Nazi Njira 12 Zakuukira kwa US Kwa Iraq Akukhala Pa Infamy

Wolemba a Medea Benjamin ndi Nicolas SJ Davies, Marichi 17, 2020

Momwe dziko lapansi ladzawonongedwa ndi mliri wowopsa wa coronavirus, pa Marichi 19 olamulira a Trump adzakhala akuwonetsa zaka 17 zakuukira kwa US ku Iraq ndi kukweza mikangano pamenepo. Pambuyo pa gulu lankhondo logwirizana ndi Iran lomwe akuti lidayendetsa gawo la US pafupi ndi Baghdad pa Marichi 11, gulu lankhondo ku US lidachita zakubwezera motsutsana ndi mafakitale omenyera zida za asitikali asanuwo ndikulengeza kuti likutumiza zonyamula ndege zina ziwiri kuderalo, komanso chida chatsopano cha Patriot machitidwe ndi mazana ankhondo kuwagwiritsa ntchito. Izi zikutsutsana ndi Voti ya Januwale ya Nyumba Yamalamulo yaku Iraq yomwe idapempha asitikali aku US kuti achoke mdzikolo. Zikutsutsana ndi malingaliro a anthu ambiri aku America, ndikuganiza nkhondo yaku Iraq sinali yoyenera kumenyera nkhondo, komanso motsutsana ndi lonjezo la kampeni la a Donald Trump lothetsa nkhondo zosatha.

Zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri zapitazo, asitikali ankhondo aku US adaukira ndikuwukira Iraq ndi mphamvu yopitilira Asilikali a 460,000 kuchokera ku ntchito zake zonse zankhondo, zothandizidwa ndi 46,000 uk Asitikali, 2,000 ochokera ku Australia ndi mazana angapo ochokera ku Poland, Spain, Portugal ndi Denmark. "Kugwedezeka ndi mantha" kwa ndege yowuluka 29,200 mabomba ndi zoponya pa Iraq mu masabata asanu oyamba a nkhondo.

Kuukira kwa US kunali upandu wachipongwe pansi malamulo apadziko lonse, ndipo adatsutsidwa ndi anthu komanso mayiko padziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikiza anthu miliyoni 30 omwe adapita m'misewu mmaiko 60 pa February 15, 2003, kuti anene motsimikiza kuti izi zitha kuchitika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 21 zino. Wolemba mbiri yakale waku America, Arthur Schlesinger Jr., yemwe anali wolankhulira Purezidenti John F. Kennedy, anayerekezera kuukira kwa US ku Iraq ndi chiwembu chofuna kupha anthu ku Japan ku Pearl Harbor mu 1941 ndipo analemba, "Lero, ndife anthu aku America omwe amakhala achinyengo."

Zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri pambuyo pake, zotsatirapo zakulowazi zakwaniritsa mantha a onse omwe amatsutsa. Nkhondo ndi zipolowe zimadzuka kudera lonselo, komanso magawano pa nkhondo ndi mtendere ku US ndi maiko aku Western azitsutsa mawonekedwe osankha bwino tokha monga magulu otukuka, otukuka. Nazi zifukwa 12 zoyipa kwambiri za nkhondo ya US ku Iraq.

1. Mamiliyoni aku Iraq Apha ndi Ophedwa

Akuyerekezera kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe anaphedwa pakulanda ndikugwira ntchito ku Iraq ndizosiyanasiyana, koma ndizovuta kwambiri ziwerengero kutengera kufotokozera kwapadera kaamba ka kufa kosatsimikizika kumwalira mazana mazana. Zachikulu maphunziro a sayansi Akuti pafupifupi 655,000 aku Iraq adamwalira zaka zitatu zankhondo, ndipo pafupifupi miliyoni pofika Seputembara 2007. Chiwawa cha kukwera kapena "opaleshoni" ku US chidapitilira mchaka cha 2008, ndipo nkhondo zapaderazi zidapitilira kuyambira 2009 mpaka 2014. Kenako mu kampeni yatsopano. motsutsana ndi Islamic State, US ndi ogwirizana nawo anaphwanya mizinda yayikulu ku Iraq ndi Syria ndi zoposa 118,000 mabomba komanso wolemera kwambiri zojambula pamanja kuyambira Nkhondo yaku Vietnam. Anachepetsa madera ambiri a Mosul ndi midzi ina yaku Iraq, ndipo lipoti lazamalamulo laku Iraq la Kurdish linapeza kuti kuposa Anthu a 40,000 adaphedwa ku Mosul yekha. Palibe kafukufuku wathunthu wokhudza kufa kwa gawo ili lankhondo lomwe langomaliza kumene. Kuphatikiza pa miyoyo yonse yotayika, anthu ochulukirapo avulala. Boma la Central Statistical Organisation ya Iraq likuti 2 miliyoni aku Iraq atasiyidwa olumala.

2. Mamiliyoni Ambiri aku Iraq Alandidwa

Podzafika 2007, UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) inanena kuti pafupifupi 2 miliyoni aku Iraq anali atathawa zachiwawa ndi zipolowe zomwe zidalowa mu Iraq, makamaka mpaka ku Jordan ndi Syria, pomwe ena 1.7 miliyoni adasiyidwa mdziko muno. Nkhondo yaku US ku Islamic State idadalira kwambiri kuphulitsa bomba ndi zida zojambula, ndikuwononga nyumba zowonjezera komanso kuthawa waku Iraq wodabwitsa mamiliyoni 6 kuyambira 2014 mpaka 2017. Malinga ndi UNHCR, Anthu 4.35 miliyoni abwerera kunyumba zawo momwe nkhondo ya IS yawonongekera, koma ambiri adakumana ndi "nyumba zowonongeka, malo owonongeka kapena osakhalapo komanso kusowa kwa mwayi wopeza ndalama ndi ndalama, zomwe nthawi zina [zidabweretsa] sekondale kuthawa. ” Ana aku Iraq omwe adasamukira kumayiko ena akuimira "m'badwo wodzazidwa ndi chiwawa, wopatsidwa maphunziro ndi mwayi," Malinga ndi Wothandizira wapadera wa UN Cecilia Jimenez-Damary.

3. Zikwi mazana a ku America, Briteni ndi Maiko Ena Osiyanasiyana Ophedwa ndi Owonongeka

Pamene asitikali aku US akuwazunza aku Iraq, iwo amalondola ndi kufalitsa ake omwe. Pofika pa february 2020, Asilikali a US XUMUMX ndipo 181 asitikali aku Britain adaphedwa ku Iraq, komanso ankhondo ena 142 akunja. Oposa 93 peresenti a asitikali akunja omwe anaphedwa ku Iraq ndi aku America. Ku Afghanistan, komwe US ​​idathandizira kwambiri kuchokera ku NATO ndi othandizira ena, ndi anthu makumi asanu ndi atatu okha mphambu makumi asanu ndi atatu pa zana omwe adaphedwa omwe ndi Achimereka. Gawo lalikulu la ovulala ku US ku Iraq ndi amodzi mwa mitengo yomwe Amereka adalipira chifukwa cha nkhondo zosavomerezeka, zovomerezeka za ku US. Podzafika nthawi yomwe US ​​ikamachokera ku Iraq mu 68, Asilikali a US XUMUMX anali atavulala. Monga US idayesera kuphatikiza ndi kusangalatsa ntchito yake, osachepera 917 makontrakitala osagwirizana ndiazipembedzo anaphedwa ndipo 10,569 anavulala ku Iraq, koma si onse a iwo omwe anali US.

4. Ngakhale Ma Veteran Opitawa Adzipha

Opitilira nkhondo oposa 20 aku United States amadzipha tsiku lililonse. Amapha anthu ambiri chaka chilichonse ku Iraq, omwe amwalira. Omwe ali ndi ziwopsezo zambiri zakudzipha ndi anyamata omenyera nkhondo omwe amatha kudziwonetsa, omwe amadzipha pamiyeso "Nthawi 4-10 kukwera kuposa anzawo wamba. ” Chifukwa chiyani? Monga a Matthew Hoh waku Veterans for Peace amafotokozera, omenyera ufulu ambiri "amavutika kuti agwirizanenso ndi gulu," amachita manyazi kupempha thandizo, akulemizidwa ndi zomwe adawona ndikuchita asirikali, amaphunzitsidwa kuwombera ndi mfuti, komanso amakhala ndi malingaliro ndi malingaliro mabala akuthupi omwe amachititsa miyoyo yawo kukhala yovuta.

5. Matrilioni A Madola Ovomerezeka

Pa Marichi 16, 2003, kutangotsala masiku ochepa kuti ziwonetsero zaku America zisachitike, a Purezidenti Dick Cheney adaganiza kuti nkhondoyi itenga US $ 100 biliyoni ndipo kuti US idzakhala zaka ziwiri. Zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwirizo, mitengo yake ikukwera. Ofesi ya Budget ya DRM (CBO) ikuyerekeza mtengo wa $ 2.4 zankhaninkhani, pa nkhondo zaku Iraq ndi Afghanistan mu 2007. Akatswiri a zachuma a Nobel Prize Joseph Stiglitz ndi Linda wa ku Harvard University akuyerekeza mtengo wa nkhondo ya ku Iraq kuposa $ 3 zankhaninkhani,, "Kutengera zolingalira," mu 2008. Boma la UK lidatha Mapaundi 9 biliyoni pamtengo wapadera kudzera mu 2010. Zomwe US ​​idachita osawononga ndalama, mosiyana ndi zomwe Amereka ambiri amakhulupirira, ndikumanganso Iraq, dziko lomwe nkhondo yathu idawononga.

6. Ntchito Yogwira Ntchito Kwambiri ndi Boma la Iraq la Iraq

Ambiri mwa amuna (palibe azimayi!) kuthamangira ku Iraq lero akadali akapolo omwe anathamangira ku Baghdad mu 2003 pamaulendo andewu a US ndi Britain olanda nkhondo. Iraq pomaliza pake ikutumizanso kunja miliyoni 3.8 migolo yamafuta patsiku ndikupeza $ 80 biliyoni pachaka pogulitsa mafuta, koma ndalama zochepa ndizomwe zimayambira kumanganso nyumba zowonongeka kapena zowonongeka kapena kupereka ntchito, chisamaliro chaumoyo kapena maphunziro aku Iraq, 36 peresenti yokha amene ngakhale ntchito zawo. Achinyamata aku Iraq atenga misewu kukafuna kuti athetse zandale zomwe zakhala zikuchitika pambuyo pa 2003 boma la Iraq komanso mphamvu yaku US ndi Irani pankhani yandale zaku Iraq. Opitilira awonetsero opitilira 600 adaphedwa ndi maboma aboma, koma zionetserozi zidakakamiza Prime Minister Adel Abdul Mahdi kusiya udindo. Wina yemwe kale anali wochoka kumayiko ena, Mohammed Tawfiq Allawi, msuweni wa nduna yayikulu yochokera ku US Ayad Allawi, adasankhidwa kuti alowe m'malo mwake, koma adasiyira patadutsa milungu ingapo National Assembly italephera kuvomereza chisankho chake. Gulu lodziwika bwino loti likhale lokondwerera a Allawi atula pansi udindo, ndipo a Abdul Mahdi adavomera kukhalabe Prime Minister, koma "wogwirizira" wogwira ntchito zofunikira mpaka zisankho zatsopano zisachitike. Waitanitsa zisankho zatsopano mu Disembala. Mpaka nthawi imeneyo, Iraq ikadalipo pazinthu zandale, zokhala anthu pafupifupi 5,000 a US.

7. Nkhondo Yopanda Chilungamo ku Iraq Yatsutsa Lamulo la Mayiko Onse

Pamene US idalowa Iraq popanda chilolezo cha UN Security Council, woyamba kubedwa anali United Nations Charter, maziko amtendere ndi malamulo apadziko lonse kuyambira Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse, yomwe imaletsa kuwopseza kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu dziko lililonse motsutsana ndi lina. Lamulo lapadziko lonse lapansi limangololeza kuloza usilikali ngati chofunikira komanso cholingana kudziteteza pakuwukira kapena kuwopsa. Zosaloledwa 2002 Chiphunzitso cha Bush kukhululukidwa kunali kukanidwa konsekonse chifukwa idapitilira mfundo yopapatiza iyi ndipo idatinso ufulu wapadera wa US wogwiritsa ntchito gulu lankhondo lankhondo lodziwika bwino "kuti asalephere kuwopseza omwe akuwoneka," akumanyalanyaza bungwe la UN Security Council kuti lisankhe ngati vuto linalake likufunika kuyankhiridwa kapena ayi. Kofi Annan, mlembi wamkulu wa UN panthawiyo, atero Kuukira kunali kosaloledwa ndipo zingayambitse kudula kwamayiko akunja, ndipo ndizomwe zachitika. Pamene US idapondaponda UN Charter, ena amayenera kutsatira. Lero tikuwona Turkey ndi Israeli zikutsatira mapazi aku US, zikuukira ndikulanda Syria mwakufuna kwawo ngati sikudzakhala dziko lokhalo, kugwiritsa ntchito anthu aku Syria ngati pawns pamasewera awo andale.

8. Nkhondo Zaku Iraq Zasokoneza Demokalase ya US

Wachiwiri woukiridwa anali demokalase yaku America. Congress idavotera nkhondo yozitengera zomwe zimadziwika “Chidule” a National Intelligence Estimate (NIE) zomwe sizinali zamtundu uliwonse. The Washington Post adanenapo kuti mamembala asanu ndi mmodzi mwa 100 a mamenitala XNUMX ndi mamembala ochepa a Nyumba werengani NIE weniweni. The “Chidule” patsamba 25 pomwe mamembala ena a Congress adasankha mavoti awo anali chikalata chomwe chinapangidwa miyezi ingapo m'mbuyomu kuti "avomereze mlandu wankhondo," m'modzi mwa olemba ake, CIA's Paul Pillar, pambuyo pake adavomereza ku PBS Frontline. Inali ndi zodabwitsazi zodabwitsazi zomwe sizimapezeka mu NIE yeniyeni, monga momwe CIA idadziwira za masamba 550 pomwe Iraq inkasungira zida zamankhwala ndi zida. Secretary of State Colin Powell wabwereza mabodza ambiri mwa ake mchitidwe wochititsa manyazi ku UN Security Council mu February 2003, pomwe a Bush ndi Cheney adawagwiritsa ntchito pazokambirana zazikulu, kuphatikizapo adilesi ya Bush ya 2003 State of the Union. Kodi demokalase, - ulamuliro wa anthu, zimatheka bwanji ngati anthu omwe tawasankha kutiyimira ku Congress atha kupusitsidwa kuti adzavote nawo nkhondo yabodza chifukwa cha mabodzawo?

9. Kusavomerezeka kwa Zachiwawa Zankhondo Zadongosolo

Wina yemwe wakhudzidwa ndi nkhondo yaku Iraq ndi lingaliro loti atsogoleri ndi mfundo za US akutsata malamulo. Zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri pambuyo pake, anthu aku America ambiri amaganiza kuti Purezidenti akhoza kumenya nkhondo ndikupha atsogoleri akunja ndi owaganizira achifwamba momwe akufunira, osayankha mlandu monga wolamulira mwankhanza. Liti Pulezidenti Obama adati akufuna kuyang'ana kumbuyo m'malo mopita kumbuyo, ndipo sananene kuti aliyense waboma la Bush akuwayankha pazolakwa zawo, zinali ngati amasiya zolakwa zawo ndikusinthidwa ngati ndondomeko ya US. Izi zimaphatikizapo milandu yankhanza motsutsana ndi mayiko ena; a kupha anthu wamba mu US airstrikes ndi drone kumenya; ndi kuyang'anira kosasiyidwa yama foni aliwonse aku America, maimelo, kusakatula mbiri ndi malingaliro. Koma izi ndi milandu komanso kuphwanya lamulo la US, ndipo kukana kuyimba mlandu anthu omwe achita milanduyi kwapangitsa kuti zisabwerezedwe.

10. Kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe

Pa nkhondo yoyamba ya Gulf, US adagwa Matani 340 ankhondo ndi zophulika zopangidwa ndi uranium yomwe idatha, zomwe zidayambitsa dothi ndi madzi ndikupangitsa khansa kuti ivute. M'zaka makumi angapo zotsatira za "ecocide," Iraq yakhala ikuvutitsidwa ndi choyaka zitsime zambiri zamafuta; kuwonongeka kwa magwero amadzi kuchokera kutaya mafuta, zonyansa zamadzi ndi mankhwala; mamiliyoni a matola kuchokera anawononga mizinda ndi midzi; ndi kuwotcha zinyalala zambiri zankhondo pamalo owonekera “kuwotcha maenje” pankhondo. Kuipitsa chinachititsa Nkhondo imalumikizidwa ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa zovuta zakubadwa kwatsopano, kubadwa msanga, mapangidwe olakwika ndi khansa (kuphatikiza leukemia) ku Iraq. Kuipitsaku kwawakhudzanso asitikali aku US. "Opitilira nkhondo 85,000 aku US aku Iraq ... akhala anapezeka ndi kupuma komanso kupuma, ma khansa, matenda amitsempha, kukhumudwa komanso kupsinjika kuyambira pobwera kuchokera ku Iraq, " Guardian lipoti. Ndipo madera ena aku Iraq sangachoke konse pakuwonongeka kwachilengedwe.

11. Ndondomeko ya Gulu la US la "Gawani ndi Ulamuliro" ku Iraq Lidayambitsa Havoc Kuderako

Ku Iraq, zaka 20 zapitazo, Asunni anali ochepa kwambiri kuposa anthu aku Shia, koma ambiri, mitundu yosiyanasiyana idakhala mbali ndi madera osiyanasiyananso ngakhale okwatirana. Anzathu omwe ali ndi makolo osakanikirana a Shia / Sunni akutiuza kuti Asanabwere ku US, sanadziwe ngakhale kuti ndi ndani Shia ndipo anali Sunni. Pambuyo pa ziwonetserozi, US idapatsa mphamvu olamulira atsopano achi Shiite otsogozedwa ndi omwe kale anali akapolo ogwirizana ndi US ndi Iran, komanso a Kurds omwe ali m'chigawo chodzilamulira okha kumpoto. Kukwera kwa kayendetsedwe kazinthu zamagetsi komanso njira za US zakugawaniza ndikudziyendetsa mwadala zimayambitsa ziwopsezo zankhanza zoopsa, kuphatikizapo kuyeretsa madera ndi Unduna Wamkati magulu aimfa motsogozedwa ndi US. Zigawo za anthu ampatuko zomwe US ​​idavumbulutsa ku Iraq zidayambitsa kuyambiranso kwa Al Qaeda komanso kutuluka kwa ISIS, komwe kwadzetsa chisokonezo m'chigawo chonse.

12. Nkhondo Yozizira Yatsopano Pakati pa US ndi Emerging Multilateral World

Purezidenti Bush polengeza "chiphunzitso cha kumasula" mu 2002, Senator Edward Kennedy anazitcha izo "Kuitanitsa dziko la America lachiyuda lomwe kulibe dziko lina lomwe lingavomereze kapena kulandira." Koma dziko lapansi lalephera konse kukakamiza US kuti isinthe njira kapena kuyanjana nawo polumikizana ndi zolinga zake zankhondo ndi impiriyasi. France ndi Germany adayima molimba mtima ndi Russia komanso ambiri a Global South kuti atsutse kulanda kwa Iraq ku UN Security Council mu 21. Koma maboma aku Western adalandirira chithumwa chopanda tanthauzo cha Obama monga chimalimbikitso cholimbitsa ubale wawo wachikhalidwe ndi US China idatanganidwa kukulitsa ubale wawo kukhazikika kwachuma kwamtendere komanso gawo lawo monga gawo lazachuma ku Asia, pomwe Russia idalikumanganso chuma chake kuchokera ku chisokonezo cha umphawi ndi umphawi wa m'ma 2003. Palibe amene anali okonzeka kulimbana ndi ziwawa zaku US mpaka US, NATO ndi oyang'anira amfumu awo achi Arab atayambitsa nkhondo yotsutsa Libya ndi Syria mu 2011. Kugwa kwa Libya, Russia ikuwoneka kuti idaganiza zoyenera kusintha magwiridwe antchito a US kapena kuti iwonso iwonere.

Mavuto azachuma asintha, dziko la mitundu yambiri likubwera, ndipo dziko lapansi likuyembekeza motsutsana ndi chiyembekezo kuti anthu aku America ndi atsogoleri atsopano aku America achitapo kanthu kuti alowetse nkhondo yankhondo yaku America m'zaka za zana lino la 21 isanayambitse nkhondo yoopsa kwambiri yaku US ndi Iran , Russia kapena China. Monga aku America, tikuyenera kuyembekeza kuti chikhulupiliro chadziko lapansi chokhudzana ndi demokalase kuti tikhoza kubweretsa bata ndi mtendere pamalamulo aku US sichinayimitsidwe molakwika. Malo abwino oyambira ndikuphatikiza kuyitanidwa ndi Nyumba Yamalamulo yaku Iraq kuti asitikali aku US achoke ku Iraq.

Medea Benjamin, woyambitsa-wa CODEPINK kwa Mtendere, ndiye wolemba mabuku angapo, kuphatikiza M'kati mwa Iran: The Real History and Politics of the Islamic Republic of Iran ndi Ufumu wa osalungama: Pambuyo pa US-Saudi Connection.

Nicolas JS Davies ndi mtolankhani wodziyimira payekha, wofufuza wa CODEPINK, ndi wolemba wa Mwazi M'manja Mwathu: Kubowola Kwa America ndi Kuwonongeka kwa Iraq.

Nkhaniyi idapangidwa ndi Chuma Cha Mtendere Chakumudzi, ntchito ya Independent Media Institute.