Ndi David SwansonAs timawerenga Ulysses pa Bloomsday tsiku lililonse la Juni 16 (kapena tiyenera ngati sititero) Ndikuganiza kuti Disembala 7 aliyense sayenera kungokumbukira Lamulo Lalikulu la 1682 lomwe linaletsa nkhondo ku Pennsylvania komanso ku Pearl Harbor, osati pokondwerera boma la permawar lomwe idakhalapo zaka 73, koma powerenga The Golden Age Gore Vidal ndi kulemba ndi Joyce ena ndi nthawi ya golide ya anti-isolationist kupha anthu ambiri omwe aphatikiza miyoyo ya nzika iliyonse ya US pansi pa zaka za 73.
Tsiku la Golden Age liyenera kuphatikizapo kuwerengera pagulu buku la Vidal komanso kuvomereza kosangalatsa kwa Washington Post, New York Times Book Review, ndi mapepala ena onse ogwira ntchito mchaka cha 2000, chomwe chimadziwikanso kuti 1 BWT (nkhondo isanachitike). Palibe m'modzi mwa nyuzipepalayi yemwe adadziwa momwe adasindikizira momwe Purezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt adayendetsera United States pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse. Komabe buku la Vidal - lofotokozedwa ngati zopeka, komabe limangokhala pazinthu zolembedwa - amafotokoza nkhaniyo moona mtima, ndipo mwanjira ina mtundu womwe adagwiritsa ntchito kapena wolemba mbiri yake kapena luso lake lolemba kapena kutalika kwa bukulo (masamba ochulukirapo kuti akonzi akulu akhale kuvutitsidwa ndi) kumamupatsa chilolezo choti anene zowona.
Zedi, anthu ena awerenga The Golden Age ndipo adatsutsa zosayenera zake, koma akhalabe olemekezeka kwambiri. Ndikhoza kukhumudwitsa chifukwa cholemba poyera za zomwe zili. Chinyengo, chomwe ndimalimbikitsa kwambiri kwa onse, ndicho kupereka kapena kulangiza buku kwa ena popanda kuwauza zomwe zili mmenemo.
Ngakhale wopanga makanema ndiwotchuka m'bukuli, sizinapangidwe kuti zikhale kanema, monga momwe ndikudziwira - koma zochitika zofala powerenga pagulu zitha kupangitsa kuti izi zichitike.
In The Golden Age, tikutsatira mkati mwazitseko zonse zatsekedwa, monga a British akunyengerera ku US ku nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, monga Pulezidenti Roosevelt akudzipereka kwa Prime Minister Winston Churchill, monga otentha omwe akuyendetsa msonkhano wa Republican kuti atsimikizire kuti onse maphwando omwe amasankha otsogolera ku 1940 okonzeka kuyitanira pa mtendere pamene akukonzekera nkhondo, monga FDR ikulakalaka kuthamanga zaka zitatu zisanachitike monga mtsogoleri wa nthawi ya nkhondo koma ayenera kudzikonzekera yekha poyambitsa ndondomeko ndi kulengeza monga president wa drafttime panthaŵi yomwe anthu akuganiza kuti ndizoopsa, ndipo monga FDR ikuyesa kukakamiza Japan kuti iwononge nthawi yomwe akufuna.
Zolemba zake ndizowopsa. Roosevelt amalimbikitsa zamtendere ("kupatula ngati ziwopsezo"), monga Wilson, ngati Johnson, ngati Nixon, ngati Obama, komanso ngati mamembala a Congress adangosankhidwa pomwe akukana mwamwano komanso mosemphana ndi malamulo kukana kuyimitsa kapena kuvomereza nkhondo yapano. Roosevelt, chisankho chisanachitike, amaika a Henry Stimson ngati Secretary of War wokonda nkhondo mosiyana konse ndi Ash Carter ngati wosankhidwa kukhala Secretary of "Defense".
Kukambirana kwa Tsiku la Golden Age kungaphatikizepo mfundo zodziwika za nkhaniyi:
Pa Disembala 7, 1941, Purezidenti Franklin Delano Roosevelt adalengeza zankhondo ku Japan ndi Germany, koma adaganiza kuti sizigwira ntchito ndipo adapita ndi Japan yokha. Germany, monga zinkayembekezeredwa, idalengeza mwachangu nkhondo ku United States.
FDR ayesa kunama kwa Amerika ngalawa za US kuphatikizapo Gulu ndi Kerny, zomwe zinkathandiza ndege za British kuyendetsa sitima zapamadzi za German, koma zomwe Roosevelt ankanamizira kuti anali atasokonezeka mosavuta.
Roosevelt ananamizanso kuti anali ndi mapulani a mapazi a Nazi omwe akugonjetsa dziko la South America, komanso dongosolo la Nazi lachinsinsi lokhazikitsa zipembedzo zonse ndi Nazism.
Kuyambira mwezi wa December 6, 1941, makumi asanu ndi atatu pa zana a anthu a US omwe amatsutsana nawo kuloŵa nkhondo. Koma Roosevelt anali atayambitsa kalembedwe, anakhazikitsa National Guard, adapanga Navy yaikulu m'nyanja ziwiri, ogulitsa akale ogulitsa ku England pofuna kusinthanitsa ndi mabungwe awo ku Caribbean ndi Bermuda, ndipo adalamula mwachinsinsi kuti adziwe mndandanda wa aliyense Munthu wa ku Japan ndi wa Japan-America ku United States.
Pa Epulo 28, 1941, Churchill adalemba chinsinsi kwa nduna yake yankhondo kuti: "Zitha kutsimikizika kuti kulowa ku Japan kunkhondo kungatsatiridwe ndikulowa kwa United States mbali yathu."
Pa August 18, 1941, Churchill anakumana ndi nduna yake ku 10 Downing Street. Msonkhanowo unali wofanana ndi July 23, 2002, msonkhano pamalowo omwewo, maminiti omwe adadziwika kuti Downing Street Minutes. Misonkhano yonseyi inavumbulutsa zolinga za US zobisika kupita ku nkhondo. Pamsonkhano wa 1941, Churchill adauza nduna yake, motere: "Pulezidenti adanena kuti adzamenya nkhondo koma sadzalengeze." Kuphatikizanso apo, "Zonse ziyenera kuchitidwa kukakamiza zochitikazo."
Kuyambira pakati pa 1930s omenyera ufulu waku US - anthu omwe anali okwiya pomenya nkhondo zaposachedwa ku US - anali akuyenda motsutsana ndi malingaliro aku US aku Japan ndi US Navy akufuna kumenya nkhondo ku Japan - Marichi 8, 1939, yomwe idafotokoza "nkhondo yoopsa ya Kutalika ”komwe kungawononge gulu lankhondo ndikusokoneza moyo wachuma ku Japan.
Mu January 1941, a Japan Advertiser anafotokoza zakukwiyira kwake Pearl Harbor mu nkhani, ndipo kazembe wa US ku Japan analemba m'kaundula wake kuti: "Pali zokambirana zambiri kuzungulira tawuni kuti a Japan, akapumula ku United States, akukonzekera Pitani kukawombera modabwitsa Pearl Harbor. Zachidziwikire ndidadziwitsa boma langa. ”
Pa February 5, 1941, Admiral Wachichewa Richmond Kelly Turner adalembera kalata Henry Wachinson kuti awonetsere kuti akhoza kuwonongeka ku Pearl Harbor.
Poyamba 1932 United States idayankhula ndi China ponena za kupereka ndege, oyendetsa ndege, ndi kuphunzitsa nkhondo yake ndi Japan. Mu November 1940, Roosevelt anapatsa China ndalama zokwana madola zana milioni kuti amenyane ndi dziko la Japan, ndipo atatha kufunsa ndi British, US Secretary of Treasury Henry Morgenthau adakonza zoti atumize mabomba a ku China ndi asilikali a ku America kuti akagwiritse ntchito pomenyera mabomba ku Tokyo ndi mizinda ina ya ku Japan.
Pa Disembala 21, 1940, Unduna wa Zachuma ku China TV Soong ndi Colonel Claire Chennault, wopuma pantchito ku US Army yemwe anali kugwirira ntchito achi China ndipo anali kuwalimbikitsa kuti agwiritse ntchito oyendetsa ndege aku America kuphulitsa Tokyo kuyambira pafupifupi 1937, adakumana pamalo odyera a Henry Morgenthau chipinda chokonzekera kuphulitsa moto ku Japan. Morgenthau adati atha kutulutsa amuna kuntchito ku US Army Air Corps ngati aku China angawalipire $ 1,000 pamwezi. Soong anavomera.
Pa May 24, 1941, a New York Times adanenanso zakuphunzitsidwa kwa US ndi gulu lankhondo laku China, ndikupereka "ndege zingapo zomenyera komanso kuphulitsa bomba" ku China ndi United States. "Kuphulika kwa Mizinda Yaku Japan Akuyembekezeredwa," wawerenga mutu wankhani.
Pofika Julayi, Joint Army-Navy Board anali atavomereza pulani yotchedwa JB 355 yowombera Japan. Kampani yakutsogolo imagula ndege zaku America kuti ziziyendetsedwa ndi odzipereka aku America ophunzitsidwa ndi Chennault ndikulipidwa ndi gulu lina lakumbuyo. Roosevelt adavomereza, ndipo katswiri wake waku China a Lauchlin Currie, malinga ndi mawu a Nicholson Baker, "adakakamiza a Madame Chaing Kai-Shek ndi a Claire Chennault kalata yomwe idapempha azondi aku Japan kuti awatsekereze." Kaya inali nkhani yonse kapena ayi, iyi inali kalata: "Ndili wokondwa kwambiri kuti lero nditha kunena kuti Purezidenti walamula kuti mabomba okwera mabomba makumi asanu ndi limodzi mphambu asanu ndi limodzi aperekedwe ku China chaka chino ndi makumi awiri mphambu anayi kuti aperekedwe nthawi yomweyo. Adavomerezanso pulogalamu yophunzitsira kuyendetsa ndege yaku China pano. Zambiri kudzera munjira zachilendo. Zabwino zonse."
Gulu la Volunteer Group (AVG) la 1st (AVG) la China Air Force, lomwe limadziwikanso kuti Flying Tigers, linapitiliza ntchito ndi kuphunzitsidwa mwamsanga ndipo linaperekedwa ku China pamaso pa Pearl Harbor.
Pa Meyi 31, 1941, ku Keep America Out of War Congress, a William Henry Chamberlin adachenjeza mwamphamvu kuti: "Kunyanyala konse chuma ku Japan, kuimitsa kutumiza mafuta, kukakakamiza dziko la Japan m'manja mwa olamulira. Nkhondo yankhondo ingayambitse nkhondo yapamadzi komanso yankhondo. ”
Pa Julayi 24, 1941, Purezidenti Roosevelt adati, "Tikadadula mafutawo, [aku Japan] mwina akanatsikira ku Dutch East Indies chaka chapitacho, ndipo mukadakhala ndi nkhondo. Zinali zofunikira kwambiri pakuwona kwathu kodzitetezera kuti nkhondo isayambike ku South Pacific. Chifukwa chake malingaliro athu akunja anali kuyesa kuletsa nkhondo kuyambika kumeneko. ” Atolankhani adazindikira kuti Roosevelt adati "anali" osati "ali." Tsiku lotsatira, Roosevelt adapereka lamulo lotsogolera kuzizira chuma cha Japan. United States ndi Britain adadula mafuta ndi zitsulo ku Japan. Radhabinod Pal, wazamalamulo waku India yemwe adagwirapo ntchito kukhothi lamilandu nkhondo itatha, anati ziletsozo ndi "chiwopsezo chomveka komanso champhamvu ku Japan," ndipo adatsimikiza kuti United States idakwiyitsa Japan.
Pa August 7, 1941, a Japan Times Advertiser analemba kuti: "Poyamba kunalinso malo abwino kwambiri ku Singapore, omwe ankalimbikitsidwa kwambiri ndi asilikali a Britain ndi Empire. Kuchokera pakhomoli gudumu lalikulu linamangidwa ndipo linagwirizanitsidwa ndi mabungwe a ku America kupanga mphete yayikulu kumadera akum'mwera ndi kumadzulo kwa Philippines kupyolera mu Malaya ndi Burma, ndi chigwirizanocho chinasweka pokhapokha ku Thailand. Tsopano tikukonzekera kuti tifotokoze zochepetsetsa, zomwe zimapita ku Rangoon. "
Pofika mu September, nyuzipepala ya ku Japan inakwiya kwambiri kuti United States idayamba kutumiza mafuta kudutsa Japan kupita ku Russia. Japan, nyuzipepala yake inati, akufa imfa yochepa "ku nkhondo yachuma."
Kumapeto kwa mwezi wa October, US akuyendera Edgar Mower anali kugwira ntchito kwa Colonel William Donovan yemwe adafufuza Roosevelt. Woweruzayo analankhula ndi mwamuna wina ku Manila wotchedwa Ernest Johnson, yemwe ndi membala wa Komiti ya Maritime, yemwe adati akuyembekezera kuti "Japs adzatengera Manila ndisanatuluke." Pamene Woweruza anadabwa, Johnson anayankha kuti "Kodi simunadziwe Jap sitimayo yasamukira chakum'mawa, mwinamwake kukwera sitima zathu ku Pearl Harbor? "
Pa Novembala 3, 1941, kazembe waku US adatumiza telegalamu yayitali ku State department kuwachenjeza kuti kulandidwa kwachuma kungakakamize Japan kuchita "national hara-kiri." Adalemba kuti: "Nkhondo ya ku United States ingachitike mwadzidzidzi modabwitsa."
Pa Novembala 15th, wamkulu wa asitikali aku US a George Marshall adauza atolankhani china chake chomwe sitimakumbukira kuti ndi "Marshall Plan." M'malo mwake sitimakumbukira konse. "Tikukonzekera nkhondo yolimbana ndi Japan," adatero a Marshall, akufunsa atolankhani kuti asunge chinsinsi, zomwe ndikudziwa kuti adazichita.
Patatha masiku khumi Secretary of War Stimson adalemba mu diary yake kuti adakumana ku Oval Office ndi Marshall, Purezidenti Roosevelt, Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox, Admiral Harold Stark, ndi Secretary of State Cordell Hull. Roosevelt anali atawauza kuti achi Japan akuyenera kuti adzaukira posachedwa, mwina Lolemba lotsatira.
Zakhala zikulembedwa bwino kuti United States idaphwanya malamulo achijapani ndikuti Roosevelt anali nazo. Kudzera mwa kulanda uthenga wotchedwa Purple code pomwe Roosevelt adazindikira malingaliro aku Germany olanda Russia. Anali Hull yemwe adatulutsa mawu achijapani kwa atolankhani, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti Novembala 30, 1941, mutu wankhani "Japan May Strike Weekend."
Lolemba lotsatira likadakhala Disembala 1, masiku asanu ndi limodzi chiwembucho chisanachitike. "Funso," a Stimson adalemba, "ndi momwe tingawathandizire kuti azitha kuwombera mfuti yoyamba osalola kuwopsa kwathu. Lingaliro lake linali lovuta. ”
Tsiku lotsatira, Congress idavotera nkhondo. Congresswoman Jeannette Rankin (R., Mont.) Adayimirira yekha pakuvota ayi. Patatha chaka chimodzi kuvota, pa Disembala 8, 1942, Rankin adatinso mu DRM Record akufotokoza zotsutsa zake. Adatchulanso ntchito ya wofalitsa nkhani waku Britain yemwe adatsutsana mu 1938 chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito Japan kubweretsa United States kunkhondo. Adatchulanso za a Henry Luce mu moyo Magazini ya July 20, 1942, kwa "anthu a ku China omwe a US adapereka chigamulo chimene chinabweretsa Pearl Harbor." Iye adawonetsa umboni kuti pa msonkhano wa Atlantic pa August 12, 1941, Roosevelt adatsimikizira Churchill kuti United States idzabweretsa mavuto azachuma kuti azitsatira pa Japan. "Ndidatchula," analemba Rankin, "State Department Bulletin ya December 20, 1941, yomwe inavumbulutsa kuti pa September 3 kulankhulana kunatumizidwa ku Japan kukafuna kuti avomereze mfundo yakuti 'kusagwirizana kwa chikhalidwe chomwe chili ku Pacific, 'zomwe zinkafuna kutsimikiziranso kuti maulamuliro oyera a Kum'maŵa amatsutsana. "
Rankin anapeza kuti Economic Defence Board idalandira chilango chachuma pasanathe sabata pambuyo pa msonkhano wa Atlantic. Pa December 2, 1941, a New York Times Akuti, Japan "adachotsedwa pafupifupi 75 peresenti ya malonda ake ovomerezeka ndi Allied blockade." Rankin ananenanso mawu a Lieutenant Clarence E. Dickinson, USN, Loweruka Tsiku Lachitatu ya October 10, 1942, kuti pa November 28, 1941, masiku asanu ndi anayi asanayambe kuukiridwa, Wachiwiri Wachiwiri William F. Halsey, Jr, (iye ali ndi mawu omveka akuti "Apha Japs! Apha Japs!") adamupatsa malangizo ena "kuwombera pansi chirichonse chimene tinachiwona mlengalenga ndi kuponya mabomba chilichonse chimene tinaona panyanja."
General George Marshall adavomereza kuti bungwe la Congress ku 1945 lidati: kuti malamulowa athyoledwa, kuti United States idakhazikitsa mgwirizano wa Anglo-Dutch-America kuti agwirizane ndi dziko la Japan ndikuziika patsogolo pa Pearl Harbor, ndi kuti United States akuluakulu a asilikali ake kupita ku China kukachita nkhondo pamaso pa Pearl Harbor.
Chikumbutso cha Okutobala 1940 cha Lieutenant Commander Arthur H. McCollum chidachitidwa ndi Purezidenti Roosevelt ndi omwe akuwayang'anira. Linafunika kuchitapo kanthu zisanu ndi zitatu zomwe McCollum ananeneratu kuti zidzapangitsa a ku Japan kuti adzaukire, kuphatikizapo kukonzekera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa maboma aku Britain ku Singapore komanso kugwiritsa ntchito malo achi Dutch komwe tsopano ndi Indonesia, kuthandiza boma la China, kutumiza magawano azitali oyenda mwamphamvu opita ku Philippines kapena ku Singapore, kutumiza magawo awiri a sitima zapamadzi ku "Kum'mawa," kusunga mphamvu zazikulu zankhondo ku Hawaii, ndikuumiriza kuti achi Dutch akane mafuta aku Japan, ndikuletsa malonda onse ndi Japan mogwirizana ndi Britain .
Tsiku lotsatira zomwe McCollum adalemba, a State department adauza anthu aku America kuti achoke kumayiko akummawa, ndipo Roosevelt adalamula kuti zombo zomwe zidasungidwa ku Hawaii chifukwa chotsutsa mwamphamvu Admiral James O. Richardson yemwe adatchula Purezidenti kuti "Posakhalitsa a Japan achita kuchitira United States zowonekeratu ndipo dzikolo lingalolere kupita kunkhondo. ”
Uthengawu womwe Admiral Harold Stark adatumiza kwa Admiral Husband Kimmel pa Novembala 28, 1941, udati, "NGATI Nyumba ZOLEMBEDWA SIZINGABWEREZEDWE SUNGAPEWE KU UNITED STATES AKUFUNA KUTI JAPAN NDI YOYAMBA."
A Joseph Rochefort, omwe anali oyambitsa gulu loyang'anira zankhondo ku Navy, yemwe adathandizira polephera kulumikizana ndi Pearl Harbor zomwe zikubwera, pambuyo pake adzayankha kuti: "Imeneyi inali mtengo wotsika mtengo kwambiri kulipira kugwirizanitsa dzikolo."
Usiku wotsatira chiwonetserochi, Purezidenti Roosevelt anali ndi a Edward R. Murrow ndi Wogwirizira wa Roosevelt wa Information William Donovan pa chakudya chamadzulo ku White House, ndipo Purezidenti onse amafuna kudziwa ngati anthu aku America avomereze nkhondo. Donovan ndi Murrow adamutsimikizira kuti anthu avomerezadi nkhondo tsopano. Pambuyo pake Donovan adauza womuthandizira wake kuti kudabwa kwa Roosevelt sikunali kwa anthu ena omuzungulira, ndikuti iye, Roosevelt, walandila chiwonetserochi. Murrow adalephera kugona usiku womwewo ndipo adazunzidwa moyo wake wonse ndi zomwe adazitcha "nkhani yayikulu kwambiri m'moyo wanga" yomwe sananenepo.
Khalani ndi Tsiku Labwino la Zaka Zaamuna!
