ndi David Vine | Meyi 17, 2017 kuchokera ku TomDispatch
Zambiri mkwiyo zafotokozedwa m'masabata aposachedwa pa kuyitanidwa kwa Purezidenti Donald Trump kukaonana ndi White House kwa Rodrigo Duterte, Purezidenti wa Philippines, yemwe "nkhondo yolimbana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo" yapangitsa masauzande of kupha kwachiwawa. Kudzudzula Trump kunali kokulirapo makamaka chifukwa chothandizidwa ndi anthu olamulira ena olamulira monga Abdel Fatah al-Sisi waku Egypt (omwe adayendera Ofesi ya Oval kutamandidwa milungu ingapo m'mbuyomo), Recep Tayyip Erdogan waku Turkey (yemwe adalandira chiyamiko). foni kuchokera kwa Purezidenti Trump pa referendum yake yaposachedwa chigonjetso, kumupatsa mphamvu zochulukirachulukira zosayendetsedwa), ndi Prayuth Chan-ocha waku Thailand (yemwe adalandiranso White House. pempho).
Koma ichi ndi chinthu chodabwitsa: otsutsa nthawi zambiri amanyalanyaza thandizo lalikulu kwambiri komanso lanthawi yayitali lomwe Purezidenti waku US apereka izi ndi maulamuliro ena opondereza pazaka zambiri. Ndi iko komwe, mayiko opondereza oterowo amafanana pa chinthu chimodzi chochititsa chidwi. Iwo ali mwa osachepera Mayiko 45 omwe alibe demokalase ndi madera omwe masiku ano akukhalamo Zolemba za magulu ankhondo aku US, kuyambira kukula kwa matauni ang'onoang'ono aku America kupita kumadera ang'onoang'ono. Pamodzi, maziko awa ndi nyumba za asitikali zikwizikwi aku US.
Pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti anthu afika ku Central America kupita ku Africa, Asia kupita ku Middle East, akuluakulu a ku United States akhala akugwirizana mobwerezabwereza ndi maulamuliro otsutsana ndi demokalase ndi asilikali omwe akukhudzidwa ndi kuzunza, kupha, kuponderezedwa kwa ufulu wa demokalase, kuponderezedwa mwadongosolo kwa amayi ndi anthu ochepa. kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu ambiri. Iwalani zoyitanira zaposachedwa ku White House ndi zoyamikira zapagulu za Trump. Kwa zaka pafupifupi zitatu mwa zinayi, dziko la United States laika ndalama zokwana madola mabiliyoni ambiri posamalira malo ndi asilikali m’mayiko opondereza oterowo. Kuchokera kwa Harry Truman ndi Dwight D. Eisenhower kupita kwa George W. Bush ndi Barack Obama, akuluakulu a Republican ndi Democratic, mofanana, kuyambira nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, akuwonetsa nthawi zonse. zokonda pofuna kukhala ndi maziko m'mayiko opanda demokalase komanso opondereza, kuphatikizapo Spain pansi pa Generalissimo Francisco Franco, South Korea pansi pa Park Chung-hee, Bahrain pansi pa Mfumu Hamad bin Isa al-Khalifa, ndi Djibouti pansi pa Purezidenti Ismail Omar Guelleh, kutchula anayi okha. .
Ambiri mwa magulu 45 amasiku ano opanda demokalase aku US ali oyenera kukhala "maboma aulamuliro," malinga ndi Zotsatira za Economist Democracy. Zikatero, makhazikitsidwe aku America ndi asitikali omwe adayimilira akuthandizira bwino kuletsa kufalikira kwa demokalase m'maiko ngati Cameroon, Chad, Ethiopia, Jordan, Kuwait, Niger, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, ndi United Arab Emirates.
Mchitidwe wochirikiza tsiku ndi tsiku wankhanza ndi kuponderezana padziko lonse lapansi uyenera kukhala chipongwe m'dziko lomwe akuti ndi lodzipereka ku demokalase. Ziyenera kuvutitsa anthu aku America kuyambira osunga zipembedzo ndi omenyera ufulu wa anthu kupita kumanzere - aliyense, kwenikweni, amene amakhulupirira mfundo za demokalase zomwe zalembedwa mu Constitution ndi Chidziwitso cha Kudziimira. Kupatula apo, chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomwe zanenedwa kwanthawi yayitali zosunga malo ankhondo akunja ndikuti kupezeka kwa asitikali aku US kumateteza ndikufalitsa demokalase.
M'malo mobweretsa demokalase kumayiko awa, maziko oterowo amakonda kupereka zovomerezeka kulimbikitsa ndi kulimbikitsa maulamuliro opanda demokalase amitundu yonse, pomwe nthawi zambiri amasokoneza zoyesayesa zenizeni zolimbikitsa kusintha kwa ndale ndi demokalase. Kukhala chete kwa otsutsa kuphwanya ufulu wachibadwidwe m'magulu oyambira ngati Bahrain, yomwe yasokoneza mwankhanza ziwonetsero za demokalase kuyambira 2011, yachoka ku United States. zogwirizana mu milandu ya mayiko awa.
Panthawi ya Cold War, maziko m'maiko opanda demokalase nthawi zambiri amalungamitsidwa ngati zotsatira zatsoka koma zofunikira zokumana ndi "zowopsa zachikominisi" za Soviet Union. Koma nachi chinthu chochititsa chidwi: m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiwiri kuyambira pamene Cold War inatha ndi kulowerera kwa ufumuwo, ochepa mwa maziko amenewo atsekedwa. Masiku ano, ngakhale kuti kuchezera ku White House kuchokera kwa wolamulira wankhanza kungayambitse mkwiyo, kupezeka kwa mabungwe oterowo m'maiko olamulidwa ndi olamulira opondereza kapena ankhondo sikudziwika konse.
Kuchita Ubwenzi ndi Olamulira ankhanza
Mayiko 45 ndi madera omwe ali ndi ulamuliro wocheperako kapena wopanda demokalase akuyimira opitilira theka la Maiko a 80 tsopano kuchititsa maziko a US (omwe nthawi zambiri alibe mphamvu zofunsa "alendo" awo kuti achoke). Iwo ali gawo la mbiriyakale netiweki yapadziko lonse lapansi yomwe sinachitikepo za zida zankhondo zomwe United States idamanga kapena kukhala nazo kuyambira Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse.
Masiku ano, ngakhale kulibe maziko akunja ku United States, alipo mozungulira 800 US maziko in maiko akunja. Chiwerengero chimenecho posachedwapa chinali chokulirapo, koma chikuyimirabe mbiri ya dziko lililonse kapena ufumu uliwonse m'mbiri. Zaka zoposa 70 pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yadziko II ndi zaka 64 pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Korea, pali, Malinga ndi Pentagon, 181 US "malo oyambira" ku Germany, 122 ku Japan, ndi 83 ku South Korea. Mazana enanso dothi lapansi kuchokera ku Aruba kupita ku Australia, Belgium kupita ku Bulgaria, Colombia kupita ku Qatar. Mazana masauzande a asitikali aku US, anthu wamba, ndi achibale akukhala m'malo amenewa. Mwakuyerekeza kwanga kosamalitsa, kuti akhalebe ndi magulu oterowo ndi asitikali akunja, okhometsa misonkho aku US amawononga osachepera $ Biliyoni 150 pachaka - kuposa bajeti ya bungwe lililonse la boma kupatula Pentagon yokha.
Kwa zaka zambiri, atsogoleri ku Washington akhala akuumirira kuti maziko akunja amafalitsa zikhulupiriro zathu ndi demokalase - ndipo izi mwina zidakhala zoona mpaka ku Germany, Japan, ndi Italy pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse. Komabe, monga akatswiri oyambira Catherine Lutz akuwonetsa, mbiri yotsatila ikuwonetsa kuti "kupeza ndi kusunga malo oyambira ku US nthawi zambiri kumaphatikizana ndi mgwirizano wapamtima ndi maboma ankhanza."
Maziko m'maiko omwe atsogoleri awo Purezidenti Trump adawayamikira posachedwa akuwonetsa njira yokulirapo. Dziko la United States lakhala likusungabe zida zankhondo ku Philippines pafupifupi mosalekeza kuyambira pomwe idalanda zisumbuzo kuchokera ku Spain mu 1898. idangopatsa dzikolo ufulu wodzilamulira mu 1946, malinga ndi zomwe boma likuchita. mgwirizano kuti US ikadakhalabe ndi mwayi wokhazikitsa zoposa khumi ndi ziwiri kumeneko.
Ulamuliro utatha, maulamuliro angapo aku US adathandizira zaka makumi awiri zaulamuliro wodziyimira pawokha wa Ferdinand Marcos, kuwonetsetsa kuti Clark Air Base ndi Subic Bay Naval Base, mabungwe awiri akulu akulu aku US akugwiritsabe ntchito kunja. Anthu a ku Filipino atathamangitsa Marcos mu 1986 ndipo kenako anachititsa asilikali a US kuchoka ku 1991, Pentagon inabwerera mwakachetechete ku 1996. Mothandizidwa ndi "mgwirizano wa asilikali oyendera" ndi ndondomeko yowonjezereka ya masewera ankhondo ndi maphunziro a maphunziro, inayamba. khazikitsaninso maziko ang'onoang'ono achinsinsi. Chikhumbo chofuna limbitsani izi kupezekanso kwa maziko, ndikuwunikanso kukopa kwa China, mosakayikira adayendetsa kuyitanidwa kwaposachedwa kwa Trump ku White House ku Duterte. Idabwera ngakhale Purezidenti waku Philippines mbiri wa kuseka ponena za kugwiriridwa chigololo, kulumbira kuti adzakhala “wokondwa kupha” mamiliyoni ambiri omwerekera ndi anamgoneka monga momwe “Hitler anapha Ayuda [mamiliyoni asanu ndi limodzi],” ndi kudzitamandira kuti, “Sindisamala za ufulu wa anthu.”
Ku Turkey, ulamuliro wodziyimira pawokha wa Purezidenti Erdogan ndi gawo laposachedwa kwambiri pakuukira kwa asitikali ndi maulamuliro opanda demokalase omwe amasokoneza nthawi za demokalase. Maziko aku US, komabe, akhala a kukhalapo kosalekeza m'dzikolo kuyambira 1943. Iwo adayambitsa mikangano mobwerezabwereza ndikuyambitsa zionetsero - poyamba m'ma 1960 ndi 1970, boma la Bush lisanayambe ku Iraq mu 2003, ndipo posachedwa asilikali a US atayamba kuwagwiritsa ntchito poyambitsa zigawenga ku Syria.
Ngakhale Egypt ili ndi maziko ochepa a US kupezeka, asitikali ake akhala ndi maubwenzi ozama komanso opindulitsa ndi asitikali aku US kuyambira pomwe adasaina Mgwirizano wa Camp David ndi Israel mu 1979. Pambuyo pakuukira kwa asitikali mu 2013 kuthamangitsa boma losankhidwa mwa demokalase la Muslim Brotherhood, olamulira a Obama adatenga miyezi ingapo kuti aletse. mawonekedwe ena za thandizo lankhondo ndi zachuma, mosasamala kanthu za kuphedwa kwa asilikali oposa 1,300 ndi kumangidwa kwa mamembala oposa 3,500 a Ubale. Malinga ndi Human Rights Watch, “N’zochepa zimene zinanenedwa ponena za nkhanza zosalekeza,” zimene zikupitirizabe mpaka lero.
Ku Thailand, US yakhala ikugwirizana kwambiri ndi asitikali aku Thailand, zomwe zachitika 12 kuukira boma kuyambira 1932. Mayiko onsewa atha kukana kuti ali ndi ubale wamtundu uliwonse, chifukwa cha mgwirizano wobwereketsa pakati pa kontrakitala wachinsinsi ndi asitikali aku US ku Utapao Naval Air Base ku Thailand. "Chifukwa cha [kontrakitala] Delta Golf Global," alemba mtolankhani Robert Kaplan, “asilikali a ku United States analipo, koma kunalibe kuno. Kupatula apo, Thais sanachite bizinesi ndi US Air Force. Iwo ankangogwira ntchito ndi ma kontrakitala apadera.
Kumalo ena, mbiriyo ndi yofanana. Ku Bahrain yachifumu, yomwe idakhalapo ndi asitikali aku US kuyambira 1949 ndipo tsopano ili ndi gulu lankhondo la Navy 5th Fleet, olamulira a Obama adangopereka zambiri. kutsutsa mwamphamvu ya boma ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri imakhala yachiwawa kusokonezeka pa otsutsa demokalase. Malinga ndi Human Rights Watch ndi ena (kuphatikiza a bungwe lodziyimira pawokha lofufuza wosankhidwa ndi mfumu ya Bahrain, Hamad bin Isa al-Khalifa), boma lakhala likuchita nkhanza zofala kuphatikizapo kumanga anthu ochita ziwonetsero, kuzunzidwa panthawi yomwe ali m'ndende, kuzunzidwa, ndi kuzunzidwa. zoletsa kukula pa ufulu wa kulankhula, kusonkhana, ndi kusonkhana. Boma la Trump lawonetsa kale chikhumbo chake chofuna kuteteza mgwirizano wankhondo ndi usilikali wa mayiko awiriwa povomereza kugulitsa asilikali a F-16 ku Bahrain. popanda kufuna kuwongolera mu mbiri yake ya ufulu wa anthu.
Ndipo ndizofanana ndi zomwe katswiri woyambira Chalmers Johnson kamodzi wotchedwa American "baseworld". Kafukufuku wasayansi yandale Kent Calder imatsimikizira zimene zimatchedwa “malingaliro opondereza”: “United States imakonda kuchirikiza olamulira ankhanza [ndi maulamuliro ena opanda demokalase] m’maiko amene ali ndi maziko ake.” Chinthu chinanso chachikulu phunziro momwemonso zikuwonetsa kuti mayiko odziyimira pawokha akhala "okongola nthawi zonse" ngati masamba oyambira. "Chifukwa chakusayembekezereka kwa zisankho," idawonjezeranso mosapita m'mbali, maiko ademokalase "akuwoneka kuti ndi "osawoneka bwino pankhani yokhazikika ndi nthawi yake."
Ngakhale m'malire a US mwaukadaulo, ulamuliro wademokalase wakhala "wocheperako" kuposa kusunga utsamunda mpaka zaka makumi awiri ndi chimodzi. Kukhalapo kwa maziko ambiri ku Puerto Rico ndi pachilumba cha Pacific cha Guam kwalimbikitsa kwambiri kusunga "madera" awa ndi ena aku US - American Samoa, Northern Mariana Islands, ndi US Virgin Islands - mosiyanasiyana kugonjera atsamunda. . Moyenera kwa atsogoleri ankhondo, alibe ufulu wodziyimira pawokha kapena ufulu wademokalase womwe ungabwere ndikuphatikizidwa ku US monga mayiko, kuphatikiza kuyimilira kuvota mu Congress ndi voti yapurezidenti. Kuyika m'madera osachepera asanu mwa madera otsala a ku Ulaya kwawoneka kokongola mofananamo, monga momwe asilikali a US adalanda mokakamiza ku Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, kuyambira nkhondo ya Spanish-America ya 1898 itatha.
Kuthandizira Olamulira Ankhanza
Olamulira aboma amakonda kudziwa bwino chikhumbo cha akuluakulu aku US kuti asunge zomwe zili mgululi zikafika pazoyambira. Chifukwa chake, nthawi zambiri capitalize pamaziko kuti apeze phindu kapena kuthandizira kuonetsetsa kuti iwowo akukhalapo pa ndale.
Marcos waku Philippines, wolamulira wankhanza wakale waku South Korea Syngman Rhee, komanso posachedwapa a Djibouti. Ismail Omar Guelleh zakhala zofananira ndi momwe amagwiritsira ntchito maziko kuchotsa thandizo lachuma kuchokera ku Washington, zomwe pambuyo pake adalimbikitsa anzawo andale kuti awonjezere mphamvu zawo. Ena adalira maziko oterowo kuti alimbikitse kutchuka ndi kuvomerezedwa kwawo padziko lonse kapena kulungamitsa chiwawa chochitidwa ndi otsutsa andale zadziko. Pambuyo pa kuphedwa kwa 1980 kwa Kwangju komwe boma la South Korea lidapha mazana, kapena masauzande, a ziwonetsero za demokalase, mkulu wankhondo General Chun Doo-hwan. zotchulidwa mwatsatanetsatane kukhalapo kwa mabwalo a US ndi asitikali kuti afotokoze kuti zochita zake zidakondwera ndi chithandizo cha Washington. Kaya zimenezo zinali zoona kapena ayi ikadali nkhani ya mkangano wa mbiri yakale. Chomwe chiri chowonekera, komabe, ndikuti atsogoleri aku America akhala akusintha kutsutsa kwawo maboma opondereza kuopa kuti angawononge maziko m'maikowa. Kuphatikiza apo, kupezeka kotereku kumalimbitsa magulu ankhondo, m'malo mwa anthu wamba, m'maiko chifukwa cha mgwirizano wankhondo ndi usilikali, kugulitsa zida, ndi maphunziro omwe nthawi zambiri amatsagana ndi mapangano oyambira.
Pakadali pano, otsutsa maboma opondereza nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mazikowo ngati chida cholimbikitsira malingaliro aukali, mkwiyo, ndi ziwonetsero motsutsana ndi akuluakulu olamulira ndi United States. Izi, zimapangitsanso mantha ku Washington kuti kusintha kwa demokalase kungayambitse kuthamangitsidwa, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimabweretsa kuwirikiza kawiri thandizo la olamulira opanda demokalase. Zotsatira zake zitha kukhala kuzungulira kuzungulira otsutsa komanso kuponderezana mothandizidwa ndi US.
Blowback
Ngakhale ena amateteza kukhalapo kwa maziko m'maiko opanda demokalase ngati kuli kofunikira kuti aletse "ochita zoyipa" ndikuthandizira "zokonda zaku US" (makamaka zamakampani), kuthandizira olamulira ankhanza ndi olamulira ankhanza nthawi zambiri kumabweretsa kuvulaza osati nzika zamayiko omwe akukhala nawo komanso nzika zaku US. komanso. The kukhazikitsa maziko ku Middle East kwatsimikizira chitsanzo chodziwika bwino cha izi. Kuyambira nkhondo yaku Soviet yaku Afghanistan ndi Iranian Revolution, zomwe zidachitika mu 1979, Pentagon idamanga. zambiri zoyambira ku Middle East pamtengo wa madola mabiliyoni ambiri okhometsa msonkho. Malinga ndi pulofesa wakale wa West Point, Bradley Bowman, malo oterowo ndi asitikali omwe amapita nawo akhala "chachikulu chothandizira kwa anti-Americanism ndi radicalization. " Kafukufuku wawonetsanso chimodzimodzi a Kulumikizana pakati pa maziko ndi kulemba anthu a al-Qaeda.
Zowopsa kwambiri, magulu ankhondo ku Saudi Arabia, Iraq, ndi Afghanistan athandizira kupanga ndikulimbikitsa zigawenga zomwe zafalikira ku Greater Middle East ndikuyambitsa zigawenga ku Europe ndi United States. Kukhalapo kwa maziko ndi asitikali otere m'maiko opatulika achisilamu kunali, chida chachikulu cholembera anthu al-Qaeda komanso gawo la Osama bin Laden. adanena kuti ali ndi chidwi za kuukira kwa 9/11.
Ndi olamulira a Trump akufuna kukhazikitsanso kupezeka kwawo ku Philippines ndipo Purezidenti akuyamika a Duterte ndi atsogoleri omwe ali ndi ulamuliro ku Bahrain ndi Egypt, Turkey ndi Thailand, kuphwanya ufulu wachibadwidwe kukuyenera kuchulukirachulukira, ndikuyambitsa nkhanza zosadziwika komanso dziko lapansi. blowback kwa zaka zikubwera.
David Vine, a TomDispatch zonse, ndi pulofesa wothandiza pa maphunziro a anthu pa yunivesite ya American ku Washington, DC Buku lake laposachedwapa ndi Base Nation: Mmene US Mabungwe Akumidzi Amayiko Amayiko Amawononga America ndi Dziko (A American Empire Project, Metropolitan Books). Iye walembera a New York Times, ndi Washington Post, ndi Guardianndipo Mayi Jones, pakati pa zofalitsa zina. Kuti mudziwe zambiri, pitani www.basenation.us ndi www.davidvine.net.
kutsatira TomDispatch on Twitter ndi kujowina ife Facebook. Onani Dispatch Book yatsopano, John Dower's Wachiwawa ku America Century: Nkhondo ndi Nkhanza Kuyambira Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse, komanso buku la John Feffer la dystopian Mipululu, Nick Turse Nthawi Yotsatira Iwo Adzadzawerengera Akufa, ndi a Tom Engelhardt Gulu lamagulu: Kuwoneka, Nkhondo Zachibvundi, ndi Global Security State mu Dziko Lokha Lopambana.
Copyright David Vine 2017
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