Wolemba Nicolas JS Davies, Ogasiti 12, 2020
Anthu aku America akuthana ndi zisankho zikubwera, mliri womwe wapha anthu opitilira 200,000, komanso atolankhani amakampani omwe mtundu wawo wabizinesi wasintha pakugulitsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya "Chiwonetsero cha Lipenga”Kwa otsatsa awo. Ndiye ndani ali ndi nthawi yosamala pa nkhondo yatsopano theka kuzungulira dziko lapansi? Koma ndikuchuluka kwadziko lapansi komwe kukuvutika ndi zaka 20 za Nkhondo zotsogozedwa ndi US komanso mavuto andale, othandizira komanso othawa kwawo, sitingakwanitse kusamala za kuuka kwatsopano kwa nkhondo pakati pa Armenia ndi Azerbaijan Chililabombwe-Karabakh.
Armenia ndi Azerbaijan adamenya a nkhondo yamagazi pa Nagorno-Karabakh kuyambira 1988 mpaka 1994, pomwe anthu osachepera 30,000 anali ataphedwa ndipo miliyoni kapena kuposerapo adathawa kapena kuthamangitsidwa m'nyumba zawo. Pofika 1994, asitikali aku Armenia anali atalanda Nagorno-Karabakh ndi zigawo zisanu ndi ziwiri zoyandikana, zonse zomwe zimadziwika padziko lonse lapansi ngati mbali za Azerbaijan. Koma tsopano nkhondo yayambanso, anthu mazana ambiri aphedwa, ndipo mbali zonse ziwiri zikuwombera zigawenga ndikuwopseza anthu wamba.
Chililabombwe-Karabakh lakhala dera la Armenia chifukwa cha mafuko awo kwazaka zambiri. Ufumu wa Perisiya utapereka gawo ili la Caucasus kupita ku Russia mu Pangano la Gulistan mu 1813, kalembera woyamba zaka khumi pambuyo pake adazindikira kuti anthu aku Nagorno-Karabakh ndi 91% Armenia. Lingaliro la USSR logawa Nagorno-Karabakh ku Azerbaijan SSR mu 1923, monga lingaliro lake loti Crimea iperekedwe ku SSR yaku Ukraine mu 1954, inali chisankho chazoyang'anira zomwe zotsatira zake zowopsa zidawonekera pomwe USSR idayamba kugawanika kumapeto kwa ma 1980.
Mu 1988, poyankha ziwonetsero zazikulu, nyumba yamalamulo ku Nagorno-Karabakh idavota ndi 110-17 kupempha kuti isamutsidwe kuchokera ku Azerbaijan SSR kupita ku Armenian SSR, koma boma la Soviet lidakana pempholi ndipo ziwawa zamitundu ina zidakulirakulira. Mu 1991, Nagorno-Karabakh ndi dera loyandikana nalo la Arhuman ku Shahumian, adachita referendum yodziyimira pawokha ndikulengeza ufulu ku Azerbaijan ngati Republic of Artsakh, ndi dzina lakale lachi Armenia. Nkhondo itatha mu 1994, Nagorno-Karabakh ndi madera ambiri ozungulira anali m'manja mwa Armenia, ndipo othawa kwawo mazana ambiri adathawa mbali zonse ziwiri.
Pakhala pali mikangano kuyambira 1994, koma mkangano womwe ulipo ndiwowopsa kwambiri komanso wakupha. Chiyambire 1992, zokambirana zamalamulo zothetsera kusamvana zakhala zikutsogoleredwa ndi "Gulu la Minsk, ”Lopangidwa ndi Organisation for Cooperation and Security in Europe (OSCE) motsogozedwa ndi United States, Russia ndi France. Mu 2007, Gulu la Minsk lidakumana ndi akuluakulu aku Armenia ndi Azerbaijan ku Madrid ndikupempha njira yothetsera ndale, yotchedwa Mfundo za Madrid.
Mfundo za Madrid zimabwezera zigawo zisanu mwa khumi ndi ziwiri za Shahumyan Chigawo kupita ku Azerbaijan, pomwe zigawo zisanu za Naborno-Karabakh ndi zigawo ziwiri pakati pa Nagorno-Karabakh ndi Armenia zidzavota pa referendum kuti isankhe tsogolo lawo, lomwe magulu onsewa adzipereka kuvomereza zotsatira za. Onse othawa kwawo adzakhala ndi ufulu wobwerera kunyumba zawo zakale.
Chodabwitsa ndichakuti, m'modzi wotsutsana kwambiri ndi Mfundo za Madrid ndi Komiti Yadziko Lonse yaku America yaku America (ANCA), gulu lochereza alendo okhala ku Armenia ku United States. Imachirikiza zonena za Armenia kudera lonse lomwe likutsutsana ndipo sakhulupirira kuti Azerbaijan angalemekeze zotsatira za referendum. Ikufunanso kuti boma la de facto la Republic of Artsakh liloledwe kulowa nawo zokambirana zapadziko lonse lapansi zamtsogolo, mwina lingaliro labwino.
Kumbali inayi, boma la Azerbaijan la Purezidenti Ilham Aliyev tsopano ali ndi chithandizo chonse ku Turkey pakufuna kwawo kuti asitikali onse aku Armenia achotse zida zawo kapena achoke kudera lomwe likutsutsana, lomwe mpaka pano ladziwika kuti ndi gawo la Azerbaijan. Dziko la Turkey lipereka ndalama kwa asitikali a jihadi ochokera kumpoto kwa Syria komwe akulanda dziko la Turkey kuti apite kukamenyera dziko la Azerbaijan, ndikukweza chidwi cha anthu ochita zachiwawa ku Sunni chomwe chikuwonjezera mkangano pakati pa akhristu achi Armenia komanso ambiri achi Shiite Muslim Azeris.
Pamaso pake, ngakhale ali ndi maudindo olimba, mkangano wankhanzawu uyenera kuthetsedwa pogawa madera omwe akukangana pakati pawo, monga momwe a Madrid Principles adayesera. Misonkhano ku Geneva ndipo tsopano ku Moscow zikuwoneka kuti ikupita patsogolo kuti nkhondo ithe komanso kukhazikitsanso zokambirana. Lachisanu pa Okutobala 9, onse awiri akutsutsana nduna zakunja adakumana koyamba ku Moscow, pamsonkhano wolamulidwa ndi Nduna Yowona Zakunja ku Russia a Sergei Lavrov, ndipo Loweruka adagwirizana zopereka kanthawi kochepa kuti achire matupi ndikusinthana akaidi.
Choopsa chachikulu ndichakuti Turkey, Russia, US kapena Iran akuyenera kuwona zina zachuma pakukula kapena kutenga nawo mbali pankhondoyi. Dziko la Azerbaijan lidayambitsa nkhanza zake mothandizidwa ndi Purezidenti Erdogan waku Turkey, yemwe akuwoneka kuti akuigwiritsa ntchito kuwonetsa mphamvu zomwe zakhazikitsidwa ku Turkey mderali ndikulimbikitsa malo ake pamikangano ndi mikangano yokhudza Syria, Libya, Cyprus, kufufuza mafuta ku Eastern Mediterranean ndi dera lonse. Ngati ndi choncho, izi zichitika kwa nthawi yayitali bwanji Erdogan asananene izi, ndipo kodi Turkey ingathetse zachiwawa zomwe zikuchitika, popeza zalephera zomvetsa chisoni ku Syria?
Russia ndi Iran zilibe phindu komanso chilichonse choti ataye pankhondo yomwe ikuchulukirachulukira pakati pa Armenia ndi Azerbaijan, ndipo onse akufuna mtendere. Prime Minister Wotchuka ku Armenia Nikol Pashinyan anayamba kulamulira Armenia itatha ya 2018 “Kusintha kwa Velvet”Ndipo watsatira ndondomeko yosagwirizana pakati pa Russia ndi West, ngakhale Armenia ndi gawo la Russia Mtengo wa CSTO mgwirizano wankhondo. Russia yadzipereka kuteteza Armenia ngati iukiridwa ndi Azerbaijan kapena Turkey, koma yanena kuti kudzipereka kumeneku sikupita ku Nagorno-Karabakh. Iran imagwirizananso kwambiri ndi Armenia kuposa Azerbaijan, koma tsopano ndi yayikulu Chiwerengero cha Azeri apita kumisewu kukathandizira Azerbaijan ndikutsutsa zomwe boma lawo likufuna ku Armenia.
Ponena za ntchito yowononga komanso yowononga yomwe United States imakonda kuchita ku Middle East, anthu aku America akuyenera kusamala ndi zoyesayesa zilizonse zaku US zogwiritsa ntchito nkhondoyi podzipangira US. Izi zitha kuphatikizira kuyambitsa mkangano kuti uwononge kukhulupirika kwa Armenia pamgwirizano wake ndi Russia, kuti Armenia ilumikizane kwambiri ndi Western, pro-NATO. Kapenanso US itha kukulitsa ndikugwiritsa ntchito zipolowe m'dera la Azeri ku Iran ngati gawo la "kupanikizika kwakukulu”Kampeni yolimbana ndi Iran.
Malingaliro aliwonse oti US ikugwiritsa ntchito kapena ikukonzekera kugwiritsa ntchito nkhondoyi pazolinga zake, aku America akuyenera kukumbukira anthu aku Armenia ndi Azerbaijan omwe miyoyo yawo ikukhala otaika kapena kuwonongedwa tsiku lililonse kuti nkhondoyi ikuchitika, ndipo iyenera kutsutsa ndikutsutsa kuyesayesa kulikonse kuti kutalike kapena kukulitsa ululu wawo ndi kuzunzika kwawo chifukwa chazachuma ku US.
M'malo mwake US iyenera kugwirira ntchito limodzi ndi anzawo mu Minsk Gulu la OSCE kuti athandizire kuyimitsa nkhondo ndi mtendere wokhalitsa komanso wolimba womwe umalemekeza ufulu wachibadwidwe komanso kudziyimira pawokha kwa anthu onse aku Armenia ndi Azerbaijan.
Nicolas JS Davies ndi mtolankhani wodziyimira payokha, wofufuza wa CODEPINK komanso wolemba wa Magazi Pa Manja Athu: Kuthamangira ku America ndi Kuwonongedwa kwa Iraq.
