Tsalani bwino ndi AUMF

Ndi David Swanson, World BEYOND War, June 17, 2021

Ndi nyumba yaku US kuvota komanso Nyumba Yamalamulo yaku US ikulonjeza kuvota pochotsa AUMF (Chilolezo Chogwiritsa Ntchito Gulu Lankhondo) kuyambira 2002 (makamaka chilolezo chabodza kwa Purezidenti George W. Bush kuti adzisankhire yekha ndikuwononga Iraq posemphana ndi UN Charter ndi Kellogg-Briand Pact, mwa malamulo ena), titha kumaliza kutsutsana ndi lamulo lochititsa manyazi. Ndipo popanda cholowa m'malo mwa AUMF chomwe chilipo kuti chithandizire nkhondo zatsopano. Izi zonse ndi zabwino, koma. . .

Sindiye Congress ikutsimikizira ulamuliro wake. Izi zikuchitika chifukwa cha Purezidenti yemwe watiuza izi.

Iyi si Congress yomwe ikuthetsa AUMF ya 2001 yomwe yadzudzulidwa kwambiri chifukwa chakuigwiritsa ntchito ngati chifukwa chomenyera nkhondo zachiwawa kwa zaka 20. Ameneyo akumusiya momveka bwino m'malo mwake.

Siyi Congress ikumaliza nkhondo imodzi, ngakhale nkhondo yaku Yemen yomwe nyumba zonse ziwiri zidavota kuti zitheke kawiri pomwe angadalire veto ya Trump, osati nkhondo yaku Afghanistan, osati nkhondo yaku Syria (kapena, ngati Purezidenti Biden amakonda kuyitcha, "Libya"). Sikuti a Congress akukana kuwonjezeka kwamisala pakuwonjezeka kwa ndalama zankhondo. Uku sikutanthauza kupewa kupha munthu m'modzi yekha. M'malo mwake, palibe AUMF, ngakhale 2001 AUMF, yomwe yakhala ili m'gulu la zifukwa zankhondo zapano kwanthawi yayitali. Trump sanadalire ma AUMF komanso Biden.

Izi "zotsutsana ndi nkhondo" zili ngati kulephera kusintha apolisi kapena ndende kapena misonkho kapena ndalama zaku koleji kapena ngongole zaophunzira kapena malipiro ochepa, ndikupanga chakhumi ndi chiwiri tchuthi. Ndi kuvala pazenera. Koma likuwonetsa ngozi ina, yoti Congress ikukonzekera kupanga AUMF yatsopano, mwina munthawi yoyenera ya mantha ndi mantha, isanachotse AUMF kuchokera ku 2001. Nazi zifukwa zisanu ndi chimodzi zomwe zili lingaliro loyipa. Khalani omasuka kupeza zifukwa zisanu mwanjira izi. Aliyense wa iwo ayenera kukhala wokwanira yekha.

1. Nkhondo sivomerezedwa. Ngakhale nkhondo zonse ndizosaloledwa pansi pa Kellogg-Briand Pact, anthu ambiri amanyalanyaza izi. Komabe, owerengeka ochepa amanyalanyaza kuti pafupifupi nkhondo zonse ndizosaloledwa pansi pa UN Charter. Purezidenti Biden adateteza mivi yake yaku Marichi ku Syria ndikunamizira kuti akufuna kudzitchinjiriza, momveka bwino chifukwa pali ziphuphu zodzitchinjiriza mu UN Charter. A US adapempha chilolezo cha UN kuti amenye Iraq ku 2003 (koma sanalandire) osati monga ulemu kwa mayiko omwe angathe kuwonongedwa padziko lapansi, koma chifukwa ndiye lamulo, ngakhale atanyalanyaza kukhalapo kwa Kellogg-Briand Pact ( Chidziwitso cha KBP). Palibe njira yoti Congress itchule Chilolezo Chogwiritsa Ntchito Gulu Lankhondo (AUMF) kuti mlandu wankhondo ukhale wovomerezeka. Palibe njira yoti Congress iwononge izi ponena kuti mphamvu zina siziri "nkhondo". UN Charter ikuletsa kukakamiza ngakhale kuwopseza kukakamiza, ndipo ikufuna kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamtendere zokha - monga KBP. Congress ilibe nthawi yapadera yopangira milandu.
2. Kukhazikitsa chifukwa chotsutsana kuti nkhondo ndiyovomerezeka, AUMF ikadakhalabe yosaloledwa. Constitution ya US ipatsa Congress mphamvu yakulengeza nkhondo, ndipo ilibe mphamvu zovomerezera wamkulu kuti alengeze nkhondo. Kukhazikitsa chifukwa chotsutsa kuti War Powers Resolution ndi lamulo ladziko, lamulo lake loti Congress ivomereze nkhondo kapena nkhanza sizingakwaniritsidwe polengeza kuti chilolezo kwa wamkulu kuti alolere nkhondo kapena nkhanza zomwe akuwona kuti ndizoyenera ndi chilolezo chapadera. Si choncho.
3. Simumaliza nkhondo polola nkhondo kapena kuloleza wina kuti alolere nkhondo. The 2001 AUMF inati: “Purezidenti wavomerezedwa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zonse zoyenera kutsutsana ndi mayiko, mabungwe, kapena anthu omwe awasankha kuti awakonzekeretse, kuwalamulira, kuwathandiza, kapena kuwathandiza zigawenga zomwe zidachitika pa Seputembara 11, 2001, kapena adasunga mabungwe kapena anthu oterewa. , pofuna kuletsa zochitika zilizonse zaumbanda zomwe zidzachitike ku United States ndi mayiko, mabungwe kapena anthu. ” Pulogalamu ya 2002 AUMF adati: "Purezidenti wavomerezedwa kugwiritsa ntchito Asitikali ankhondo aku United States momwe angafunikire kukhala oyenera komanso oyenera kuti - (1) ateteze chitetezo cha dziko la United States pazowopseza zomwe zachitika ku Iraq; komanso (2) azitsatira mfundo zonse zokhudza bungwe la United Nations Security Council zokhudza Iraq. ” Malamulowa ndi achabechabe, osati chifukwa chosagwirizana ndi malamulo (onani # 2 pamwambapa) komanso chifukwa chachiwiri chosakhulupirika pomwe zigawo zolumikiza Iraq ndi 9-11 zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosafunikira pansi pa yoyamba. Komabe, yachiwiriyo inali yofunikira pandale ku United States. AUMF yatsopano idafunikanso ku Syria 2013 ndi Iran 2015, ndichifukwa chake nkhondo zija sizinachitike pamlingo wonga Iraq. Kuti chilengezo china kapena AUMF sichinali chofunikira pankhondo zina zambiri, kuphatikiza nkhondo yaku Libya, kuphatikiza nkhondo yaying'ono komanso yolowererapo ku Syria, ndichowona zandale osati chalamulo. Tili ndi mphamvu zokwanira kuti Biden apeze chinyengo chatsopano chankhondo pankhondo yatsopano iliyonse, ndikumukana. Koma kumupatsa AUMF yatsopano ndikumuyembekezera kuti ayika zida zonse ndikukhala ngati wamkulu kungakhale kumangirira dzanja lathu kumbuyo kwathu ngati olimbikitsa mtendere.
4. Ngati Congress singakakamizidwe kuchotsa ma AUMF omwe alipo kale popanda kupanga yatsopano, ndibwino kuti tisunge zakale. Achikulire awonjezerapo njira zingapo zovomerezeka pamilandu yambiri yankhondo komanso zankhondo, koma sikuti kwenikweni amadaliridwa ndi a Bush kapena a Obama kapena a Trump, aliyense wa iwo adanenapo, mopusa, kuti zochita zake zinali (a) kutsatira UN Charter, (b) motsata ndondomeko ya War Powers Resolution, ndi (c) yovomerezedwa ndi mphamvu zakupikisana kwa purezidenti zomwe sizingafanane ndi Constitution ya US. Nthawi ina zifukwa za Congress zokhala ndi ndalama zimasokonekera. Mabuku akadakalipo kuyambira 1957 chilolezo chothana ndi chikominisi chamayiko ku Middle East, koma palibe amene akutchula. Ndingakonde kuchotsa zotsalira zonsezi, ndipo chifukwa cha theka la Constitution, koma ngati Misonkhano ya Geneva ndi Kellogg-Briand Pact zitha kukumbukiridwa, momwemonso ma Cheney-droppings awa. Kumbali ina, ngati mupanga yatsopano, idzagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo izunzidwa kuposa chilichonse chomwe chimanena.
5. Aliyense amene angawone kuwonongeka kwa nkhondo zaposachedwa sangalole chinthu china chachipembedzo. Kuyambira 2001, United States yakhala ikuchita mwadongosolo kuwononga dera lapadziko lonse lapansi, kuphulitsa mabomba ku Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan, Libya, Somalia, Yemen, ndi Syria, osanenapo Philippines ndi mayiko ena omwazikana padziko lonse lapansi. United States ili ndi "magulu apadera" omwe akugwira ntchito m'maiko ambiri. Anthu omwe adaphedwa ndi nkhondo yapambuyo pa 9-11 mwina akuyandikira miliyoni 6. Nthawi zambiri zomwe zavulazidwa, nthawi zambiri zomwe zidapha kapena kuvulala mosawonekera, nthawi zambiri zomwe zidapangitsa kuti asakhale pokhala, ndipo zowopsa zambiri. Ambiri mwa omwe akhudzidwawo akhala ana aang'ono. Mabungwe azigawenga komanso zovuta za othawa kwawo zachitika modabwitsa. Imfa iyi ndikuwonongeka ndikutsika kwa chidebe poyerekeza ndi mwayi wotayika wopulumutsa anthu ku njala ndi matenda ndi masoka achilengedwe. Mtengo wazachuma wopitilira $ 1 thililiyoni chaka chilichonse pazankhondo zaku US zakhala zikugulitsidwa. Zikanatha kuchita komanso zitha kuchita zabwino zambiri.
6. Zomwe zikufunika ndichinthu china kwathunthu. Zomwe zikufunika kwenikweni ndikukakamiza kutha kwa nkhondo iliyonse, ndikugulitsa zida, ndi mabungwe. Bungwe la US Congress lidachitapo kanthu (mwamphamvu koma mwachiwonekere) kuletsa nkhondo ku Yemen ndi ku Iran pomwe a Trump anali ku White House. Zonsezi zidavoteledwa. Ma veto onsewa sanakopedwe. Tsopano Biden wadzipereka kuti athetse pang'ono kutenga nawo mbali ku US (kupatula mwanjira zina) pankhondo yaku Yemen, ndipo Congress yasalankhula. Zomwe zikufunika ndikuti Congress iletse kutenga nawo mbali pankhondo ku Yemen ndikupangitsa Biden kuti asayine, kenako ku Afghanistan, kenako ku Somalia, ndi zina zambiri, kapena kuchita zingapo nthawi imodzi, koma zichite, ndikupanga Chizindikiro cha Biden kapena kuvomereza. Zomwe zikufunika ndi kuti Congress iletse kupha anthu padziko lonse lapansi ndi zoponya, kaya kuchokera ku ma drones. Zomwe zikufunika ndi kuti Congress isunthire ndalama zankhondo zogwiritsa ntchito pamavuto amunthu komanso zachilengedwe. Zomwe zikufunika ndikuti Congress ithetse kugulitsa zida zaku US zomwe zikupitilira pano 48 mwa 50 maboma opondereza kwambiri padziko lapansi. Zomwe zikufunika ndi kuti Congress ichite pafupi maziko achilendo. Zomwe zikufunika ndikuti Congress ithetse zilango zakupha komanso zosaloledwa kwa anthu padziko lonse lapansi.

Tangowona msonkhano wa Purezidenti Biden ndi Purezidenti wa Russia Vladimir Putin, pomwe omenyera nkhondo ndi nkhondo anali mamembala onse atolankhani aku US. Titha kuyembekezera kuti atolankhani aku US afufuze AUMF yatsopano makamaka chifukwa cha nkhanza zomwe atolankhani aku US adachita ku Russia, China, Iran, North Korea, Venezuela, ndi - kuti tingaiwale! - UFOs. Koma iyi ndi nthawi yowopsa kwambiri, osati yabwinoko, yopanga chikalata chowopsa kuposa chaka cha 2001.