Wolemba Nan Levinson, TomDispatch, January 19, 2023
Ndimakonda kuimba ndipo zomwe ndimakonda kwambiri ndikuchita pamwamba pa mapapu anga ndikakhala ndekha. Chilimwe chatha, ndikuyenda m'minda ya chimanga ku Hudson River Valley ku New York popanda wina aliyense koma nkhokwe ikumeza, ndinadzipeza ndikuimba nyimbo zamtendere kuyambira zaka zakale, zamsasa wachilimwe. Kumeneko kunali chakumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 1950, pamene masautso a Nkhondo Yadziko II anali adakali aang’ono, bungwe la UN linkawoneka ngati chitukuko chodalirika, ndipo nyimbo za makolo zinali zoziziritsa kukhosi.
Pamsasa wanga wa zolinga zabwino, nthawi zambiri wodzilungamitsa, nthawi zonse, ana 110 ankakonda kulimbana ndi izi. lonjezo lokoma:
“Miyamba ya dziko langa ndi yabuluu kuposa nyanja yamchere
ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa kumawalira pa cloverleaf ndi paini
koma maiko ena ali ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa ndi clover
ndipo thambo lili paliponse ngati langa”
Zinkawoneka ngati zanzeru, njira yolankhulira - ngati, duh! tikhoza onse khalani ndi zinthu zabwino. Apa n’kuti ndisanakula ndipo ndinazindikira kuti anthu akuluakulu saganiza bwino. Zaka zambiri pambuyo pake, pamene ndinamaliza kuimba kwaya yomalizira, ndinadzifunsa kuti: Ndani amalankhula, osasiyanso kuimba, mwanjira imeneyo ponena za mtendere? Ndikutanthauza, popanda kuseketsa komanso ndi chiyembekezo chenicheni?
Kuyambira nthawi yanga yachilimwe, Tsiku la Mtendere Padziko Lonse wabwera ndi kupita. Pakadali pano, asitikali akupha anthu wamba (ndipo nthawi zina mosemphanitsa) m'malo osiyanasiyana monga Ukraine, Ethiopia, Iran, Syria, ndi West Bankndipo Yemen. Izo zimangopitirirabe, sichoncho? Ndipo izi sizingatchulenso za ziwopsezo zonse zosalimba, zauchigawenga (ndi kubwezera), zipolowe zomwe zidathetsedwa, komanso kuthetseratu nkhondo padziko lapansi pano.
Osandiyambitsa, mwa njira, momwe chilankhulo chankhondo nthawi zambiri chimafalikira pamoyo wathu watsiku ndi tsiku. N’zosadabwitsa kuti Papa, mu uthenga wake waposachedwapa wa Khirisimasi, anadandaula ndi “njala ya mtendere. "
Pakati pa zonsezi, kodi sikuli kovuta kulingalira kuti mtendere ungakhalepo mwaŵi?
Imbani!
Pali malire a kuchuluka kwa tanthauzo la nyimbo, ndithudi, koma gulu lopambana la ndale limafuna nyimbo yabwino. (Monga ndinadziwira nthawi malipoti ndiye, Ukali Wotsutsana ndi Makina Anagwira ntchito imeneyi kwa asilikali ena olimbana ndi nkhondo pambuyo pa 9/11.) Chabwino n'chakuti anthu ambiri azitha kuimba nyimbo ya fuko akasonkhana pamodzi kuti apereke chipani cha ndale. Kupatula apo, ndimamva bwino kuyimba ngati gulu panthawi yomwe zilibe kanthu ngati mutha kuyimba nyimboyo malinga ngati nyimbozo zafika kunyumba. Koma nyimbo yotsutsa, mwakutanthawuza, si nyimbo yamtendere - ndipo zikuwoneka kuti nyimbo zaposachedwa zamtendere sizikhalanso zamtendere.
Monga ambiri a ife azaka zina timakumbukira, nyimbo zotsutsana ndi nkhondo zinkayenda bwino m'zaka za nkhondo ya Vietnam. Pali chithunzithunzi "Perekani Mwayi Mtendere,” lolembedwa ndi John Lennon, Yoko Ono, ndi anzanga m’chipinda cha hotela ku Montreal mu 1969; “nkhondo,” lolembedwa koyamba ndi buku lakuti Temptations mu 1970 (ndikumvabe kuti “palibe kanthu!” yankho la funso lakuti “Kodi Ndi Bwino Bwanji?”); Cat Stevens "Phunzitsani Mtendere,” kuyambira mu 1971; ndipo ndikungoyamba ndandanda. Koma m'zaka za zana lino? Ambiri omwe ndinakumana nawo anali okhudza mtendere wamumtima kapena kupanga mtendere ndi iwe wekha; iwo ndi odzisamalira okha mantras du jour. Ochepa okhudza mtendere wapadziko lonse kapena wapadziko lonse anali okwiya kwambiri ndi opanda chiyembekezo, zomwe zinaonekanso kusonyeza mkhalidwe wa nthaŵiyo.
Sikuti mawu akuti “mtendere” achotsedwa. Khonde la oyandikana nawo masewera mbendera yamtendere yomwe yazimiririka; Trader Joe's amandisunga bwino ndi Nandolo Zamkati; ndipo mtendere umakhalabe wamalonda wathunthu nthawi zina, monga pa wopanga T-shirts kuchokera ku kampani yaku China yaku Uniqlo. Koma mabungwe ambiri amene cholinga chawo ndi mtendere wapadziko lonse asankha kusaphatikizira mawuwo m’maina awo ndipo “peacenik,” yonyoza ngakhale m’nthaŵi yachitukuko chake, tsopano yangodutsa chabe. Ndiye, kodi ntchito yamtendere yangosintha kumene kapena yasintha m'njira zambiri?
Mtendere 101
Mtendere ndi mkhalidwe wakukhala, ngakhale mkhalidwe wachisomo. Itha kukhala yamkati ngati bata lamunthu kapena yotakata ngati chisangalalo pakati pa mayiko. Koma chabwino, ndi chosakhazikika, pangozi yotayika kwamuyaya. Imafunikira mneni nayo - funani, tsatirani, pambanani, sungani - kukhala ndi zotsatira zenizeni ndipo, ngakhale pakhala nthawi yayitali popanda nkhondo m'madera ena (post-WW II Europe mpaka posachedwa, mwachitsanzo), zimenezo ndithudi sizikuwoneka kukhala mkhalidwe wachibadwa wa zochuluka kwambiri za dziko lathu lino.
Ambiri ogwira ntchito zamtendere mwina amatsutsana kapena sangakhale akuchita zomwe akuchita. M'zaka za zana lino, ndinayamba kukumana ndi lingaliro lakuti nkhondo ndi yachibadwa kapena yosapeŵeka poyankhulana ndi foni ya 2008 ndi Jonathan Shay, katswiri wa zamaganizo wodziwika chifukwa cha ntchito yake ndi asilikali akale a ku Vietnam omwe akudwala post-traumatic stress syndrome. Imeneyi ndi nkhani yomwe tinali kukambirana pamene adachoka pamutu ndikutsimikizira chikhulupiriro chake kuti zinali zotheka kuthetsa nkhondo zonse.
Mikangano yambiri yotereyi, iye ankaganiza kuti, imachokera ku mantha ndi njira osati anthu wamba okha komanso mkuwa wankhondo nthawi zambiri "zimawononga" ngati zosangalatsa. Anandilimbikitsa kuti ndiwerenge buku la filosofi ya Enlightenment Immanuel Kant Mtendere Wosatha. Nditatero, ndinachita chidwi kwambiri ndi mmene zimakhalira zaka mazana aŵiri pambuyo pake. Pa zokambirana mobwerezabwereza za kubwezeretsanso kulemba, kuti titenge chitsanzo chimodzi, talingalirani lingaliro la Kant lakuti asilikali oima pankhondo amangopangitsa kukhala kosavuta kuti mayiko apite kunkhondo. “Amalimbikitsa mayiko osiyanasiyana kuti apambane m’chiŵerengero cha asilikali awo,” iye analemba motero, “ndipo pa chiwerengero chimenechi palibe malire amene angaikidwe.
Maphunziro amakono a maphunziro amtendere ndi mikangano - alipo tsopano 400 mapulogalamu otere padziko lonse lapansi - idayamba pafupifupi zaka 60 zapitazo. Chiphunzitso cha mtendere ndi mfundo za zoipa ndi zabwino mtendere choyamba kwambiri yoyambitsidwa ndi katswiri wa chikhalidwe cha anthu wa ku Norway Johan Galtung (ngakhale Jane Addams ndi Martin Luther King onse anagwiritsa ntchito mawuwa poyamba). Mtendere woyipa ndi kusakhalapo kwa ziwawa zomwe zimachitika nthawi yomweyo komanso mikangano yankhondo, kukhudzika kuti mutha kugula zogula popanda kutenga mwayi wowomberedwa ndi smithereens (monga ku Ukraine lero). Mtendere wabwino ndi chikhalidwe cha mgwirizano wokhazikika pakati pa mayiko. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti palibe amene amatsutsa, koma kuti magulu omwe akukhudzidwa amalimbana ndi kulimbana kulikonse kwa zolinga popanda chiwawa. Ndipo popeza kuti mikangano yambiri yachiwawa imachokera ku chikhalidwe cha anthu, kugwiritsa ntchito chifundo ndi luso kuti athe kuchiza zilonda ndizofunikira pazochitikazo.
Mtendere woipa umafuna kupewa, mtendere wabwino pakupirira. Koma mtendere woipa ndi wofunika mwamsanga chifukwa nkhondo zachuluka zosavuta kuyamba kuposa kuyimitsa, zomwe zimapangitsa Udindo wa Galtung zothandiza kwambiri kuposa zaumesiya. Iye analemba kuti: “Sindikufuna kupulumutsa dziko. "Ndikukhudzidwa ndikupeza njira zothetsera mikangano inayake isanakhale yachiwawa."
David Cortright, msirikali wakale wa Nkhondo yaku Vietnam, pulofesa wotuluka ku Notre Dame's Kroc Institute for International Peace Study, komanso wopanga nawo Kupambana Popanda Nkhondo, anandipatsa tanthauzo ili la ntchito yoteroyo mu imelo: “Kwa ine, funso siliri ‘mtendere wapadziko lonse,’ umene uli wolota ndi wongopeka ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri umagwiritsiridwa ntchito kunyoza ife amene timakhulupirira ndi kugwirirapo ntchito mtendere, koma mmalo mwake kuchepetsa mikangano ya zida ndi ziwawa.”
Mtendere Umabwera Kutsika Pang'onopang'ono
Magulu amtendere amakonda kusonkhana kuzungulira nkhondo zenizeni, kutupa ndi kutsika monga mikanganoyi imachitira, ngakhale nthawi zina imakhalabe m'dziko lathu pambuyo pake. Tsiku la Amayi, mwachitsanzo, lidakulirakulira pakuyitanitsa mtendere pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni. (Akazi akhala patsogolo pakuchita zamtendere kuyambira pamenepo Lysistrata analinganiza akazi a ku Girisi wakale kuti aletse amuna kugonana mpaka atatha nkhondo ya Peloponnesi.) Mabungwe ochepa olimbana ndi nkhondo omwe adagwirabe ntchito kuyambira nthawi ya nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse isanayambe ndipo angapo adachokera ku Vietnam War resistance movement ndi antinuclear imodzi ya kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1980. Zina ndi zaposachedwa ngati Otsutsa, yokonzedwa mu 2017 ndi achinyamata ochita masewera amitundu.
Masiku ano, mndandanda wautali wa mabungwe osapindula, magulu achipembedzo, mabungwe omwe siaboma, zokopa anthu, zofalitsa, ndi mapulogalamu amaphunziro akufuna kuthetsa nkhondo. Nthawi zambiri amayang'ana zoyesayesa zawo pophunzitsa nzika za momwe angagwiritsire ntchito zankhondo ndi ndalama zankhondo, kwinaku akulimbikitsa njira zabwino zomwe mayiko azikhalira mwamtendere kapena kuthetsa mikangano yamkati.
Khulupirirani chinthu chimodzi, komabe: sichinthu chophweka, ngakhale mutangokhala ku United States, kumene zankhondo zimawonetsedwa nthawi zonse ngati kukonda dziko lanu komanso kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama mopanda malire pa zida zakupha monga cholepheretsa, pamene kupindula kwa nkhondo kwakhala nthawi yayitali ya dziko. Zowona, yemwe adasaina chikalata cha Declaration of Independence pambuyo pake adati a Ofesi Yamtendere kuti atsogoleredwe ndi Mlembi wa Mtendere ndikukhala ofanana ndi Dipatimenti Yankhondo. Lingaliro lotere silinapite patsogolo, komabe, kuposa kutchulanso dipatimenti ya Nkhondoyo kukhala dipatimenti yachitetezo yosalowerera ndale mu 1949, UN Charter italetsa nkhondo zankhanza. (Ngati!)
Malinga ndi database yopangidwa ndi a Ntchito Yothandizira Asilikali, dziko lino lalowererapo m’zankhondo zokwana 392 kuyambira mu 1776, theka la izo m’zaka 70 zapitazi. Pakadali pano, dziko lino silikuchita ndewu zenizeni, ngakhale asitikali aku US akadali. kumenyana ku Syria ndipo ndege zake zikuyamba kumenyabe ku Somalia, osanenanso za 85 zolimbana ndi zigawenga za Brown University's Costs of War Project apezeka US idachita nawo kuyambira 2018 mpaka 2020, zina zomwe mosakayikira zikupitilira. Institute for Economics and Peace ili ndi US 129th mwa mayiko 163 mu 2022 yake. Global Peace Index. Zina mwa magulu omwe tawawerengera ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe ali mndende, kuchuluka kwa zigawenga zomwe zachitika, ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pankhondo (zomwe kusiya dziko lonse lapansi mufumbi), zankhondo wamba, zida zathu zanyukiliya kukhala "Zamakono” mpaka kufika pafupifupi $2 thililiyoni m’zaka makumi angapo zikubwerazi, kuchuluka kwa zida zomwe timatumiza kapena kugulitsa kunja, ndi kuchuluka kwa mikangano yomenyedwa. Kuonjezera apo, mavuto ena ambiri ofulumira, osakanikirana ndi nkhanza zapadziko lonse lapansi ndi anthu omwe ali padziko lapansi ndipo n'zosavuta kukhulupirira kuti kufunafuna mtendere wokhazikika sikungokhala kosatheka koma kwenikweni si ku America.
Kupatula izo siziri. Ntchito yamtendere ndiyofunikira kwambiri, pokhapokha chifukwa bajeti ya Pentagon yowerengera osachepera 53% ya bajeti yadziko lino ikuchepetsa ndikuwononga zoyesayesa zothetsera zosowa zambiri zamagulu. Ndiye sizodabwitsa kuti omenyera mtendere ku US asintha njira zawo ndi mawu awo. Tsopano akugogomezera kugwirizana kwa nkhondo ndi nkhani zina zambiri, mwa zina ngati njira, komanso chifukwa chakuti "palibe chilungamo, palibe mtendere" sikutanthauza mawu. Ndikofunikira kuti tipeze moyo wamtendere m'dziko lino.
Kuzindikira kugwirizana kwa zomwe zimativutitsa kumatanthauza zambiri kuposa kungokopa madera ena kuti awonjezere mtendere pamaudindo awo. Zikutanthauza kukumbatira ndi kugwira ntchito ndi mabungwe ena pazovuta zawo, nawonso. Monga Jonathan King, wapampando wa Massachusetts Peace Action ndi pulofesa wotuluka ku MIT, adanena bwino, "Muyenera kupita komwe kuli anthu, kukakumana nawo pazovuta zawo ndi zosowa zawo." Chifukwa chake, King, yemwe wakhala wolimbikitsa mtendere kwa nthawi yayitali, akugwiranso ntchito mu komiti yogwirizanitsa ya Massachusetts Poor People's Campaign, yomwe imaphatikizapo kuthetsa "zankhondo zankhondo ndi zoyambitsa nkhondo" pamndandanda wake wa amafuna, pomwe Veterans For Peace tsopano ali ndi chochita Vuto Lanyengo ndi Ntchito Yankhondo. David Cortright mofananamo akulozera ku gulu lomwe likukulirakulira la kafukufuku wamtendere, kujambula pa sayansi ndi madera ena aukatswiri, kuphatikizapo maphunziro a zachikazi ndi pambuyo pa utsamunda, pamene akukankhira kuganiza mozama za zomwe mtendere umatanthauza.
Ndiye palinso funso la momwe magulu amakwaniritsira chilichonse kudzera mumgwirizano wina wa ntchito zamabungwe, ndale, komanso kukakamizidwa ndi anthu. Inde, mwina tsiku lina a Congress atha kukopeka ndi kampeni yokopa anthu kuti achotse zilolezo zakale zomwe zidachitika mu 2001 ndi 2002 poyankha kuukira kwa 9/11 ndi nkhondo zomwe zidatsatira. Izi zitha kupangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwa purezidenti kutumiza asitikali aku US kunkhondo zakutali momwe angafune. Komabe, kupeza mamembala okwanira a Congress kuti avomere kuyambiranso bajeti yachitetezo kungafune kampeni yayikulu kwambiri. Zonsezi, mosakaikira, zingatanthauze kusakanikirana kwa gulu lililonse lamtendere kukhala chinthu chachikulu kwambiri, komanso kusagwirizana kwapamphuno-pamphuno-pamphuno ndi madandaulo osasunthika opeza ndalama (monga pempho laposachedwa londifunsa kuti "ndilipire mtendere”).
The Peace Beat?
Kugwa kumeneku, ndinapezeka pa gulu la “Chronicling War and Occupation,” pamsonkhano wolinganizidwa ndi ophunzira wonena za ufulu wa atolankhani. Olembapo anayi - ochititsa chidwi, odziwa zambiri, olemba nkhondo omenyedwa - adalankhula moganizira chifukwa chake amachitira ntchito yotereyi, omwe akuyembekeza kuti adzawakhudza, ndi zoopsa zomwe amakumana nazo, kuphatikizapo kuthekera kwa "normalizing" nkhondo. Pa nthawi ya mafunso, ndidafunsa za nkhani zolimbana ndi nkhondo ndipo adakhala chete, kutsatiridwa ndi kunena mozama za kuletsa kusagwirizana ku Russia.
Zowona, zipolopolo zikamawuluka, ino si nthawi yolingalira za njira ina, koma zipolopolo sizinawuluke muholoyo ndipo ndimakayikira ngati gulu lililonse lofotokoza zankhondo lisakhale ndi munthu wonena zamtendere. Ndikukayika ngakhale lingaliro m'zipinda zankhani kuti, pamodzi ndi olemba nkhani zankhondo, pangakhalenso olemba nkhani zamtendere. Ndipo, ndikudabwa, kugundako kungawonekere bwanji? Kodi chingakwaniritse chiyani?
Ndikukayika kuti ndinayembekezerapo kuona mtendere m’nthaŵi yathu, osati kale kwambiri pamene tinayimba nyimbo zokweza zija. Koma ndawonapo nkhondo zikutha ndipo nthawi zina zimapeŵeka. Ndawona mikangano ikutha kupititsa patsogolo omwe akukhudzidwa ndipo ndikupitiriza kusirira ogwira ntchito zamtendere omwe adathandizira kuti izi zitheke.
Monga David Swanson, woyambitsa nawo komanso wamkulu wa World Beyond War, anandikumbutsa m’kuimbira foni posachedwapa, mumagwira ntchito yofuna mtendere chifukwa “ndi udindo wotsutsa gulu lankhondo. Ndipo malinga ngati pali mwayi ndipo mukugwira ntchito yomwe ili ndi mwayi wopambana, muyenera kutero. "
Ndi zophweka - komanso ngati bedeviling - monga choncho. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, tiyenera kupereka mwayi wamtendere.
Copyright 2023 Nan Levinson
Chithunzi chofotokozedwa: Ziwonetsero zotsutsana ndi nkhondo ku Washington, 24 September 2005 by Rob chololedwa pansi CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 / Flickr
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