiko ochepa okha kuti apereke magulu ankhondo ku magulu ankhondo a UN. Magulu ankhondo aku Somaliya adayang'anira mabwalo a ndege ndi madoko ndipo adatsimikiza kuti UN inali ndi asitikali ochepera 5,000 pomwe amawerengera kuchuluka kwa ndege zomwe zikutenga asitikali ndikubweretsa asitikali ku Somalia. Atsogoleri ankhondo adaganiza zoukira asitikali a UN pomwe anali m'manja pofuna kukakamiza gulu la UN kuti lichoke ku Somalia. Ziwopsezo zankhondo yaku Somalia zidakulirakulira mchaka cha 1993.

Monga momwe nkhondo ya US / UN yapitilira nkhondo polimbana ndi magulu ankhondo ku June, kudali nkhaŵa yaikulu pakati pa antchito a bungwe la UN ponena za kusokoneza chuma kuchokera kuntchito yothandiza anthu kumenyana ndi zigawenga komanso kuonjezereka kwa anthu a ku Somali panthawiyi.

Mtsogoleri wodziwika bwino wazankhondo zaku Somali anali General Mohamed Farah Aidid. Aidid anali kazembe wakale komanso kazembe wa boma la Somalia, wapampando wa United Somali Congress the ndipo pambuyo pake adatsogolera Somali National Alliance (SNA). Pamodzi ndi magulu ena otsutsa, asitikali a General Aidid adathandizira kuthamangitsa Purezidenti wopondereza a Mohamed Siad Barre pankhondo yapachiweniweni ku Somalia koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 1990.

Pambuyo pa mayiko a US / UN atayesa kutsegula ma wailesi a Somaliya, pa June 5, 1993, General Aidid adawonjezeka kwambiri kuukira kwa asilikali a UN pamene asilikali ake adapha asilikali a Pakistani omwe anali mbali ya Ntchito yosunga mtendere ku UN, kupha 24 ndi kuvulaza 44.

Bungwe la UN Security Council linayankha za kuwukira kwa asitikali a UN ndi Security Council Resolution 837 yomwe idapatsa "njira zonse zofunikira" kuti agwire omwe achititsa gulu lankhondo laku Pakistani. Mtsogoleri wa bungwe la United Nations ku Somalia, Admiral wapamadzi wapamadzi waku US a Jonathan Howe, adapereka $ 25,000 kwa General Aided, nthawi yoyamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi United Nations.

Memorandum yomwe ndidalemba idachokera paganizo loti ma helikopita aku US Army aphulitse nyumba yomwe imadziwika kuti Abdi House ku Mogadishu, Somalia panthawi yosaka General Aidid. Pa Julayi 12, gulu lankhondo laku US logwirizana ndi a General Aidid lidapha anthu aku Somalis opitilira 60, ambiri mwa iwo omwe anali akulu omwe adakumana kuti akambirane momwe angathetsere nkhondo pakati pa asitikali ankhondo ndi asitikali a US / UN. Atolankhani anayi a Dan Elton, a Hos Maina, a Hansi Kraus ndi a Anthony Macharia omwe adapita kumalowo kukanena za zankhondo zaku US zomwe zikuchitika pafupi ndi hotelo yawo adaphedwa ndi gulu la anthu aku Somalia omwe adasonkhana ndikupeza akulu awo olemekezeka atamwalira.

Malinga ndi mbiri ya 1^st Bataliyali ya 22^nd Makanda omwe adazunza, "pa maola 1018 pa Juni 12, atatsimikiza, chandamale, mfuti zisanu ndi chimodzi za Cobra helikopita zidaponyera mfuti khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi kulowa mu Nyumba ya Abdi; Mfuti zamamilimita 30 zinagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri. A Cobras onse anapitiliza kuwombera TOW ndikunyamula mfuti mnyumba mpaka maola pafupifupi 1022. ” Pamapeto pa mphindi zinayi, mfuti zosachepera 16 TOW zotsutsana ndi thanki ndi masauzande ambirimbiri a 20mm anali ataponyedwa mnyumbayo. Asitikali aku US adatinso ali ndi luntha kuchokera kwa omwe adalipira kuti Aidid apita kumsonkhano.

Mu 1982-1984, ndinali wamkulu wa Asitikali aku US wamkulu wa Law of Land Warfare ndi Misonkhano Yaku Geneva ku JFK Center for Special Warfare, Fort Bragg, North Carolina komwe ophunzira anga anali Asitikali Apadera aku US ndi magulu ena a Special Operations. Kuchokera pazomwe ndidakumana ndikuphunzitsa malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi pankhani yakumenya nkhondo, ndinali ndi nkhawa kwambiri ndi zomwe zimachitika pamagwiridwe ankhondo ku Abdi House komanso momwe zimakhalira ndikamapeza zambiri zantchitoyo.

Monga Chief of the UNOSOM Justice Division, adalemba chikalatacho pofotokoza nkhawa zanga kwa wamkulu wa UN ku Somalia, Secretary Special wa Secretary General wa UN Jonathan Howe. Ndinalemba kuti: "Ntchito ya usirikali ya UNOSOM imadzutsa mfundo zofunika zalamulo ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe kuchokera ku UN. Nkhaniyi ikuyenera kudziwa ngati lamulo la Security Council litasankha (kutsatira kuphedwa kwa asitikali aku Pakistani ndi asitikali a Aidid) kulola UNOSOM 'kuchita zonse zofunikira' motsutsana ndi omwe akuukira magulu ankhondo a UNOSOM omwe akufuna kuti UNOSOM igwiritse ntchito mphamvu yakupha motsutsana ndi onse anthu omwe sangathe kudzipereka munyumba iliyonse yomwe akuwakayikira kapena kudziwika kuti ndi malo a SNA / Aidid, kapena Security Council idalola kuti munthu amene akumuganizira kuti ndi amene amachititsa zigawenga motsutsana ndi magulu ankhondo a UNOSOM atha kukhala ndi mwayi womangidwa ndi magulu ankhondo a UNOSOM ndikufotokozera kupezeka kwawo malo a SNA / Aidid kenako nkuweruzidwa kukhothi losalowererapo kuti adziwe ngati ali ndi mlandu pakuwukira magulu ankhondo a UNOSOM kapena amangokhala (osakhalitsa kapena okhazikika) mnyumbayo, omwe akuwakayikira kapena kudziwika kuti ndi malo a SNA / Aidid. ”

Ndinafunsa ngati bungwe la United Nations liyenera kulimbana ndi anthu ena komanso "ngati United Nations iyenera kukhala ndi miyezo yapamwamba pamachitidwe omwe kale anali othandizira kuteteza chakudya ku Somalia? ' Ndinalemba kuti, "Tikukhulupirira kuti ndi mfundo zokhazokha, tiyenera kupereka chidziwitso posachedwa chakuwonongeka kwa nyumba yokhala ndi anthu mkati. Malinga ndi zamalamulo, zamakhalidwe ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe, tikupereka uphungu wokana kuyendetsa magulu ankhondo omwe sapereka chidziwitso kwa omwe akukhala munyumba. ”

Monga momwe wina angaganizire, chikalata chofunsa ngati zankhondo ndi zamakhalidwe abwino sizinayende bwino ndi mtsogoleri wa bungwe la UN. M'malo mwake, Admiral Howe sanandiyankhulenso nthawi yanga yotsalira ndi UNOSOM.

Komabe, ambiri m'mabungwe opereka chithandizo komanso m'kati mwa bungwe la United Nations ankadabwa kwambiri kuti helikopitayi imagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zopanda malire ndipo inasandutsa bungwe la UN kukhala gulu lolimbana ndi nkhondo ku Somalia. Ambiri ogwira ntchito kuntchito ya UNOSOM anasangalala kwambiri kuti ndinalemba memo ndipo mmodzi mwa iwo adachokera ku Washington Post komwe adatchulidwa mu August 4, mutu wa 1993, "Msonkhano wa UN ukutsutsa Njira zamakono za Somalia za asilikali. "

Patapita nthawi, ndikuyang'ana kumbuyo, lipoti la mbiri ya asilikali la 1^st Batetoni ya 22^nd Infantry adavomereza kuti kuwukira kwa Julayi 12 pa nyumba ya Abdi ndikuwononga anthu ambiri chifukwa cha nzeru zopanda pake ndi komwe kwapangitsa mkwiyo wa ku Somalia womwe udapangitsa kuti asitikali aku US awonongeke mu Okutobala 1993. "Kuukira kumeneku kwa UN kochitidwa ndi Woyamba Brigade atha kukhala udzu womaliza womwe udatsogolera gulu lankhondo la Ranger mu Okutobala 1993. Monga mtsogoleri wa SNA adafotokoza ziwopsezo za Julayi 12 ku Bowden's Black Hawk Pansi: "Zinali chinthu chimodzi kuti dziko lapansi lithandizire kudyetsa anthu omwe akuvutika ndi njala, ngakhalenso UN kuthandiza Somalia kupanga boma lamtendere. Koma bizinesi yotumiza ma Ranger aku US kulowa mumzinda wawo ndikupha ndikuba atsogoleri awo, izi zidali zochuluka kwambiri ”.

1995 Human Rights Watch lipoti la Somalia adazindikira kuwukira kwa nyumba ya Abdi ngati kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu komanso cholakwika chachikulu cha UN. "Kuphatikiza pa kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu ndi malamulo othandizira anthu, kuwukira nyumba ya Abdi kunali kulakwitsa koopsa pandale. Amadziwika kuti ndi omwe akuti ndi omwe achitiridwa nkhanza zankhondo, pakati pawo amalimbikitsa kuyanjananso, nyumba yaku Abdi idakhala chizindikiro cha kutaya kwa UN ku Somalia. Kuchokera pantchito yothandiza anthu, UN idalinso pa doko pazomwe kwa wowonera wamba zimawoneka ngati kupha anthu ambiri. United Nations, makamaka asitikali aku America, adataya zambiri zomwe zidatsalira pamakhalidwe abwino. Ngakhale lipoti lazomwe zachitika ndi United Nations Justice Division lidadzudzula UNOSOM chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito njira yankhondo yomenyera nkhondo komanso kumenya nkhondo panjira yothandiza anthu, lipotilo silinafalitsidwe. Mofanana ndi kusafuna kwawo kuti ufulu wachibadwidwe ukhale gawo la zochita zawo ndi atsogoleri ankhondo, olondera mtendere adatsimikiza mtima kuti apewe kuwunikiranso mbiri yawo motsutsana ndi mayiko ena. ”

Ndipo ndithudi, nkhondo pakati pa mabungwe a UN / US zinakwaniritsidwa pa chochitika chomwe chinathetseratu chifuniro cha ndale cha Clinton kulamulira kuti apitirize kugwira nawo nkhondo ku Somalia ndipo anandibwezeretsa ku Somalia kwa miyezi yotsiriza ya ku United States ku Somalia.

Ndidabwerera kuchokera ku Somalia kupita ku US kumapeto kwa Julayi 1993. Pokonzekera gawo ku Kyrgyzstan ku Central Asia, ndinali ku maphunziro achi Russia ku Arlington, Virginia pa Okutobala 4, 1993 pomwe wamkulu wa sukulu yophunzitsa zilankhulo ku State department adalowa m'kalasi mwanga ndikufunsa, "Ndani wa inu amene Ann Wright?" Nditadzizindikiritsa, adandiuza kuti a Richard Clarke, director of Global Affairs for the National Security Council adayimbira foni ndikupempha kuti ndibwere nthawi yomweyo ku White House kuti ndikalankhule nawo za zomwe zidachitika ku Somalia. Mkuluyo adafunsa ngati ndamva nkhani zakuvulala zambiri ku US ku Somalia lero. Ndinalibe.

Pa October 3, 1993 US Rangers ndi Maofesi Apadera anatumizidwa kukatenga awiri akuluakulu Aidid aides pafupi ndi Olympic Hotel ku Mogadishu. Mabomba awiri a ku United States anawomberedwa ndi asilikali komanso ndege yachitatu inagunda pansi. Msilikali wopulumutsidwa ku US wotumizidwa kuti athandize ogwidwa ndi ndege a pansi pake adakanidwa ndipo ena anawonongedwa kuti afunse ntchito yachiwiri yopulumutsa ndi magalimoto okhwima omwe anatsogoleredwa ndi asilikali a UN omwe sanadziwe za ntchito yapachiyambi. Asilikali khumi ndi asanu ndi atatu a ku United States anamwalira pa October 3, nkhondo yolimbana ndi tsiku limodzi lopweteka lomwe linagonjetsedwa ndi asilikali a US kuyambira nkhondo ya Vietnam.

Ndinalembera msonkho ku White House ndipo ndinakumana ndi Clarke komanso wantchito wachinyamata wa NSC a Susan Rice. Patatha mwezi wa 18 Rice adasankhidwa kukhala Secretary Assistant for African Affairs ku State Department ndipo mu 2009 adasankhidwa ndi Purezidenti Obama ngati kazembe wa US ku United Nations kenako ku 2013, ngati National Security Advisor.

Clarke anandiuza zakufa kwa asitikali khumi ndi asanu ndi atatu aku US ku Mogadishu ndikuti oyang'anira a Clinton adaganiza zosiya kutenga nawo gawo ku Somalia - kuti atero, US idafunikira njira yotuluka. Sanafunikire kundikumbutsa kuti ndikadutsa ofesi yake kumapeto kwa Julayi ndikubwerera kuchokera ku Somalia, ndidamuuza kuti US sinapereke ndalama zokwanira zothandizira mapulogalamu a UNOSOM Justice Program ndikuti ndalama zaku Somalia Pulogalamu yamapolisi itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera m'malo ena achitetezo ku Somalia.

Clarke anandiuza kuti Dipatimenti ya Boma idagwirizana kale kuti ndiimitse Chirasha ndipo ndikuyenera kutenga gulu kuchokera ku Dipatimenti Yachiwawa Yophunzitsa Chiwawa (International Criminal and Training Program)ICITAP) kubwerera ku Somalia ndikukhazikitsa imodzi mwazomwe ndidakambirana naye - kukhazikitsa sukulu yophunzitsa apolisi ku Somalia. Anatinso tidzakhala ndi $ 15 miliyoni pantchitoyo-ndikuti ndikufunika kukhala ndi timu ku Somalia koyambirira sabata yamawa.

Ndipo tidatero-sabata yamawa, tinali ndi gulu la anthu 6 ochokera ku ICITAP ku Mogadishu. ndipo pofika kumapeto kwa 1993, sukulu yophunzitsa apolisi idatsegulidwa. US idamaliza kutenga nawo gawo ku Somalia mkatikati mwa 1994.

Kodi ndi maphunziro ati ochokera ku Somalia? Tsoka ilo, ndi maphunziro omwe sanamveke pamagulu ankhondo aku US ku Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria ndi Yemen.

Choyamba, mphotho yoperekedwa kwa General Aidid idakhala chitsanzo chamachitidwe ogwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi asitikali aku US ku 2001 ndi 2002 ku Afghanistan ndi Pakistan kwa mabungwe a Al Qaeda. Ambiri mwa anthu omwe adakhala kundende yaku US ku Guantanamo adagulidwa ndi US kudzera munjirayi ndipo 10 okha mwa anthu 779 omwe adamangidwa ku Guantanamo ndi omwe aweruzidwa. Enawo sanazunzidwe ndipo kenako amamasulidwa kumayiko akwawo kapena mayiko achitatu chifukwa analibe chochita ndi Al Qaeda ndipo anali atagulitsidwa ndi adani kuti apange ndalama.

Chachiwiri, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu mosagawanika pakuphulitsa nyumba yonse kuti iphe omwe akuwatsata kwakhala maziko a pulogalamu yaku US yakupha drone. Nyumba, maphwando akulu aukwati, ndi misewu yamagalimoto yawonongedwa ndi zida zamoto zakupha a drones wakupha. Lamulo Lankhondo Lankhondo ndi Misonkhano Yaku Geneva imaphwanyidwa pafupipafupi ku Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria ndi Yemen.

Chachitatu, musalole kuti nzeru zoyipa zilepheretse gulu lankhondo. Zachidziwikire, asitikali anena kuti samadziwa kuti luntha ndi loipa, koma wina ayenera kukayikira chifukwa chake. "Tidaganiza kuti ku Iraq kuli zida zakuwononga anthu ambiri - - sikunali nzeru zoyipa koma kupangika kwanzeru kwa akatswiri kuti athandizire chilichonse chomwe cholinga chake chinali.

Kusanyalanyaza maphunziro aku Somalia kwadzetsa malingaliro, ndipo zowonadi zankhondo yaku US kuti ntchito zankhondo sizikhala ndi zotsatirapo zalamulo. Ku Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria ndi Yemen magulu a anthu wamba amenyedwa ndikuphedwa popanda chilango ndipo atsogoleri oyang'anira asitikali amafufuza ngati ntchitozo zikutsatira malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi. Chodabwitsa ndichakuti, zikuwoneka ngati zotayika kwa omwe amapanga mfundo zazikuluzikulu zakuti kusowa koyankha kwa asitikali aku US kumayika asitikali aku US ndi malo aku US monga ma Embass a US pamipando ya omwe akufuna kubwezeredwa chifukwa cha ntchitoyi.

Za Wolemba: Ann Wright adagwira zaka 29 ku US Army / Army Reserves ndikupuma pantchito ngati Colonel. Anali kazembe waku US ku Nicaragua, Grenada, Somalia, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Sierra Leone, Micronesia, Afghanistan ndi Mongolia. Anasiya boma la US mu Marichi 2003 motsutsana ndi nkhondo yaku Iraq. Ndiye wolemba mnzake wa "Wosatsutsa: Mawu a Chikumbumtima."