Gahena Ndi Maganizo a Anthu Ena Okhudza Nkhondo

Ndi David Swanson, World BEYOND War, March 30, 2023

Wofalitsayo adalongosola wolemba motere: "M'modzi wakale wa Marine Charles Douglas Lummis adalemba zambiri pamutu wa ubale wakunja waku US, ndipo amatsutsa kwambiri mfundo zakunja zaku US. Ntchito zake zikuphatikizapo Radical Democracy, ndi A New Look pa Chrysanthemum ndi Lupanga. Susan Sontag watcha Lummis 'mmodzi mwa anthu oganiza bwino, olemekezeka, komanso oyenerera omwe amalemba za machitidwe a demokalase kulikonse padziko lapansi.' Karel van Wolferen wamutcha iye kukhala ‘wopenyerera wodziŵika bwino wa ubale wa ulamuliro wa America ndi Japan.’ Ndinadziŵa kale zinthu zimenezi ponena za iye, komabe ndinali kuvutikabe kulitenga bukhulo, osati chabe chifukwa chakuti linali mumpangidwe wamakono. .

Bukulo limatchedwa Nkhondo Ndi Gahena: Maphunziro a Ufulu wa Chiwawa Chovomerezeka. Wolembayo adanditsimikizira kuti sichikutsutsana ndi zachiwawa. Iye anali wolondola. Ndawonjezera pamndandanda wanga wamabuku othetsa nkhondo (onani m'munsimu) ndikuwona kuti ndi buku labwino kwambiri lomwe ndawerenga posachedwa. Koma zimafika pamapeto ake pang'onopang'ono komanso mwadongosolo. Si buku lochedwa. Mutha kuwerenga kamodzi. Koma zimayamba ndi njira zamaganizidwe azikhalidwe zankhondo ndikusunthira pang'onopang'ono kupita ku chinthu chanzeru. Poyambirira, polimbana ndi lingaliro la "chiwawa chovomerezeka," Lummis akulemba kuti:

Izi tidziwa; koma kudziwa kumeneku kumatanthauzanji? Ngati kudziwa ndikuchita m'malingaliro, ndizochitika zotani 'kudziwa' kuti bomba lankhondo sikupha? Kodi tikuchita chiyani (ndi kudzichitira tokha) pamene ‘tidziŵa’ zinthu zimenezi? Kodi 'kudziwa' uku sikutanthauza 'kusadziwa'? Kodi si 'kudziwa' kumene kumafuna kuiwala? ‘Kudziŵa’ kuti, m’malo motigwirizanitsa ndi zenizeni za dziko, kumapangitsa mbali ina ya chenichenicho kukhala yosaoneka?”

Lummis amatsogolera owerenga mosakayikira kukayikira lingaliro la nkhondo yovomerezeka, komanso lingaliro la boma lovomerezeka monga momwe tikumvetsetsa maboma. Ngati, monga a Lummis akutsutsa, maboma ali ovomerezeka chifukwa choletsa chiwawa, koma opha akuluakulu ndi maboma - osati pa nkhondo zakunja koma mu nkhondo zapachiŵeniŵeni ndi kuponderezana kwa zipolowe - ndiye chatsala ndi chiyani?

Lummis akuyamba kunena kuti sakumvetsa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu aziwona chiwawa ngati chinthu chosiyana kwambiri. Komabe, m’kupita kwa nthaŵi akusonyeza m’kati mwa bukhulo kuti akulimvetsetsa bwino lomwe ndipo akuyesera kusonkhezera ena kuchita chimodzimodzi, kutsatira zitsanzo ndi mfundo zambirimbiri, kufikira pachimake pakumvetsetsa mmene Satyagraha kapena kuchita zinthu zopanda chiwawa kumasintha kupha munthu kukhalanso kupha chifukwa chokana kuchita zomwe akufuna (komanso momwe zikusonyezera kufunikira kwa chitaganya cha midzi yodziyimira pawokha).

Sindikuganiza kuti kuwona chinthu chosiyana kwambiri ndi zomwe kuwonera wamba kunganene ndi chinthu chosowa.

Kanema yemwe tsopano ali m'malo owonetsera ku US adatchedwa Munthu Wotchedwa Otto - ndi buku loyambirira ndi filimu Munthu Anaitanidwa — [SPOILER ALERT] amafotokoza nkhani ya mwamuna yemwe mkazi wake wokondedwa wamwalira. Amayesa mobwerezabwereza kudzipha m’chimene akuchilongosola kukhala choyesayesa kugwirizana ndi mkazi wake. Chisoni ndi zomvetsa chisoni za kulongosola kumeneko zimangowonjezera nkhawa za ena kuti ateteze tsoka la Otto/Ove kudzipha yekha. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, ena kapena onse otchulidwa mufilimuyi, kuphatikizapo protagonist, amadziwa bwino kuti imfa ndi imfa (kupanda kutero onse angakhale akulimbikitsa ndi kukondwerera kukumananso kosangalatsa kwa banja losangalala kudziko lamatsenga). Koma osachepera mmodzi wa iwo akhoza “kukhulupirira” kumlingo wakutiwakuti imfa simathetsa kwenikweni moyo.

Tikalekerera, kapena kuvomereza, kapena kusangalala ndi kupha pankhondo, kapena apolisi, kapena mndende, timapitilira kutalikirana kwa wodya nyama yemwe sakufuna kudziwa mayina a ziweto zomwe zili m'mbale yake. Nkhondo sikuti imangomveka ngati choyipa chofunikira, chomwe chiyenera kupeŵedwa momwe ndingathere, chinatha mwamsanga, koma chimachitidwa ngati ntchito ndi omwe akufuna komanso okhoza pamene akufunikira. M'malo mwake, tikudziwa, monga momwe Lummis amalembera, kupha pankhondo kuti kusakhale kupha, kusakhale koopsa, kusakhale kwamagazi, konyansa, komvetsa chisoni, kapena koopsa. Tiyenera "kudziwa" izi kapena sitingakhale chete ndikuzichita mpaka kalekale m'maina athu.

Pamene tikuwona anthu aku Paris, France, akutseka likulu lawo chifukwa cha zodandaula zochepa kwambiri kuposa za anthu aku US chifukwa cha boma lawo, zikuwonekeratu kuti nkhani zonse zomwe zili m'mabwalo aku US pankhani yankhondo - nkhani yosankha pakati pawo. kumenya nkhondo ndikungonama ndikugonjera - kumachokera kuzinthu zitatu: zabodza zankhondo zopanda malire, zolimba. kukana mfundo za mphamvu zosachita zachiwawa, ndi chizoloŵezi chozikika mozama chongonama ndi kugonjera. Tikufuna kuzindikira moona mtima mphamvu yakuchita zopanda chiwawa monga cholowa chankhondo komanso kusasamala.

Ngakhale kuti ndili ndi zotsutsana zambiri ndi mfundo zing'onozing'ono m'bukuli, ndizovuta kutsutsana ndi bukhu lomwe likuwoneka kuti likufuna kuti anthu adziganizire okha. Koma ndikukhumba kuti mabuku ambiri omwe amatenga lingaliro la nkhondo, kuphatikizapo iyi, atengere bungwe lokha. Padzakhala nthawi zonse pamene kusachita zachiwawa kumalephera. Padzakhala zambiri pamene chiwawa sichidzatha. Padzakhala zochitika pomwe kusachita zachiwawa kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zoyipa. Padzakhala zambiri pamene chiwawa chidzagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zolinga zoipa. Mfundozi zingapangitse ochirikiza nkhondo kukhala opanda mlandu wothetsa madipatimenti aboma okana zida, ngati zinthu zotere zikadakhalapo, ndipo sizipereka mtsutso wochepa wochotsa magulu ankhondo. Koma mkangano wotsatira umachita:

Asilikali amapanga nkhondo, zowononga zinthu zomwe zikanapulumutsa ndikusintha miyoyo yambiri kuposa yomwe idatayika kunkhondo, kupanga chiopsezo cha apocalypse ya nyukiliya, ndikuwononga kwambiri zachilengedwe zapadziko lapansi, kufalitsa chidani ndi tsankho komanso kusankhana mitundu ndi kusayeruzika ndi chiwawa chochepa. , ndikukhala chopinga chachikulu chothandizira mgwirizano wapadziko lonse pazovuta zomwe sizingachitike.

Ndatopanso pang'ono ndi zonena zakale zotopa kuti Kellogg Briand Pact ndiye mwana wolephera, osati makamaka chifukwa cha Scott Shapiro's ndi Oona Hathaway's. malingaliro za momwe idasinthira ubale wapadziko lonse lapansi, koma makamaka chifukwa chotsatira chilichonse chothetsa nkhondo mpaka pano chalephera, pafupifupi lamulo lililonse pamabuku limaphwanyidwa nthawi zambiri kuti Kellogg Briand Pact koma amaganiziridwa kuti ndi kupambana kwakukulu, komanso kuphwanya malamulo. Nkhondo sidzachitika popanda kulimbana kwakukulu kopanda chiwawa, nkhondo sidzatha popanda kuiletsa bwino.

NKHONDO YOMAGWIRIZO WA NKHONDO:

Nkhondo Ndi Gahena: Maphunziro a Ufulu wa Chiwawa Chovomerezeka, wolemba C. Douglas Lummis, 2023.
Choyipa Chachikulu Ndi Nkhondo, ndi Chris Hedges, 2022.
Kuthetsa Chiwawa cha Boma: Dziko Loposa Mabomba, Malire, ndi Makhola ndi Ray Acheson, 2022.
Kulimbana ndi Nkhondo: Kumanga Chikhalidwe Chamtendere ndi Papa Francis, 2022.
Ethics, Security, and The War-Machine: The True Cost of the Military ndi Ned Dobos, 2020.
Kuzindikira Ntchito Zankhondo Wolemba Christian Sorensen, 2020.
Sipadzakhalanso Nkhondo lolemba ndi Dan Kovalik, 2020.
Mphamvu Kupyolera mu Mtendere: Momwe Kuchotsa Usilikali Kudabweretsera Mtendere ndi Chimwemwe ku Costa Rica, ndi Zomwe Dziko Lonse Lapansi Lingaphunzire kuchokera ku Fuko Laling'ono Lotentha, ndi Judith Eve Lipton ndi David P. Barash, 2019.
Kuteteza Anthu lolemba Jørgen Johansen ndi Brian Martin, 2019.
Kuphatikizidwa Kuphatikizidwa: Bukhu Lachiwiri: America Amakonda Nthawi ndi Mumia Abu Jamal ndi Stephen Vittoria, 2018.
Okonza Mtendere: Oopsya a Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki Ayankhula ndi Melinda Clarke, 2018.
Kulepheretsa Nkhondo ndi Kulimbikitsa Mtendere: Chitsogozo cha Ophunzira Zaumoyo lolembedwa ndi William Wiist ndi Shelley White, 2017.
Ndondomeko Yamalonda Yamtendere: Kumanga Dziko Lopanda Nkhondo ndi Scilla Elworthy, 2017.
Nkhondo Sitili Yokha ndi David Swanson, 2016.
A Global Security System: An Alternative Nkhondo by World Beyond War, 2015, 2016, 2017 .
Mlandu Wopambana Kulimbana ndi Nkhondo: Nchiyani America Anasowa M'kalasi Yakale ya US ndi zomwe Ife (Zonse) Tingachite Tsopano ndi Kathy Beckwith, 2015.
Nkhondo: A Crimea Against Humanity ndi Roberto Vivo, 2014.
Kuchita Chikatolika ndi Kuthetsa Nkhondo ndi David Carroll Cochran, 2014.
Nkhondo ndi Kuphulika: Kufufuza Kwambiri Laurie Calhoun, 2013.
Kusintha: Chiyambi Cha Nkhondo, Kutha kwa Nkhondo ndi Judith Hand, 2013.
Nkhondo Sipadzakhalanso: Mlandu Wothetseratu ndi David Swanson, 2013.
Mapeto a Nkhondo ndi John Horgan, 2012.
Kusandulika ku Mtendere ndi Russell Faure-Brac, 2012.
Kuchokera ku Nkhondo kupita ku Mtendere: Zotsogoleredwa Kwa Zaka Zaka Zitapitazo ndi Kent Shifferd, 2011.
Nkhondo Ndi Bodza ndi David Swanson, 2010, 2016.
Pambuyo pa Nkhondo: Ubwino Wathu wa Mtendere ndi Douglas Fry, 2009.
Kulimbana ndi Nkhondo ndi Winslow Myers, 2009.
Kukhetsedwa Mwazi Kwambiri: Malangizo 101 Achiwawa, Zowopsa, Ndi Nkhondo Lolemba ndi Mary-Wynne Ashford ndi Guy Dauncey, 2006.
Dziko Lapansi: Zida Zankhondo Posachedwa lolemba Rosalie Bertell, 2001.
Anyamata Adzakhala Anyamata: Kuswa Mgwirizano Pakati Pa Umuna Ndi Chiwawa cholembedwa ndi Myriam Miedzian, 1991.