Kodi Mamiliyoni Ambiri Aphedwa Bwanji M'madera a America-Post 9 / 11 Nkhondo? Gawo 3: Libya, Syria, Somalia ndi Yemen

Gawo lachitatu ndi lomalizira la mndandanda wake, Nicolas JS Davies akufufuza za imfa ya maiko a ku United States ndi nkhondo zowonjezereka ku Libya, Syria, Somalia ndi Yemen ndipo akutsindika kufunika kwa maphunziro a nkhondo zakufa kwa nkhondo.

Ndi Nicolas JS Davies, April 25, 2108, Nkhani za Consortium.

Mu magawo awiri oyambirira a lipoti ili, ine ndayesa izo pafupi Anthu a 2.4 miliyoni aphedwa chifukwa cha nkhondo ya ku United States ya Iraq, pomwe pafupi Anthu okwana 1.2 aphedwa ku Afghanistan ndi Pakistan chifukwa cha nkhondo motsogozedwa ndi US ku Afghanistan. Mu gawo lachitatu komanso lomaliza la lipotili, ndiganiza kuti ndi anthu angati omwe aphedwa chifukwa chazankhondo zaku US ndi CIA ku Libya, Syria, Somalia ndi Yemen.

M'mayiko omwe US ​​awononga ndi kuwonongeka kuchokera ku 2001, Iraq yekha ndi imene yakhala yakuphunzira za "kufala" kwaumunthu zomwe zingathe kuwonetsa imfa zina zosatchulidwa. Kafukufuku wa "chiopsezo" waumunthu ndi umodzi womwe "amayesetsa" kufufuza mabanja kuti apeze imfa zomwe sizinanenedwepo ndi malipoti kapena zofalitsa zina.

Maphunzirowa amapezeka kawirikawiri ndi anthu omwe amagwira ntchito yathanzi, monga Les Roberts ku University University, Gilbert Burnham ku Johns Hopkins ndi Riyadh Lafta ku University of Mustansiriya ku Baghdad, omwe analemba 2006 Lancet phunziro za kufa kwa nkhondo ku Iraq. Poteteza maphunziro awo ku Iraq ndi zotsatira zawo, adatsimikiza kuti magulu awo owunikira ku Iraq anali odziyimira pawokha pakulamulira boma ndipo izi ndizofunikira pakuwunika kwamaphunziro awo komanso kufunitsitsa kwa anthu aku Iraq kuti alankhule nawo moona mtima.

Maiko ambiri omwe amamenyana ndi nkhondo (monga Angola, Bosnia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Guatemala, Iraq, Kosovo, Rwanda, Sudan ndi Uganda) awonetsa kuchuluka kwa imfa zomwe zilipo 5 kwa nthawi 20 zomwe zinavumbulutsidwa kale ndi "malipoti" okhudzana ndi malipoti, zolemba zachipatala ndi / kapena kufufuza kwa ufulu waumunthu.

Pomwe palibe maphunziro ochuluka ku Afghanistan, Pakistan, Libya, Siriya, Somalia ndi Yemen, ndayesa ndondomeko zopanda malire za imfa ya nkhondo ndikuyesa kufufuza kuti malire enieni omwe amafa ali ndi zifukwa zotani zomwe amawerengedwa ndi njira zomwe ali nazo amagwiritsidwa ntchito, pogwiritsa ntchito mafananidwe a imfa enieni ku imfa zomwe zimapezeka m'malo ena akumenyana.

Ndangoganiza zaimfa zachiwawa. Palibe zomwe ndimaganiza kuti zimaphatikizirapo zakufa chifukwa cha nkhondoyi, monga kuwonongeka kwa zipatala ndi machitidwe azaumoyo, kufalikira kwa matenda omwe angatetezedwe komanso zovuta za kuperewera kwa zakudya m'thupi komanso kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, zomwe zidalinso zothandiza m'maiko onsewa.

Kwa Iraq, chiwerengero changa chomaliza anthu pafupifupi 2.4 anaphedwa zinali zovomerezeka povomereza mawerengedwe a 2006 Lancet phunziro ndi 2007 Mafukufuku Opanga Mafukufuku Ofufuza (ORB), zomwe zinali zogwirizana ndi wina ndi mzake, ndiyeno kugwiritsa ntchito chiŵerengero chofanana cha kufa kwa enieni ku imfa zakufa (11.5: 1) pakati pa Lancet kuphunzira ndi Ziwerengero za Thupi la Iraq (IBC) mu 2006 ku IBC yawerengera zaka kuchokera 2007.

Kwa Afghanistan, ndinayesa zimenezo Afghani a 875,000 aphedwa. Ndinafotokozera kuti malipoti apachaka okhudza zovulala wamba omwe a UN Assistance Mission ku Afghanistan (UNAMA) zimangotengera kafukufuku amene anamaliza ndi Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission (AIHRC), ndikuti mosadziwa amapatula malipoti ambiri akumwalira kwa anthu wamba omwe AIHRC sanafufuze kapena sanamalize kufufuza kwawo. Malipoti a UNAMA amakhalanso opanda lipoti konse kuchokera kumadera ambiri mdzikolo komwe Taliban ndi magulu ena ankhondo aku Afghanistan akugwira ntchito, ndipo pomwe ndege zambiri kapena zambiri zaku US zikuwukira usiku.

Ndinazindikira kuti bungwe la UNAMA likunena za kuphedwa kwa anthu ku Afghanistan likuwoneka kuti silokwanira ngati malipoti opitirira malire omwe amapezeka kumapeto kwa nkhondo ya Guatemala Civil, pamene bungwe la Historical Verification Commission lomwe linalimbikitsidwa ndi bungwe la United Nations linawulula nthawi zambiri za imfa za 20 kuposa zomwe zinalembedwa kale.

Kwa Pakistan, ndinayesa zimenezo Anthu a 325,000 adaphedwa. Izi zidatengera kuyerekezera kwakufa kwa omenyera nkhondo, ndikugwiritsa ntchito kuchuluka komwe kunapezeka munkhondo zam'mbuyomu (12.5: 1) kuchuluka kwa anthu wamba omwe amafa ndi South Asia Terrorism Portal (SATP) Ku India.

Kuwerengera Imfa ku Libya, Syria, Somalia ndi Yemen

Gawo lachitatu ndi lomalizira la lipoti ili, ine ndiyesa kuwerengera imfa yomwe inayambitsidwa ndi nkhondo za US ku United States ku Libya, Syria, Somalia ndi Yemen.

Akuluakulu akuluakulu a usilikali a US adayamika Chiphunzitso cha US cha nkhondo yowonjezera ndi yowonjezera omwe adapeza maluwa onse pansi pa Obama udindo monga "Atasokonezeka, ali chete, osasamala" kuyandikira kunkhondo, ndipo ndazindikira kukula kwa chiphunzitsochi kubwerera kunkhondo zaku US ku Central America mzaka za m'ma 1980. Pomwe US Kulembera, kuphunzitsa, kulamulira ndi kulamulira anthu ophedwa ku Iraq adatchedwa "Njira ya Salvador," Njira za US ku Libya, Syria, Somalia ndi Yemen zatsatira chitsanzo ichi mofanana.

Nkhondo izi zakhala zoopsa kwa anthu a maiko onsewa, koma ma US "osokonezeka, opanda mtendere, osayanjanitsa" akuyandikira kwa iwo akhala opambana kwambiri m'mawu omwe anthu ambiri a ku America amadziwa pang'ono za udindo wa US mu chiwawa chosasokonekera komanso chisokonezo chomwe chawachititsa.

Zomwe anthu amadziwika kuti msilikali wosavomerezeka koma wophiphiritsira umachitika ku Syria pa April 14, 2018 imakhala yosiyana kwambiri ndi ndondomeko ya mabomba omwe amatsogoleredwa ndi US, omwe akusowa mtendere, osasokoneza, omwe alibe mauthenga omwe awononga Raqqa, Mosul ndi ena ambiri a Siriya Mizinda ya Iraq ndi zoposa mabomba a 100,000 ndi misomali kuyambira 2014.

Anthu aku Mosul, Raqqa, Kobane, Sirte, Fallujah, Ramadi, Tawergha ndi Deir Ez-Zor amwalira ngati mitengo yomwe ikugwa m'nkhalango momwe munalibe atolankhani aku Western kapena gulu la TV kuti alembe kuphedwa kwawo. Monga Harold Pinter adafunsa za milandu yankhondo yaku US yomwe idachitika kale Chiyankhulo cha 2005 chovomereza Nobel,

“Kodi zinachitika? Ndipo kodi nthawi zonse amakhala chifukwa cha mfundo zakunja kwa US? Yankho ndi inde, zidachitikadi, ndipo nthawi zonse zimachitika chifukwa cha mfundo zakunja zaku America. Koma simukadadziwa. Sizinachitike. Palibe chomwe chidachitika. Ngakhale pomwe zimachitika, sizimachitika. Zinalibe kanthu. Sanasangalale nazo. ”

Kuti mudziwe tsatanetsatane wa ntchito yovuta yomwe US ​​idachita pa nkhondoyi, chonde werengani nkhani yanga, "Kulimbana Nkhondo Zambiri," inasindikizidwa mu January 2018.

Libya

Chilungamo chokha chovomerezeka kwa NATO ndi mfumu yake yachiarabu chikugwirizana osachepera mabomba a 7,700 ndi misomali ku Libya ndi anawukantha ndi ntchito yapadera kuyambira mu February 2011 anali UN Security Council inakonza 1973, yomwe inavomereza kuti "zofunikira zonse" zowonjezera cholinga cha kuteteza anthu ku Libya.

Koma nkhondoyo idapha anthu wamba ochulukirapo kuposa kuyerekezera kulikonse kwa chiwerengerochi omwe adaphedwa pakupanduka koyamba mu February ndi Marichi 2011, komwe kumachokera ku 1,000 (kuyerekezera kwa UN) mpaka 6,000 (malinga ndi Libyan Human Rights League). Chifukwa chake nkhondoyo yalephera momveka bwino, cholinga chololedwa, kuteteza anthu wamba, monga momwe idakwanitsira yosiyana ndi yosaloledwa: kugwetsedwa kosavomerezeka kwa boma la Libya.

Chisankho cha SC mu 1973 chidaletsa "kulanda anthu akunja kwamtundu uliwonse kudera lililonse la Libyan." Koma NATO ndi anzawo adayambitsa Kugonjetsedwa kwa Libya ndi zikwi zikwi za Qatari ndi magulu apadera apadera a ku Western, omwe adakonza zoti opandukawo apite patsogolo kudutsa dziko lonse lapansi, adakalipira msilikali ku boma ndipo adayambitsa nkhondo yomaliza ku likulu la asilikali a Bab al-Aziziya ku Tripoli.

Qatari Chief of Staff Major General Hamad bin Ali al-Atiya, adauza AFP kuti,

"Tidali pakati pawo ndipo kuchuluka kwa a Qatar omwe anali pansi anali mazana m'chigawo chilichonse. Maphunziro ndi kulumikizana anali mmanja a Qatari. Qatar… inayang'anira mapulani a zigawengazo chifukwa ndi anthu wamba ndipo sanadziwe zambiri zankhondo. Tidali ngati mgwirizano pakati pa zigawengazo ndi gulu lankhondo la NATO. ”

Pali malipoti odalirika omwe msilikali wa chitetezo wa ku France Mtsogoleri wa dziko la Libya, Muammar Gaddafi, atagwidwa, kuzunzidwa komanso kutsekedwa ndi mpeni ndi "akapolo a NATO".

Pulezidenti Kufunsa Komiti Yachilendo ku UK mu 2016 adanena kuti "thandizo lochepa loti liziteteze anthu aumphawi linayamba kukhazikitsa ndondomeko yothetsera kusintha kwa boma ndi njira zankhondo," zomwe zimapangitsa, "kuwonongeka kwa ndale ndi zachuma, nkhondo zapakati pa milandu komanso zapakati, mafuko, Kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu, kufalikira kwa zida za boma la Gaddafi kudera lonselo ndi kukula kwa Isil [State Islamic] kumpoto kwa Africa. "

Malipoti Osautsa Ambiri Akufa ku Libya

Boma la Libya litagonjetsedwa, atolankhani adayesa kufunsa za nkhani yovuta yakufa kwa anthu wamba, yomwe inali yofunika kwambiri pazomveka zandale komanso zandale zankhondo. Koma National Transitional Council (NTC), boma latsopano losakhazikika lomwe linapangidwa ndi andende komanso zigawenga zomwe zidathandizidwa kumadzulo, lidasiya kupereka ziwerengero zakuwononga anthu ndikulamula ogwira ntchito kuchipatala. osati kumasula mfundo kwa olemba nkhani.

Mulimonsemo, monga ku Iraq ndi Afghanistan, ziphuphu zinasefukira panthawi ya nkhondo ndipo anthu ambiri amaika okondedwa awo kumbuyo kwawo kapena kulikonse kumene angathe, popanda kuwapititsa kuchipatala.

Mtsogoleri woukira boma ananena mu August 2011 kuti Anthu a ku 50,000 a ku Liberia anali ataphedwa. Kenako, pa Seputembara 8th 2011, Naji Barakat, nduna yatsopano yazachipatala ya NTC, idatulutsa chikalatacho Anthu a 30,000 adaphedwa ndipo ena 4,000 adasowa, kutengera kafukufuku wazipatala, akuluakulu am'deralo komanso oyang'anira zigawenga mdziko lonse lomwe NTC panthawiyo inali kulamulira. Anatinso kuti zitha kutenga milungu ingapo kuti amalize kafukufukuyu, chifukwa chake amayembekeza kuti chiwerengero chomaliza chidzakhala chapamwamba.

Mawu a Barakat sanaphatikizepo kuchuluka kwa anthu omwalira pankhondo komanso anthu wamba. Koma adati pafupifupi theka la anthu 30,000 omwe adamwalira anali asitikali omvera boma, kuphatikiza mamembala 9,000 a Khamis Brigade, motsogozedwa ndi mwana wa Gaddafi Khamis. Barakat adapempha anthu kuti anene zakufa m'mabanja mwawo komanso zambiri za omwe adasowa atabwera kumasikiti kukapemphera Lachisanu. Chiyerekezo cha NTC cha anthu 30,000 omwe adaphedwa chikuwoneka kuti chimakhala ndi omenyera mbali zonse ziwiri.

Kufufuza kwakukulu kwambiri kwa imfa ya nkhondo kuyambira kumapeto kwa nkhondo ya 2011 ku Libya kunali "maphunziro okhudza magulu a anthu" "Kusamvana kwa nkhondo ku Liberia 2011: Kufa, Kuvulaza ndi Kusamuka kwa Anthu."  Ilo linalembedwa ndi aphunzitsi atatu a zachipatala a Tripoli, ndipo anafalitsidwa mu African Journal of Emergency Medicine mu 2015.

Olembawo adatenga zolemba zakufa kunkhondo, kuvulala ndi kusamuka komwe adatolera ndi Unduna wa Zanyumba ndi Mapulani, ndipo adatumiza magulu kuti akachite zokambirana pamasom'pamaso ndi membala wabanja lililonse kuti atsimikizire kuchuluka kwa anthu apabanja lawo omwe adaphedwa, kuvulala kuthawa. Sanayese kusiyanitsa kupha anthu wamba ndi kufa kwa omenyera nkhondo.

Komanso sanayesetse kufotokozera kufa kwa anthu omwe sanatchulepo kale kudzera mu njira ya "kafukufuku wa masamu" Lancet phunziro ku Iraq. Koma kafukufuku Wankhondo Yaku Libya ndi mbiri yonse yomaliza ya anthu omwe adamwalira pankhondo ku Libya mpaka February 2012, ndipo idatsimikizira kufa kwa anthu osachepera 21,490.

Mu 2014, chisokonezo chopitirirabe ndi nkhondo zankhondo ku Liberia chinayambanso kupita ku zomwe Wikipedia ikuyitanitsa yachiwiri nkhondo ya anthu a ku Libyan.  Gulu lotchedwa Kuwerengera Thupi la Libya (LBC) adayamba kufotokoza za kuphedwa kwa chiwawa ku Libya, pogwiritsa ntchito mauthenga a pa TV, pachitsanzo Ziwerengero za Thupi la Iraq (IBC). Koma LBC idachita izi kwa zaka zitatu, kuyambira Januware 2014 mpaka Disembala 2016. Idalemba anthu 2,825 mu 2014, 1,523 mu 2015 ndi 1,523 mu 2016. (Tsamba la LBC lati zinali zongochitika mwangozi kuti chiwerengerocho chinali chofanana mu 2015 ndi 2016 .)

UK-based Malo Omenyana ndi Malo Achidwi (ACLED) Ntchitoyi yasunganso kuchuluka kwa anthu achiwawa ku Libya. ACLED imawerengetsa kufa kwa 4,062 mu 2014-6, poyerekeza ndi 5,871 yowerengeka ndi Libya Body Count. Kwa nthawi zotsala pakati pa Marichi 2012 ndi Marichi 2018 zomwe LBC sinalembere, ACLED yawerengera kufa kwa 1,874.

Ngati LBC inali itatha zaka zonse kuyambira March 2012, ndipo idapeza nambala yochuluka kwambiri kuposa ACLED monga momwe inachitira 2014-6, zikanakhala kuti anthu a 8,580 anaphedwa.

Kuwerengera Kuti Anthu Ambiri Aphedwadi ku Libya

Kuphatikiza ziwerengero za Kusamvana kwa nkhondo ku Liberia 2011 phunziro ndi chiwerengero chathu chophatikizidwa, chochokera Libya Counsel Counselt ndi IZI amapereka chiwerengero cha 30,070 mopanda kufotokoza imfa kuyambira February 2011.

Kuphunzira kwa nkhondo za ku Libya (LAC) kunakhazikitsidwa m'mabuku olembedwa m'dziko lomwe silinakhale ndi boma lokhazikika, lazaka za 4, pamene Libya Body Count inali khama lachidule kuti lizitsatira Iraq Body Count yomwe idayesa kutulutsa ukonde wochuluka mwa kusadalira kokha pazinthu zofalitsa nkhani za Chingerezi.

Ku Iraq, chiwerengero pakati pa 2006 Lancet Kuwerenga ndi kuwerengera kwa thupi la Iraq kunali kwakukulu chifukwa IBC inali kuwerengera anthu, pamene Lancet Kafukufuku akuwerengera omenyera nkhondo aku Iraq komanso anthu wamba. Mosiyana ndi Kuwerengera kwa Thupi ku Iraq, magwero athu onse ku Libya amawerengera anthu wamba komanso omenyera nkhondo. Kutengera malongosoledwe amtundu umodzi wazomwe zachitika mu Libya Mndandanda wa mabanki, chiwerengero cha LBC chikuwoneka kuti chikuphatikizapo pafupifupi theka omenyana ndi theka lachikunja.

Nthawi zambiri asilikali ophedwa amadziwika bwino kwambiri kuposa anthu omwe si asilikali, ndipo magulu ankhondo amachititsa chidwi kwambiri kuti aone ngati adani awo akuphedwa komanso kuti adziŵe okha. Chosiyana ndi anthu omwe amaphedwa, omwe nthawi zonse amakhala umboni wa milandu ya nkhondo yomwe mphamvu zomwe zimawapha zimakhala ndi chidwi choletsa kupondereza.

Choncho, ku Afghanistan ndi ku Pakistan, ndinkamenyana ndi ankhondo ndi anthu wamba, ndikugwiritsa ntchito zofanana pakati pa maphunziro ndi kupha anthu okhaokha, pomwe ndikuvomereza kuti anthu omwe amamenyana nawo amamwalira ngati akuuzidwa mopanda umboni.

Koma asilikali omwe akulimbana ku Libya si gulu lankhondo ladziko lomwe lili ndi mayendedwe okhwima komanso bungwe la bungwe lomwe limapereka chidziŵitso cholondola cha kuphedwa kwa asilikali m'mayiko ena ndi mikangano, kotero kuti imfa zonse zaumphawi ndi zowonongeka zikuwoneka kuti ndizochepa kwambiri magwero akulu, a Mliri wa nkhondo wa Libya kuphunzira ndi Libya. M'malo mwake, kuyerekezera kwa National Transitional Council (NTC) kuyambira Ogasiti ndi Seputembara 2011 mwa anthu 30,000 omwe adamwalira kale anali okwera kwambiri kuposa kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe adamwalira pankhondo ya LAC.

Pamene 2006 Lancet Kafukufuku wakufa ku Iraq adasindikizidwa, zidawulula kakhumi ndi kanayi chiwerengero cha omwalira akuwerengedwa m'ndandanda wa anthu omwe amwalira ku Iraq. Koma IBC pambuyo pake idapeza anthu ambiri akumwalira kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka pakati pa Lancet kulingalira kwa phunziro ndi IBC yowonjezeredwa ku 11.5: 1.

Kuphatikizidwa kwathunthu kuchokera ku maphunziro a Armed Conflict 2011 ndi kuwerengera ku Libya kumawoneka ngati chiwerengero chachikulu cha imfa zakupha onse kuposa ku Iraq Body Count kuwerengera ku Iraq, makamaka chifukwa LAC ndi LBC onse amawerengera nkhondo ndi anthu, komanso chifukwa Libya Body Kuwerengedwa kwaphatikizapo imfa kumalankhulidwa muzofalitsa zachiarabu, pamene IBC imadalira pafupifupi kwathunthu Nkhani za Chingerezi zimachokera ndipo kawirikawiri amafunika "zosachepera ziwiri zosungira deta zenizeni" musanalembetse imfa iliyonse.

M'mikangano ina, kufotokozera mwachisawawa sikunapambane konse kuwerengera zopitilira zisanu mwa imfa zomwe zapezeka ndi maphunziro athunthu, okangalika. Poganizira zonsezi, chiwerengero chenicheni cha anthu omwe adaphedwa ku Libya chikuwoneka kuti chikuwoneka kuti chikuwonjezeka pakati pa kasanu ndi kakhumi ndi kawiri kuchuluka komwe kumawerengedwa ndi kafukufuku wa Libya Armed Conflict 2011, Libya Body Count ndi ACLED.

Chifukwa chake ndikuganiza kuti anthu aku Libya aku 250,000 aphedwa pankhondo, ziwawa komanso zipolowe zomwe US ​​ndi anzawo adayambitsa ku Libya mu February 2011, zomwe zikupitilira mpaka pano. Kutenga 5: 1 ndi 12: 1 magawanidwe omwe amangowerengera zakufa ngati malire akunja, anthu ochepa omwe aphedwa angakhale 150,000 ndipo ochulukirapo adzakhala 360,000.

Syria

The "Atasokonezeka, ali chete, osasamala" Udindo wa US ku Siriya unayamba kumapeto kwa 2011 ndi ntchito ya CIA kuti ipite alendo achilendo ndi zida kupyolera mu Turkey ndi Yordani kupita ku Suriya, kugwira ntchito ndi Qatar ndi Saudi Arabia kuti zikhazikitse nkhondo yomwe inayamba ndi mtendere wa Arab Spring kumenyana ndi boma la Syria la Baathist.

Ambiri omwe amatsalira ndi a Democratic Republic of Syria kuwonetsa chisankho chosagonjetsa ku Syria mu 2011 kunatsutsana kwambiri ndi mayiko ena achilendo kuti athetse nkhondo yapachiweniweni, ndipo anapereka mawu amphamvu otsutsana ndi nkhanza, magulu achipembedzo ndi mayiko ena.

Koma ngakhale momwe kafukufuku wogwirizana ndi maganizo a December 2011 Qatari anapeza zimenezo 55% ya Asuri anathandiza boma lawo, a US ndi mabungwe ake adadzipereka kuti asinthe njira yawo ya kusintha kwa boma la Syria ku Syria, podziwa bwino kuyambira pachiyambi kuti nkhondoyi idzakhala yotentha kwambiri komanso yowonongeka kwambiri.

CIA ndi azimayi ake achiarabu omwe amalamulira mafumu amtunduwu adatsirizika zikwi zikwi za zida ndi masauzande akunja olumikizidwa ndi Al-Qaeda olowa ku Syria. Zida zidabwera koyamba kuchokera ku Libya, kenako ku Croatia ndi ku Balkan. Anaphatikizaponso oyendetsa ndege, zida zoponya mivi ndi zida zina zolemera, mfuti zankhondo, mfuti zoponya ma rocket, matope ndi zida zazing'ono, ndipo US pomaliza pake idapereka mivi yankhondo yolimbana ndi akasinja.

Panthawiyi, m'malo mochita zinthu mogwirizana ndi zomwe a UN achita pomanga mtendere ku Syria ku 2012, a US ndi ogwirizanitsa awo anagwira zitatu "Anzanga a Syria" misonkhano, kumene adayendetsa "Mapulani a B" awo okha, akulonjeza chithandizo chochulukirapo kwa opanduka omwe akulamuliridwa ndi Al-Qaeda.  Kofi Annan asiya udindo wake wosayamika Pulezidenti wa boma, Clinton ndi alangizi ake a ku Britain, French ndi Saudi, adasokoneza cholinga chake cha mtendere.

Ena onse, monga akunenera, ndi mbiri, mbiri ya ziwawa zomwe zikuwonjezeka ku US, UK, France, Russia, Iran ndi oyandikana nawo onse aku Syria kulowa mumtsinje wamagazi. Monga a Phyllis Bennis a Institute for Policy Study awona, mphamvu zakunja zonsezi zakonzeka kumenya nkhondo ku Syria "mpaka ku Syria wotsiriza. "

Pulezidenti Obama adagonjetsa dziko la Islamic mu 2014 ndi ntchito yowomba mabomba kuyambira nkhondo ya US ku Vietnam, akugwetsa zoposa mabomba a 100,000 ndi misomali pa Syria ndi Iraq. A Patrick Cockburn, mtolankhani wakale waku Middle East ku UK Independent nyuzipepala, posachedwapa anapita ku Raqqa, omwe kale anali mzinda waukulu wa 6th ku Syria, ndipo analemba kuti, "Chiwonongeko chiri chonse."

Cockburn analemba kuti: "Mizinda ina ya ku Syria yophulitsidwa ndi bomba kapena zipolopolo mpaka poiwalika pali chigawo chimodzi chomwe chapulumuka." "Izi zili choncho ngakhale ku Mosul ku Iraq, ngakhale zambiri zidasandutsidwa zinyalala. Koma ku Raqqa kuwonongeka komanso kufooketsedwa kukufalikira. China chake chikamagwira ntchito, monga raba imodzi yokha, ndiyo yokha yomwe imagwira ntchito mumzinda, anthu amadabwa. ”

Kuyesa Imfa Yachiwawa ku Syria

Kuwerengera kulikonse kwa anthu pa chiwerengero cha anthu omwe anaphedwa ku Syria chimene ndachipeza chimabwera mwachindunji kapena mwachindunji kuchokera kwa Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), Woyendetsedwa ndi Rami Abdulrahman ku Coventry ku UK Ndi mkaidi wakale wandale wochokera ku Syria, ndipo amagwira ntchito ndi othandizira anayi ku Syria omwe nawonso amakoka gulu la anthu pafupifupi 230 olimbana ndi boma mdziko lonselo. Ntchito yake imalandira ndalama kuchokera ku European Union, komanso akuti ena ku boma la UK.

Wikipedia imatchula Suriya Center for Policy Research ngati gwero lina lokhala ndi chiwonetsero chazambiri zakufa, koma izi zikuyerekeza ndi ziwerengero za SOHR. Ziwerengero zochepa za UN zikuwoneka kuti zikuzikidwiranso makamaka pa malipoti a SOHR.

SOHR yadzudzulidwa chifukwa chotsutsa mopanda manyazi, zomwe zimapangitsa ena kukayikira kutsata kwake. Zikuwoneka kuti zakhala zikuwerengetsa anthu wamba omwe aphedwa ndi ndege zaku US, koma izi zitha kuchitikanso chifukwa chovuta komanso kuwopsa kopereka malipoti kuchokera kumadera omwe ali ndi IS, monga momwe zakhalira ku Iraq.

SOHR ivomereza kuti kuchuluka kwake sikungakhale kuwerengera kwathunthu kwa anthu onse omwe adaphedwa ku Syria. Mu lipoti lake laposachedwa mu Marichi 2018, idawonjezerapo 100,000 pamalipiro ake kuti alipire zomwe sananene, ena 45,000 kuwerengera akaidi omwe aphedwa kapena asowa m'manja mwa boma ndipo 12,000 ya anthu omwe aphedwa, asowa kapena akusowa mu Islamic State kapena zigawenga zina. .

Kusiya kusintha kumeneku, Lipoti la March 2018 la SOHR imalemba zakufa kwa asitikali ndi anthu wamba a 353,935 ku Syria. Chiwerengerochi chili ndi anthu wamba 106,390; Asitikali a Suriya 63,820; Mamembala 58,130 a magulu ankhondo omwe amathandizira boma (kuphatikiza 1,630 ochokera ku Hezbollah ndi alendo ena 7,686); 63,360 State Islamic, Jabhat Fateh al-Sham (kale Jabhat al-Nusra) ndi ma jihadis ena achi Islam; 62,039 ena omenyera boma; ndi matupi 196 osadziwika.

Kuphwanya izi kukhala anthu wamba komanso omenyana, omwe ndi azisamba za 106,488 ndi asilikali a 247,447 omwe anaphedwa (ndi matupi osadziwika a 196 anagawa mofanana), kuphatikizapo asilikali a 63,820 Syrian Army.

Kuwerengera kwa SOHR sifukufuku wowerengera monga momwe 2006 Lancet phunziro ku Iraq. Koma mosasamala kanthu za malingaliro ake opanduka, SOHR ikuwoneka kuti ndi imodzi mwazinthu zoyesayesa kwambiri "mopanda tanthauzo" kuwerengera akufa pankhondo yaposachedwa.

Monga mabungwe ankhondo m'maiko ena, Asitikali aku Syria mwina amakhala ndi ziwopsezo zankhondo zawo. Kupatula ovulala enieni ankhondo, zikadakhala kuti sizinachitikepo kuti SOHR iwerenge kuposa 20% za anthu ena omwe adaphedwa mu nkhondo ya a Siriya. Koma kufotokoza kwa SOHR kungakhale kokwanira monga kuyesera kulikonse kukawerengera akufa ndi "njira zopanda pake".

Kutenga ziwerengero zokhazokha za SOHR zakufa komwe sikunkhondo chifukwa 20% ya omwe adaphedwa atanthauza kuti anthu wamba 1.45 miliyoni komanso omenyera nkhondo aphedwa. Nditawonjezerapo asitikali aku Syria a 64,000 omwe aphedwa mpaka chiwerengerochi, ndikuganiza kuti pafupifupi anthu 1.5 miliyoni aphedwa ku Syria.

Ngati SOHR yakhala yopambana kuposa zoyesayesa zilizonse "zopanda pake" zowerengera anthu akufa pankhondo, ndipo yawerengetsa 25% kapena 30% ya anthu omwe adaphedwa, nambala yeniyeni yomwe idaphedwa ikhoza kukhala yochepera 1 miliyoni. Ngati sizinachite bwino monga zikuwonekera, ndipo kuchuluka kwake kuli pafupi ndi zomwe zakhala zikuchitika pankhondo zina, ndiye kuti anthu pafupifupi 2 miliyoni atha kuphedwa.

Somalia

Ambiri Ambiri akumbukira kulandidwa kwa US ku Somalia komwe kunatsogolera ku "Black Hawk Down" zomwe zinachitika komanso kutulutsidwa kwa asitikali aku US ku 1993. Koma anthu aku America ambiri sakumbukira, kapena mwina sanadziwepo, kuti US idapanga china "Atasokonezeka, ali chete, osasamala" kuloŵerera ku Somalia ku 2006, pochirikiza nkhondo ya Aitiopiya yomwe inagonjetsedwa.

Somalia potsiriza "idadzikoka yokha ndi bootstraps yake" pansi pa ulamuliro wa Islamic Courts Union (ICU), mgwirizano wamakhothi achikhalidwe akumaloko omwe adagwirizana kuti agwire ntchito limodzi kuti alamulire dziko. ICU idalumikizana ndi wankhondo ku Mogadishu ndipo idagonjetsa atsogoleri ena ankhondo omwe adalamulira ziphuphu zapadera kuyambira pomwe boma lalikulu lidagwa mu 1991. Anthu omwe amadziwa dzikolo adatamanda ICU ngati chitukuko chodalira mtendere ndi bata ku Somalia.

Koma potengera "nkhondo yolimbana ndi uchigawenga," boma la US lazindikira kuti Islamic Courts Union ndi mdani komanso woyenera kumenya nkhondo. US idagwirizana ndi Ethiopia, mdani wachikhalidwe waku Somalia (komanso dziko lachikhristu), ndikuchita mphepo yamkuntho ndi mphamvu yapadera ntchito kuthandizira Kugawidwa kwa Ethiopia ku Somalia kuchotsa ICU ku mphamvu. Monga m'mayiko ena US ndi ma proxies adabwera kuyambira 2001, zotsatira zake zinali kuchititsa Somalia kubwerera ku chiwawa ndi chisokonezo zomwe zikupitirira mpaka lero.

Kuwerengera Imfa ya ku Somalia

Zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu azimayi aziphedwa ku Somalia kuyambira ku United States komwe kunabwerera ku 2006 ku 20,171 (Pulogalamu ya Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP) - kudzera mu 2016) ndi 24,631 (Pulojekiti Yoyeserera Malo Osokoneza Bwino ndi Zochitika (ACLED)). Koma NGO yopambana mphotho yakomweko, a Msonkhano wa mtendere wa Elman ndi Ufulu wa Anthu Mogadishu, yomwe inkafa imfa ya 2007 ndi 2008, inawerengedwa kuti anthu ophedwa ndi 16,210 anafa zaka ziwiri zokha, nthawi 4.7 chiwerengero cha UCDP ndi 5.8 nthawi ya ACLED kwa zaka ziwirizi.

Ku Libya, Libya Body Count idangowerengera anthu 1.45 omwe amafa kuposa ACLED. Ku Somalia, Elman Peace adawerengera maulendo 5.8 kuposa ACLED - kusiyana pakati pa ziwirizi kunali kwakukulu kanayi. Izi zikusonyeza kuti kuwerengera kwa Elman Peace kunali kokwanira kuwirikiza kawiri kuchuluka kwa Libya Body Count, pomwe ACLED ikuwoneka kuti ili pafupifupi theka lothandiza kuwerengera anthu omwe amwalira ku Somalia monga ku Libya.

UCDP idakwanitsa kufa kuposa ACLED kuyambira 2006 mpaka 2012, pomwe ACLED idasindikiza manambala ochulukirapo kuposa UCDP kuyambira 2013. Wapakati pamilandu yawo iwiri imapereka anthu okwana 23,916 akumwalira mwachiwawa kuyambira Julayi 2006 mpaka 2017. Ngati Elman Peace akadapitilizabe kuwerengera nkhondo amafa ndipo adapitilizabe kupeza 5.25 (avareji ya 4.7 ndi 5.8) kuchuluka komwe kunapezeka ndi magulu owunikira padziko lonse lapansi, zikadakhala kuti zawerengera anthu pafupifupi 125,000 achiwawa kuyambira pomwe aku Ethiopia adathandizidwa ndi US ku Julayi 2006.

Koma pomwe Elman Peace adawerengetsa anthu ambiri akufa kuposa UCDP kapena ACLED, uku kudali kuwerengera chabe "kufa" kunkhondo ku Somalia. Kuti tiyerekeze kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe adamwalira pankhondo chifukwa chaku US kuti awononge boma latsopanoli la ICU ku Somalia, tiyenera kuchulukitsa ziwerengerozi ndi chiyerekezo chomwe chimagwera penapake pakati pa omwe amapezeka mumikangano ina, pakati pa 5: 1 ndi 20: 1.

Kugwiritsa ntchito chiŵerengero cha 5: 1 pakulingalira kwanga kwa zomwe Project Elman ikadatha kuwerengera pakadali pano kumabweretsa anthu 625,000. Kugwiritsa ntchito chiŵerengero cha 20: 1 poyerekeza ndi UCDP ndi ACLED kungapereke chiwerengero chotsika cha 480,000.

Ndizokayikitsa kuti Elman Project idali kuwerengera kuposa 20% ya omwe adamwalira ku Somalia. Kumbali inayi, UCDP ndi ACLED amangowerengera malipoti akumwalira ku Somalia kuchokera kumabwalo awo ku Sweden ndi UK, kutengera malipoti ofalitsidwa, mwina atha kuwerengera ochepera 5% ya omwe adamwalira.

Ngati ntchito ya Elman ikungotenga 15% ya onse omwe amwalira m'malo mwa 20%, zikadatanthauza kuti anthu 830,000 aphedwa kuyambira 2006. Ngati ziwerengero za UCDP ndi ACLED zagwira anthu opitilira 5%, chiwonkhetso chenicheni chikhoza kukhala chotsika kuposa 480,000. Koma izi zikutanthauza kuti Elman Project ikudziwitsa anthu zakufa zenizeni, zomwe sizingachitike pachithunzichi.

Choncho ndikuwona kuti chiŵerengero chenicheni cha anthu omwe anaphedwa ku Somalia kuyambira 2006 chiyenera kukhala pakati pa 500,000 ndi 850,000, ndipo mwachidziwikire ndi anthu ophedwa achiwawa a 650,000.

Yemen

US ndi gawo limodzi la mabungwe omwe akhala akuphulitsa bomba ku Yemen kuyambira 2015 poyesa kubwezeretsa Purezidenti wakale Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi. Hadi adasankhidwa mu 2012 pambuyo pa ziwonetsero zaku Arab Spring komanso ziwopsezo zankhondo zomwe zidakakamiza wolamulira mwankhanza wakale waku Yemen, Ali Abdullah Saleh, kuti atule pansi udindo mu Novembala 2011.

Ntchito ya Hadi inali kukhazikitsa malamulo atsopano ndikukonzekera chisankho chatsopano mkati mwa zaka ziwiri. Sanachite chilichonse cha izi, kotero gulu lamphamvu la Houthi lidalanda likulu mu Seputembara 2014, ndikuyika Hadi mndende ndikulamula kuti iye ndi boma lake akwaniritse zomwe akukwaniritsa ndikukonzekera chisankho chatsopano.

Zaidis ndi gulu lapadera lachi Shiite lomwe limapanga 45% ya anthu aku Yemen. Amamu ambiri adalamulira ambiri ku Yemen kwazaka zopitilira chikwi. Sunni ndi Zaidis akhala limodzi mwamtendere ku Yemen kwazaka zambiri, kukwatirana ndikofala ndipo amapemphera mzikiti womwewo.

Imam wotsiriza adagonjetsedwa pankhondo yapachiweniweni mzaka za m'ma 1960. Pa nkhondoyi, a Saudis adathandizira mafumu ambiri, pomwe Aigupto adalanda Yemen kuti athandizire asitikali aku Republican omwe pamapeto pake adapanga Yemen Arab Republic mu 1970.

Mu 2014, Hadi anakana kugwirizana ndi Houthis, ndipo inasiya mu January 2015. Anathawira ku Aden, kwawo, kenako ku Saudi Arabia, komwe kunayambitsa kampeni yophulitsa bomba yolipidwa ndi US komanso kumenya nkhondo yankhondo kuti amubwezeretse mphamvu.

Pomwe Saudi Arabia ikuyendetsa ndege zambiri, aku US agulitsa ndege zambiri, mabomba, mivi ndi zida zina zomwe akugwiritsa ntchito. UK ndiye wachiwiri kwa Saudis wogulitsa zida zazikulu. Popanda US satellite intelligence and air-refueling, Saudi Arabia sakanakhoza kuyendetsa ndege ku Yemen monga zikuchitira. Chifukwa chake kudulidwa kwa zida zaku US, kuwonjezerapo mpweya m'mlengalenga komanso kuthandizira maulamuliro zitha kukhala zotheka kuthetsa nkhondo.

Kuyesa Imfa Yachitatu ku Yemen

Kuwerengedwa kwa nkhondo za ku Yemen kunayambika chifukwa cha kafukufuku wokhazikika wa zipatala kumeneko ndi World Health Organization, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimatulutsidwa ndi UN Office Yothandizira Zowathandiza (UNOCHA). Chiwerengero chaposachedwa kwambiri, kuyambira Disembala 2017, ndikuti anthu 9,245 aphedwa, kuphatikiza nzika 5,558.

Koma lipoti la UNOCHA la December 2017 linaphatikizapo mawu akuti, "Chifukwa cha chiwerengero chachikulu cha zipatala zomwe sizigwira ntchito kapena kupindula pang'onopang'ono chifukwa cha mkangano, ziwerengerozi zimawerengedwa ndipo zikuoneka kuti zikukwera."

Ngakhale zipatala zikugwira ntchito bwino, anthu ambiri omwe amaphedwa pankhondo samapita kuchipatala. Zipatala zingapo ku Yemen zakanthidwa ndi kuwomba kwa ndege ku Saudi Arabia, pali chitetezo cham'madzi chomwe chimalepheretsa kulowetsa mankhwala kunja, komanso magetsi, madzi, chakudya ndi mafuta zonse zakhudzidwa ndi bomba komanso kutsekedwa. Chifukwa chake mafupikitsidwe a WHO akumwalira kuchokera kuzipatala mwina ndi gawo lochepa chabe la anthu enieni omwe aphedwa.

ACLED imanena kuti ndi wotsika pang'ono kuposa WHO: 7,846 mpaka kumapeto kwa 2017. Koma mosiyana ndi WHO, ACLED ili ndi data yaposachedwa ya 2018, ndipo imanenanso anthu ena 2,193 akumwalira kuyambira Januware. Ngati WHO ikupitilizabe kunena zakufa kwa 18% kuposa ACLED, kuchuluka kwa WHO mpaka pano kungakhale 11,833.

Ngakhale UNOCHA ndi WHO akuvomereza kuti anthu ambiri amafa chifukwa cha nkhondo ku Yemen, komanso kuchuluka pakati pa malipoti a WHO ndi omwe amafa akuwoneka kuti akupezeka kumapeto kwenikweni kwa nkhondo zina, zomwe zasintha pakati pa 5: 1 ndi 20: 1. Ndikuyerekeza kuti anthu pafupifupi 175,000 aphedwa - maulendo 15 kuchuluka komwe kunanenedwa ndi WHO ndi ACLED - osachepera 120,000 komanso 240,000.

Chowonadi Chaumunthu Chaumunthu cha Nkhondo za US

Palimodzi, m'magawo atatu a lipotili, ndazindikira kuti nkhondo zaku America pambuyo pa 9/11 zapha anthu pafupifupi 6 miliyoni. Mwina nambala yeniyeni ndi 5 miliyoni yokha. Kapena mwina ndi 7 miliyoni. Koma ndikutsimikiza kuti ndi mamiliyoni angapo.

Sikuti zikwi mazana zikwi zambiri, anthu ambiri omwe amadziwa bwino, amakhulupirira, chifukwa kulembedwa kwa "malipoti" sikungapangidwe ndi chiwerengero chochepa cha anthu omwe anaphedwa m'mayiko omwe akukhala ndi chiwawa komanso chisokonezo. dziko lathu laukali adawamasulira kuyambira 2001.

Malipoti ovomerezeka a Syrian Observatory for Human Rights Mwachidziwikire adatenga gawo lalikulu la imfa zakufa kusiyana ndi chiwerengero chochepa cha kufufuza komwe atsirizidwa kumene kunenedwa ngati chiwerengero cha kufa kwa a UN Assistance Mission ku Afghanistan. Koma zonsezi zimangoyimira pang'ono kufa.

Ndipo chiŵerengero chenicheni cha anthu omwe anaphedwa chiri ndithudi osati m'makumi masauzande, monga anthu ambiri mu US ndi ku UK akhala akukhulupirira, malingana ndi kafukufuku.

Tikufuna mwamsanga akatswiri a zaumoyo kuti azitha kufufuza zakufa m'mayiko onse omwe US ​​akulowa mu nkhondo kuyambira 2001, kotero kuti dziko lapansi likhoza kuyankha moyenera kuwonongeke kwenikweni kwa imfa ndi chiwonongeko nkhondo izi zachititsa.

Monga momwe Barbara Lee anachenjezera anzake asanapange voti yotsutsa mu 2001, "takhala oyipa omwe timadana nawo." Koma nkhondo izi sizinapite limodzi ndi magulu ankhondo owopsa (osati pano) kapena zolankhula zakugonjetsa dziko lapansi. M'malo mwake akhala olungamitsidwa pazandale "Nkhondo yeniyeni" kuti awononge adani komanso kupanga mavuto, ndiyeno nkulowa mu "Atasinthika, atsekemera, osasamala" njira, kubisa ndalama zawo m'magazi a anthu kuchokera ku America ndi dziko lonse lapansi.

Pambuyo pa zaka za 16 za nkhondo, pafupi ndi kufa kwa 6 milioni, mayiko a 6 anawonongeka ndipo zina zambiri zowonongeka, mofulumira kuti anthu a ku America azitsatira ndondomeko yeniyeni yaumunthu ya nkhondo yathu ndi momwe tachitira ndi kusocheretsa osamayang'ana maso - asanapite nthawi yaitali, kuwononga maiko ambiri, kupititsa patsogolo malamulo a malamulo apadziko lonse ndikupha anthu ambirimbiri.

As Hannah Arendt analemba in Chiyambi cha Totalitarianism, "Sitingakwanitsenso kutenga zabwino zomwe zidachitika m'mbuyomu ndikungozitcha cholowa chathu, kutaya zoyipa ndikungoganiza kuti ndi katundu wakufa womwe nthawi imadzayikiratu. Mtsinje wapansi panthaka wakumadzulo wafika pamapeto pake ndipo walanda ulemu pachikhalidwe chathu. Izi ndiye zenizeni zomwe tikukhala. ”

Nicolas JS Davies ndiye mlembi wa Magazi Pa Manja Athu: Kuthamangira ku America ndi Kuwonongedwa kwa Iraq. Iye adalembanso mutu wakuti "Obama ku Nkhondo" polemba Pulezidenti wa 44th: Khadi la Lipoti pa Nthawi Yoyamba ya Barack Obama monga Mtsogoleri Wopitiriza.