Wolemba Tad Daley, Novembala 16, 2018
kuchokera Inkistick
Mwina mwaona kuti nkhondo yothetsa nkhondo sinathe.
Zakhala pafupifupi mawu odziwika kuti Nkhondo Yaikulu, yomwe idatha zaka zana zapitazo sabata ino, idakhala ngati njira yoyambira pafupifupi chilichonse chotsatira padziko lonse lapansi mzaka zazaka zambiri zowawa. Zinapangitsa kugwa kwa maufumu atatu, kuwuka kwa maulamuliro awiri opondereza, nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse lapansi yokulirapo, yowopsa komanso yankhanza kuposa yoyambayo, "Nkhondo Yozizira" yazaka pafupifupi theka lazaka pakati pa opambana otsogola ankhondoyo, ndi mbandakucha wa m'badwo wa atomiki. Wolemba mbiri wakale wa pa yunivesite ya Columbia, Fritz Stern, ananena kuti Nkhondo Yadziko I, inali “tsoka loyamba m’zaka za zana la 20 . . .
Koma chotsatira chimodzi, m’kupita kwa nthaŵi, chikhoza kukhala chachikulu kuposa chirichonse cha izi. Chifukwa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, yomwe idatsata motsimikizika kuchokera ku Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse, idayambitsa gulu loyiwalika kotheratu kuti athetse nkhondo - kudzera mu mgwirizano wandale, mabungwe, ndi malamulo oyendetsera anthu.
KODI NKHONDO ILIYONSE INGATHE BWANJI NKHONDO?
Mkangano wakuti Nkhondo Yaikulu ingakhale "nkhondo yothetsa nkhondo" nthawi zambiri imagwirizanitsidwa ndi pulezidenti wa ku America panthawi ya nkhondoyo, Woodrow Wilson. Koma, kwenikweni, idachokera ku British socialist, feminist, futurist, wolemba mbiri wotchuka komanso mpainiya wopeka wa sayansi HG Wells, mndandanda wa nkhani zomwe zinatulutsidwa miyezi ingapo kuphulika kwa mfuti ya August yotchedwa Nkhondo Imene Idzathetsa Nkhondo. Wells ananena kuti kuchuluka kwaposachedwa kwambiri kwa mikangano yankhanza yapadziko lonse, kuphatikiza ndi kudalirana kwapadziko lonse komwe kumawoneka ngati kosalekeza kwa anthu okhala m'nthawi imeneyo monga momwe zimakhalira ndi yathu, zidapereka mwayi kwa anthu kupeza. njira yodzilamulira yokha ngati gulu limodzi logwirizana pandale.
Nkhondo pakati pa mayiko a mayiko, komanso magulu ankhondo okhazikika omwe mayiko onse adasunga kuti adziteteze ku magulu ankhondo okhazikika a mayiko ena, akhoza kuthetsedwa mwa kukhazikitsidwa kwa dziko lapamwamba. Wells ankayembekezera kuti kutha kwa Nkhondo Yaikulu kudzabweretsa kukwaniritsidwa komaliza kwa lingaliro limeneli, lomwe linanenedwa zaka mazana ambiri zapitazo ndi Victor Hugo, Alfred Lord Tennyson, Ulysses S. Grant, Baha'u'llah, Charlotte Bronte. , Immanuel Kant, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Jeremy Bentham, William Penn, ndi Dante. “Mafuko ang’onoang’ono ambirimbiri a zaka 10,000 zapitazo amenya nkhondo ndi kugwirizana m’maboma amasiku ano a zaka 60 kapena 70,” anatero Wells, “ndipo tsopano akugwira ntchito yolimbana ndi mphamvu zimene panopa ziyenera kukwaniritsa mgwirizano wawo womaliza.”
Inde, patatsala milungu ingapo kuti kuwombera koyamba kwa Nkhondo Yaikulu kuyambike, Wells adafalitsa buku lotchedwa Dziko Lamasulidwa. Inasonyeza tsogolo limene mtundu wa anthu ukusangalala ndi mapindu a mphamvu ya atomiki yochuluka imene ilibe malire ndiponso yaufulu, koma kenako n’kuwonongedwa ndi moto waukulu wochitika makamaka ndi zida za atomiki. Aka kanali koyamba kuwoneka, m'mabuku, kwa zida zanyukiliya komanso nkhondo yanyukiliya. Koma nkhondo yoopsayi imatsatiridwa m’bukuli pofika kumapeto kwa nkhondo, kupyolera mu kukhazikitsidwa kwa chimene Wells anachitcha apa, ndi m’zolemba zina, “dziko ladziko.”
NTHAWI ina, ZINTHU ZINALI ZOTHANDIZA ZOTHETSA NKHONDO
HG Wells anamwalira mu 1946, atakhumudwa kwambiri ndi chiyembekezo cha anthu pambuyo pa Nagasaki ndi Hiroshima. Nkhondo yake ya atomiki inali itachitikadi ... koma sizinawonekere kuti zinabweretsa kutha kwa nkhondo. Chimene chinabweretsa chinali gulu lachidule koma lachitukuko, lomwe linalengeza kuti kuthetsedwa kwa nkhondo - chifukwa cha chiopsezo chomwe tsopano chinayambitsa kupulumuka kwa anthu chifukwa cha nkhondo ya atomiki yapadziko lonse - tsopano chinali chofunikira kwambiri komanso cholinga cha mbiri yakale. . Bwanji? Ndi mgwirizano womaliza umene Wells (nthawi isanakwane) ananeneratu - kukhazikitsidwa kwa lamulo ladziko lonse, kukhazikitsidwa kwa boma ladziko lonse la demokalase, ndi kutha m'bwalo lapadziko lonse la "nkhondo yamuyaya ya wafilosofi Thomas Hobbes" yosatha.
Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 1940, nthaŵi imene inkawoneka kwa iwo amene anali kukhalamo kukhala ndi lonjezo lalikulu ndi chiwopsezo chosatha, gulu lenileni la anthu padziko lonse linayamba kuonekera, likulengeza kuti boma la dziko ndilo njira yokhayo yothetsera vuto latsopano la zida za nyukiliya, ndi vuto lakale la nkhondo yokha. M'zaka zotsatila pambuyo pa WWII lingaliro la boma la dziko lonse lapansi linkakambidwa ndi kukambitsirana m'malo ogona, malo ogona, maphwando a chakudya chamadzulo, ndi ma symposia amtundu uliwonse. Kwa zaka pafupifupi zisanu, gulu lobweretsa dziko lapadziko lonse lapansi linali lamphamvu kwambiri pazachikhalidwe komanso ndale monga momwe ufulu wa amayi ndi kudziwika kwa amuna ndi akazi komanso mayendedwe achilungamo masiku ano, kapena ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi mayendedwe odana ndi Vietnam mu 1960s, kapena gulu la ogwira ntchito ndi mayendedwe ovomerezeka a amayi mzaka makumi angapo zoyambirira za 20th Century. Kodi simukukhulupirira izo?
Mutu wa National Debate Tournament wa masukulu onse apamwamba aku America mu 1947-1948 unali: "WATHETSEDWA: Kuti boma ladziko lonse lapansi likhazikitsidwe." Msilikali wina wokongola wa ku America wotchedwa Garry Davis anamanga hema pa kachigawo kakang’ono ka UN ku Paris mu 1948, analengeza kuti “dziko langa ndilo dziko,” ndipo anakhazikitsa “kaundula wa nzika za dziko lonse” imene inakopa olembetsa oposa 500,000. Purezidenti wa yunivesite ya Chicago, Robert Maynard Hutchins, anasonkhanitsa mu 1947 ena mwa akatswiri odziwika bwino a chikhalidwe cha anthu panthaŵiyo, kuphatikizapo aphunzitsi a ku Stanford, Harvard, ndi St. Constitution." ("Zolemba zoyambirira" zomwe pambuyo pake adapereka atsogoleri adziko lapansi omwe adaganiza kuti akhazikitse "Federal Republic of the World, komwe timapereka zida zathu.") Gulu la American "United World Federalists" (UWF), lomwe cholinga chake chinali "kulimbikitsa UN kukhala boma la dziko lonse,” linali litakhazikitsa mitu 720 ndi kulemba anthu pafupifupi 50,000 zaka khumi zisanathe. (UWF ikadalipobe lero, yotchedwa “Citizens for Global Solutions,” yokhala ndi maofesi ku Washington DC. Ndi gulu lachi America logwirizana ndi “World Federalist Movement,” lomwe lili ndi maofesi ku New York City.) Ndipo kafukufuku wa 1947 Gallup anasonyeza zimenezo. 56% ya aku America adagwirizana ndi lingaliro lakuti "UN iyenera kulimbikitsidwa kuti ikhale boma lapadziko lonse lapansi."
Anthu otchuka panthaŵiyo amene analimbikitsa poyera kukhazikitsidwa kwa dziko lapadziko lonse lapansi anali Albert Einstein, EB White, Jean-Paul Sartre, Aldous Huxley, Oscar Hammerstein II, Clare Boothe Luce, Carl Sandburg, John Steinbeck, Albert Camus, Dorothy Thompson, Bertrand. Russell, Arnold Toynbee, Ingrid Bergman, Henry Fonda, Bette Davis, Thomas Mann, oweruza a Khoti Lalikulu ku United States Owen J. Roberts ndi William O. Douglas, Jawaharlal Nehru, ndi Winston Churchill.
Lingaliroli lidakopa ngakhale thandizo lamalamulo aku America. Maboma osachepera 30 ku US adapereka zigamulo mokomera boma lapadziko lonse lapansi. Ndipo chigamulo chogwirizana mu 1949 ku US Congress, chomwe chinalengeza kuti "chiyenera kukhala cholinga chachikulu cha ndondomeko yachilendo ya United States kuthandizira ndi kulimbikitsa United Nations ndi kufunafuna chitukuko chake kukhala chitaganya chapadziko lonse," chinathandizidwa ndi 111. oimira ndi aphungu, kuphatikizapo zimphona za tsogolo la ndale za ku America monga Gerald Ford, Mike Mansfield, Henry Cabot Lodge, Peter Rodino, Henry Jackson, Jacob Javits, Hubert Humphrey, ndi John F. Kennedy.
Zowonadi, Purezidenti Harry S. Truman anali wachifundo kwambiri ndi mphepo za boma zapadziko lonse lapansi zomwe zinali mbali ya zeitgeist pautsogoleri wake. Strobe Talbott, m'buku lake la 2008 KUYESA KWAKUKULU: Nkhani ya Maufumu Akale, Maiko Amakono, ndi Kufunafuna Dziko Lapadziko Lonse, akutiuza kuti Truman m'moyo wake wonse wachikulire adanyamula chikwama chake Tennyson's 1842 Locksley Hall mavesi onena za "nyumba yamalamulo ya anthu, chitaganya cha dziko" - ndipo adawakoperanso ndi dzanja kangapo kambirimbiri. Ndipo pamene anali kubwerera pa sitima kuchokera ku San Francisco kupita ku Washington atasaina Tchata cha UN pa June 26, 1945, pulezidenti anaima kwawo ku Missouri, nati: “Kudzakhala kophweka mofananamo kuti mayiko agwirizane. Republic of the world monga momwe zilili kuti mugwirizane mu republic of United States. Tsopano pamene Kansas ndi Colorado ali ndi mkangano pa madzi mu Mtsinje wa Arkansas ... samapita kukamenyana nawo. Iwo akupereka mlandu ku Khoti Lalikulu Kwambiri ku United States ndipo amatsatira chigamulocho. Palibe chifukwa padziko lapansi chomwe sitingachite izi padziko lonse lapansi. ”
PADZIKO LAPANSI MTENDERE MWA MALAMULO A DZIKO LAPANSI
Nthaŵi zina masiku ano anthu otchuka omwe ali ndi masomphenya aakulu a mbiri yakale amaika lingaliro la dziko lapansi patebulo. "Ngati mungafune kukangana ndi boma lapadziko lonse lapansi, kusintha kwanyengo kumapereka," atero a Bill McKibben mu 2017, mosakayikira woimira chilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi. Mu 2015, Bill Gates adayankhulana ndi nyuzipepala yaku Germany Suddeutsche Zeitung za dziko lapansi. M'menemo, iye anati: "Njira ya UN yalephera ... Zinali zomvetsa chisoni momwe msonkhano (wa UN kusintha kwa nyengo) unachitikira ku Copenhagen ... Ndife okonzekera nkhondo ... Tili ndi NATO, tili ndi magawano, jeep, anthu ophunzitsidwa. Koma ndi chiyani ndi miliri? . . . Pakanakhala chinthu chonga boma la dziko lonse, tikadakonzekera bwino.” Ndipo mu 2017, malemu Stephen Hawking adati: "Chiyambire chitukuko, nkhanza zakhala zothandiza chifukwa zili ndi ubwino wotsimikizika ... chibadwa chathu chobadwa nacho mwanzeru ndi kulingalira kwathu ...
Koma ngakhale zili zotulukapo izi, lingaliro loti china ngati chitaganya chapadziko lonse lapansi tsiku lina chikhoza kukhala yankho ku vuto lankhondo ndi chodziwikiratu makamaka chifukwa chosowa pamkangano wa mfundo za anthu. Anthu ambiri sali pa izo kapena kutsutsana nazo, chifukwa anthu ambiri sanaganizirepo za izo, ndipo mwina sanamvepo za izo. Ndipo mbiri yochititsa chidwi ya lingaliroli - ponseponse panthawi yomwe ili pachimake m'zaka zochepa pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse komanso monga momwe amafotokozera ambiri oganiza bwino a mbiri yakale m'zaka mazana apitawa - mwanjira ina sichidziwika ngakhale kwa anthu odziwa kulemba ndi kulemba ndi ndale.
Koma lingaliro likhoza kuwukanso - pazifukwa zomwezo zomwe zidapangitsa Wells kupanga "dziko lapansi" chifukwa chake komanso kukhudzika kwake zaka zana zapitazo. Ngakhale kuti anthu ambiri aku America amavomereza utundu ndi tsankho komanso mawu a "America Choyamba" a Steve Bannon, Stephen Miller, ndi Donald Trump, ena ambiri - mkati ndi kunja kwa United States - amaumirira kuti kukhulupirika kwa munthu ku mtundu wako kumatha kutsagana ndi kukhulupirika kwa munthu. umunthu, kuti kutsata zofuna za dziko kuyenera kutsagana ndi malingaliro ena a zokonda za anthu wamba, komanso kuti tonsefe padziko lapansi losalimba tiyenera kudziganizira tokha, m'mawu osaiwalika a wolemba nkhani za sayansi Spider Robinson, monga "ogwira nawo ntchito pa Spaceship Earth. ”
“Chigwirizano cha anthu onse,” anatero HG Wells, “pamodzi ndi muyezo wokwanira wa chilungamo cha chikhalidwe cha anthu kuonetsetsa thanzi, maphunziro, ndi kukhala ndi mwayi wofanana kwa ana ambiri obadwa padziko lapansi, zingatanthauze kumasulidwa ndi kuwonjezeka koteroko. wa mphamvu za anthu kuti atsegule gawo latsopano m’mbiri ya anthu.”
Mwina, tsiku lina lakutali, lomwe likhoza kukhala nkhondo yomwe ithetsa nkhondo.
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Tad Daley ndi Director of Policy Analysis ku Nzika za Global Solutions, ndi mlembi wa bukhuli APOCALYPSE NEVER: Kupanga Njira Yopita ku Dziko Lopanda Zida za Nyukiliya kuchokera ku Rutgers University Press.
