Ndi Ed O'Rourke
| Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni inafika ndipo inapita. Chifukwa chake chomenyera, sindinachipeze.
Kuchokera panyimbo yakuti, “Ndi Mulungu Ali Mbali Yathu.” Nkhondo… inali mkhalidwe wosafunikira, ndipo ukanapewedwa ngati kudekha ndi nzeru zikadachitidwa mbali zonse. Robert E. Lee Okonda dziko nthawi zonse amalankhula za kufera dziko lawo, osati kupha dziko lawo. Bertrand Russell |
United States inasankha kumenya nkhondo zambiri. Panali malingaliro ena otchuka pa Nkhondo Yachiweruzo (1775-1783). A US amayenera kulimbana ndi Axis Powers kapena kuwawona akugonjetsa Europe ndi Asia. Nkhondo zina zinali mwa kusankha: mu 1812 ndi Great Britain, 1848 ndi Mexico, 1898 ndi Spain, 1917 ndi Germany, 1965 ndi Vietnam, 1991 ndi Iraq ndi 2003 ndi Iraq kachiwiri.
Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni ku United States inali yovuta kwambiri kupewa. Panali nkhani zambiri zodutsana: osamukira kumayiko ena, mitengo yamitengo, zofunika kwambiri pa ngalande, misewu ndi njanji. Nkhani yaikulu, ndithudi, inali ukapolo. Mofanana ndi kuchotsa mimba lerolino, kunalibe mpata wololera. Muzinthu zina zambiri, a Congressmen amatha kugawanitsa kusiyana ndikutseka mgwirizano. Osati pano.
Kulakwitsa kwakukulu pa Constitutional Convention (1787) sikunali kulingalira kuti boma kapena mayiko omwe ali mgulu angachoke mu Union atalowa nawo. M’malo ena m’moyo, pali njira zalamulo zopatukana, monga za okwatirana amene angathe kupatukana kapena kusudzulana. Makonzedwe oterowo akanapeŵa kukhetsa mwazi ndi chiwonongeko. Constitution inali chete ponyamuka. N’kutheka kuti sankaganiza kuti zingachitike.
Popeza United States idayamba kuchoka ku Great Britain, akumwera anali ndi lingaliro lovomerezeka lochoka ku Union.
James M. McPherson's Kulira Kwankhondo Yaufulu: Nthawi Ya Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni limafotokoza zakumverera mozama kumbali zonse ziwiri. Chuma cha thonje ndi ukapolo chinaperekedwa chitsanzo cha matenda a Chidatchi, omwe amawunikira chuma cha dziko kapena dera pafupi ndi chinthu chimodzi. Thonje anali Kummwera monga mafuta ali ku Saudi Arabia lero, mphamvu yoyendetsa. Thonje adatenga ndalama zambiri zomwe zilipo. Zinali zosavuta kuitanitsa zinthu zopangidwa kuchokera kunja kusiyana ndi kuzipanga kwanuko. Popeza kuti ntchito yolima ndi kukolola thonje inali yosavuta, panalibe chifukwa cha sukulu ya boma.
Monga mwachizolowezi podyera masuku pamutu, odyera masuku pamutuwo amaganiza mowona mtima kuti akukomera anthu oponderezedwa amene anthu akunja kwa chikhalidwe chawo sangamvetse. Senator waku South Carolina James Hammond anapereka mawu ake otchuka a “Cotton ndi mfumu,’ pa Marichi 4, 1858. Onani mawu awa kuchokera patsamba 196 m’buku la McPherson:
"M'machitidwe onse a chikhalidwe cha anthu payenera kukhala gulu lochita ntchito zonyozeka, kuchita zolemetsa za moyo ... ndi matope amtundu wa anthu ... chitukuko, ndi kukonzanso… Gulu lanu lonse la ganyu la anthu ogwira ntchito zamanja ndi 'mabungwe' monga mukuwatcha iwo ndi akapolo. Kusiyana pakati pathu n’kwakuti, akapolo athu amalembedwa ganyu kwa moyo wonse ndipo amalipidwa bwino . . .
Lingaliro langa ndiloti Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni ndi kumasulidwa sizinathandize anthu akuda monga nkhondo yopeŵedwa. Katswiri wina wa zachuma, dzina lake John Kenneth Galbraith, ankaganiza kuti pofika zaka za m’ma 1880, eni ake akapolo akanayamba kulipira akapolo awo kuti apitirizebe kugwira ntchito. Mafakitole akumpoto anali kuchulukirachulukira ndipo ankafunikira antchito otchipa. Ukapolo ukanafooka chifukwa chofuna ntchito ya fakitale. Pambuyo pake pakanakhala kuthetsedwa mwalamulo.
Kumasulidwa kunali kulimbikitsa kwakukulu m'maganizo komwe ndi azungu okha omwe adakhala m'misasa yachibalo angamvetse. Pazachuma, anthu akuda anali oipitsitsa kuposa nkhondo yapachiweniweni isanayambe chifukwa ankakhala m’dera lowonongedwa kwambiri, lofanana ndi la ku Ulaya pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Azungu akummwera amene anavutika kwambiri pankhondoyo sanali ololera kuposa mmene akanakhalira kukanakhala kuti kunalibe nkhondo.
Kumwera kukadapambana nkhondo, khoti lamtundu wa Nuremberg likadaweruza Purezidenti Lincoln, nduna yake, akuluakulu aboma ndi ma congressmen kuti akhale m'ndende moyo wonse kapena kupachikidwa pamilandu yankhondo. Nkhondoyo ikadatchedwa The War of Northern Aggression. Njira ya Union kuyambira pachiyambi inali kuchita "Mapulani a Anaconda," kutsekereza madoko akumwera kuti awononge chuma chakumwera. Ngakhale mankhwala ndi mankhwala zinalembedwa m'gulu la zinthu zakunja.
Kwa zaka zosachepera XNUMX Msonkhano Woyamba wa ku Geneva usanachitike, panali mgwirizano woti miyoyo ya anthu wamba ndi katundu wawo zikhale zopanda vuto. Mkhalidwewo unali wakuti anapewa kutenga nawo mbali pa nkhondozo. Katswiri wapadziko lonse wokhudzana ndi nkhondo yoyenera m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu anali woweruza wa ku Switzerland Emmerich de Vattel. Lingaliro lalikulu m’bukhu lake linali lakuti, “Anthu, anthu wamba, nzika, satengako mbali m’menemo ndipo nthaŵi zambiri saopa kanthu ndi lupanga la mdani.”
Mu 1861, katswiri wazamalamulo wapadziko lonse waku America pankhani yankhondo anali loya wa San Francisco, Henry Halleck, yemwe kale anali mkulu wa West Point komanso mlangizi wa West Point. Buku lake Lamulo Ladziko Lonse adawonetsa zolemba za de Vattel ndipo adalemba ku West Point. Mu Julayi, 1862, adakhala General-in-Chief wa Union Army.
Pa April 24, 1863, Pulezidenti Lincoln anapereka General Order No. Lamuloli limadziwika kuti "Lieber Code," lotchedwa Francis Leiber, mlangizi wa Otto von Bismarck.
General Order No. 100 inali ndi njira yotalikirapo, yoti akuluakulu ankhondo atha kunyalanyaza Lamulo la Lieber ngati pangafunike. Musanyalanyaze izo iwo anachita. Lieber Code inali chiwopsezo chonse. Popeza ndinangophunzira za Code mu October, 2011, nditakula ku Houston, ndikuwerenga mabuku angapo okhudza Nkhondo Yachibadwidwe, kuphunzitsa mbiri ya America ku Columbus School ndikuwona zolemba zodziwika bwino za Ken Burns, ndimatha kunena kuti palibe amene adawona. kodi.
Popeza kuti pafupifupi nkhondo zonse zinamenyedwa kum’mwera, anthu akuda ndi azungu ankakumana ndi mavuto azachuma. Choipa kwambiri chinali kuwonongedwa kwadala ndi bungwe la Union Army lomwe silinagwire ntchito zankhondo. Kuguba kwa Sherman kudutsa Georgia kunali kofunikira koma mfundo yake yapadziko lapansi inali yobwezera basi. Mofanana ndi zimene Admiral Halsey ananena ponena za kupha mtundu wa anthu a ku Japan m’Nkhondo Yadziko Yachiŵiri, Sherman analengeza mu 1864 za “kwa anthu odzipatula ndi olimbikira, imfa ndi chifundo.” Msilikali wina wotchuka wankhondo, General Philip Sheridan, anali chigawenga chankhondo. M'dzinja la 1864, asilikali ake oyenda pansi okwana 35,000 anawotcha Chigwa cha Shenandoah pansi. M'kalata yopita kwa General Grant, adalongosola m'masiku ake ochepa akugwira ntchito, asitikali ake "adawononga nkhokwe zopitilira 2200…kupitirira mphero 70… nkhosa… Mawa ndidzapitiriza chiwonongeko.”
Njira yaikulu yothetsera chiwawa pakati pa mayiko ndiyo kuzindikira zigawenga zankhondo chifukwa cha upandu wawo wowopsa m'malo mowalemekeza ndi zitsulo ndikutcha masukulu, mapaki ndi nyumba zaboma. Soni ŵakulemba mabuku getu ga m’weji. Awayikeni pa milandu yaupandu pankhondo ngati zowonjezera pambuyo pake.
Pazochita zazikulu zonse, 1820, 1833 ndi 1850, panalibenso kuganiziridwa mozama ponena za mawu olekanitsa akadakhala ovomerezeka. Mtunduwo unali ndi chinenero chimodzi, dongosolo la malamulo, chipembedzo cha Chipulotesitanti komanso mbiri yakale. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, Kumpoto ndi Kumwera zinali kupita njira zawo zosiyana, mu chikhalidwe, chuma ndi mipingo. Kumayambiriro kwa 1861, Tchalitchi cha Presbyterian chinagawanika kukhala mipingo iwiri, wina kumpoto ndi wina kumwera. Mipingo ina itatu ikuluikulu ya Chipulotesitanti inali italekana kale. Ukapolo unali njovu m’chipindamo imene munali anthu ambiri.
Zomwe sindinaziwonepo m'mabuku a mbiri yakale zinali kulingalira mozama kapena kutchula lingaliro la komiti, akumpoto, akumwera, azachuma, akatswiri a chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndi ndale kuti apereke malingaliro olekanitsa. Akapatukana, mayiko a Union amachotsa malamulo a akapolo othawa kwawo. Anthu akummwera akadafuna kuwonjezera madera akumadzulo, Mexico, Cuba ndi Caribbean. Msilikali wa ku United States adzachotsa katundu wina wa akapolo kuchokera ku Africa. Ndikuganiza kuti pakadakhala mikangano yamagazi koma osati ngati 600,000 ya Nkhondo Yachibadwidwe yakufa.
Pakadayenera kukhala mapangano a zamalonda ndi maulendo. Payenera kukhala gawo logwirizana la ngongole za boma la US. Nkhani imodzi yomwe kupatukana kunali kwamagazi monga US anali Pakistan ndi India pamene British adachoka. Anthu a ku Britain anali odziwa kudyera masuku pamutu koma sanachite zambiri pokonzekera kusintha kwamtendere. Masiku ano pali doko limodzi lokha lolowera m'malire a mailosi 1,500. Anthu akumpoto ndi akummwera akanatha kuchita bwino.
Zoonadi, popeza maganizo anali oyaka, ntchito yongopekayo mwina sinapambane. Dzikoli linali logawanika kwambiri. Ndi chisankho cha Abraham Lincoln mu 1860, kunali kochedwa kwambiri kukambirana chilichonse. Komitiyi ikanayenera kukhazikitsidwa zaka zingapo chisanafike 1860.
Pamene dziko linkafuna utsogoleri kuchokera kwa apulezidenti oganiza bwino mu nthawi ya 1853-1861, tinalibe. Akatswiri a mbiri yakale amati Franklin Pierce ndi James Buchanan ndi atsogoleri oyipa kwambiri. Franklin Pierce anali chidakwa chovutika maganizo. Wotsutsa wina ananena kuti James Buchanan analibe lingaliro limodzi m’zaka zake zambiri muutumiki wa boma.
Malingaliro anga ndikuti, ngakhale US ikadagawanika kukhala magulu angapo, kupita patsogolo kwa mafakitale ndi chitukuko zikadapitilira. Ngati Confederates akanasiya Fort Sumter yekha, pakanakhala mikangano koma palibe nkhondo yaikulu. Chisangalalo cha nkhondo chikanatha. Fort Sumter ikadakhala kanyumba kakang'ono monga Gibraltar idakhalira ku Spain ndi Great Britain. Chochitika cha Fort Sumter chinali china ngati kuwukira kwa Pearl Harbor, kuphulika kwa keg ya ufa.
Kochokera Kwakukulu:
DiLorenzo, Thomas J. "Kutsata Anthu Wamba" http://www.lewrockwell.com/dilorenzo/dilorenzo8.html
McPherson James M. Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era, Ballantine Books, 1989, 905 masamba.
Ed O'Rourke ndi wowerengera ndalama wopuma pantchito yemwe amakhala ku Medellin, Colombia. Panopa akulemba buku, Mtendere Wapadziko Lonse, The Blueprint: Mutha Kufika Kumeneko Kuchokera Pano.
eorourke@pdq.net
