Zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu ku Afghanistan: Mafunso Omwe, Mayankho Omwe-Ndipo Tsopano Zaka Zinanso Zinayi Zomwezo

Wolemba Ann Wright.

Mu Disembala 2001, zaka zopitilira khumi ndi zisanu zapitazo, ndinali mgulu laling'ono la anthu asanu lomwe linatsegulanso ofesi ya kazembe wa US ku Kabul, Afghanistan. Tsopano zaka khumi ndi zisanu pambuyo pake, mafunso omwewo omwe tidafunsa pafupifupi zaka makumi awiri zapitazo akufunsidwa zakhudzidwa ndi US ku Afghanistan ndipo tikupeza mayankho ofanana.  

Mafunso ndi awa: bwanji takhala ku Afghanistan zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndipo ndalama zankhaninkhani zomwe US ​​idayikamo ku Afghanistan?  

Ndipo mayankhowo ndi omwewa chaka ndi chaka-US ili ku Afghanistan kuti igonjetse a Taliban ndi al Qaeda, (ndipo tsopano magulu ena oopsa) kotero sangathe kuwukira United States. Kwa zaka khumi ndi zisanu, asitikali otsogola kwambiri komanso opeza bwino padziko lapansi ayesa kugonjetsa gulu la Taliban ndi Al Qaeda, motsutsana ndi magulu ankhondo ochepa kwambiri omwe alibe ndalama zambiri padziko lapansi, ndipo sanachite bwino. 

Ndalama zapita kuti? Zambiri zapita ku Dubai kuzipinda zogona ndi ma condos kwa atsogoleri aku Afghanistan ndi makontrakitala (US, Afghan ndi ena) omwe apanga mamiliyoni ambiri kuti US atenge nawo gawo ku Afghanistan.

Pa February 9, 2017, komiti yamalamulo ya Senate Armed Services ku Afghanistan, a John Nicholson, wamkulu wa General For US Forces ku Afghanistan, adayankha mafunso kwa maola awiri mnyumba ya Seneti pomvera zakhudzidwa ndi US ku Afghanistan. Anaperekanso masamba makumi awiri olembedwa pamomwe zinthu ziliri ku Afghanistan. http://www.armed-services. senate.gov/imo/media/doc/ Nicholson_02-09-17.pdf

Poyankha funso limodzi la Senator, "Kodi Russia ikulowerera ku Afghanistan?," A Nicholson adayankha: "Ngakhale kuti Russia ili ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo okhudza Afghanistan komanso zigawenga zomwe zikuwopseza magulu ankhanza ku Afghanistan, kuyambira 2016 tikukhulupirira kuti Russia yakhala ikuthandiza a Taliban ku kuyipitsa ntchito yaku US ndi NATO. Anthu a ku Taliban ndi omwe magulu ena oopsa amachita ku Afghanistan. Tili ndi nkhawa ndi mgwirizano womwe ukukula pakati pa Russia ndi Pakistan womwe ukupitilizabe kupereka malo operekera utsogoleri wamkulu wa Taliban. Russia ndi Pakistan achita masewera olimbitsa thupi ku Pakistan. Ife limodzi ndi anzathu a ku Central Asia tili ndi mantha ndi zolinga za Russia. ”

Nicholson adati "ntchito ikupitabe patsogolo pantchito yophunzitsa ku US, kulangiza ndikuwunika (TAA) achitetezo aku Afghanistan." Palibe Senator amene adafunsa kuti bwanji pakadutsa zaka 16 US akuyenera kupitiliza kuchita maphunziro omwewo — komanso kuti maphunziro awa apita patali bwanji kuti aphunzitse magulu ankhondo omwe angagonjetse a Taliban ndi magulu ena. 

Nicholson adati US ndi NATO adachita zaka zosachepera zinayi ku Afghanistan pamsonkhano wa NATO ku Warsaw, Poland mu Julayi 2016. Pamsonkhano wa omwe adapereka ndalama ku Brussels mu Okutobala 2016, mayiko 75 opereka ndalama adapereka $ 15 biliyoni kuti ntchito yomanganso Afghanistan. US ipitiliza kupereka $ 5 biliyoni pachaka kudzera 2020. https://www.sigar.mil/pdf/ quarterlyreports/2017-01-30qr. pdf

M'mawu ake olembedwa a Nicholson adaonjezeranso kuti mayiko ena 30 adalonjeza ndalama zoposa $ 800M pachaka kuti apereke ndalama ku Afghanistan National Defense and Security Forces (ANDSF) mpaka kumapeto kwa 2020 ndikuti mu Seputembala, India idawonjezera $ 1B ku $ 2B yomwe idadzipereka kale ku Kukula kwa Afghanistan.

Kuyambira 2002, US Congress yakhazikitsa ndalama zoposa $ 117 biliyoni kuti imangenso dziko la Afghanistan (kuphunzitsa mabungwe achitetezo aku Afghanistan, kuyimirira boma la Afghanistan, kupereka chisamaliro chaumoyo ndi maphunziro kwa anthu aku Afghanistan, ndikulimbikitsa chuma cha Afghanistan), ndalama yayikulu kwambiri yomanganso dziko lililonse m'mbiri ya United States.  https://www.sigar.mil/pdf/ quarterlyreports/2017-01-30qr. pdf

Nicholson adati asitikali aku 8,448 aku US ku Afghanistan tsopano akuyenera kukhalabe kuti ateteze US ku magulu ankhanza ku Afghanistan ndi Pakistan komwe magulu 20 mwa magulu 98 achigawenga omwe ali mdziko lapansi alipo. Anatinso kulibe mgwirizano pakati pa Afghanistan Taliban ndi ISIS, koma omenyera nkhondo ambiri a ISIS amachokera / kudzera ku Pakistani Taliban.

Chaka chapitacho, kuyambira mu Marichi 2016, panali ogwira ntchito pafupifupi 28,600 a department of Defense (DOD) ku Afghanistan, poyerekeza ndi asitikali aku 8,730 aku US, okhala ndi mgwirizano omwe akuimira pafupifupi 77% ya DOD yonse mdziko muno. Mwa makontrakitala 28,600 a DOD, 9,640 anali nzika zaku US ndipo pafupifupi 870, kapena pafupifupi 3%, anali makontrakita achitetezo achinsinsi. https://fas.org/sgp/crs/ natsec/R44116.pdf

Popeza kuchuluka kwa asitikali ankhondo kudakali komweko chaka chathachi, wina anganene kuti kuchuluka kwa amisili wamba kuli kofanana ndi 2017 kwa okwanira pafupifupi asitikali aku USN a 37,000 aku US ndi makontrakitala a DOD ku Afghanistan.

Chiwerengero chachikulu cha asitikali aku US ku Afghanistan chinali 99,800 m'chigawo chachiwiri cha 2011 ndipo chiwerengero chotsika kwambiri cha asitikali anali 117,227 pomwe 34,765 anali mayiko aku US omwe anali mgawo lachiwiri la 2012 pa anthu pafupifupi 200,000 aku US mdziko muno. kupatula ogwira ntchito ku State Department ndi makontrakitala.  https://fas.org/sgp/crs/ natsec/R44116.pdf   Ziwerengero za kuchuluka kwa ogwira ntchito kuofesi ya State State ndi kontrakitala chaka chilichonse ku Afghanistan sizipezeka.

Kuchokera mu Okutobala 2001 mpaka 2015, makontrakitala 1,592 achinsinsi (pafupifupi 32% mwa iwo anali aku America) omwe adagwira nawo ntchito za department of Defense adaphedwanso ku Afghanistan. Mu 2016, makontrakitala wamba angapo adaphedwa ku Afghanistan kuposa asitikali aku US (asitikali aku US US ndi makontrakitala 56 adaphedwa).

http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/ 05/29/the-new-unknown- soldiers-of-afghanistan-and- iraq/

Senator McCaskill adafunsa a Nicholson mafunso ovuta pokhudzidwa ndikupitilira ziphuphu m'boma la Afghanistan komanso makontrakitala akumayiko ndi akunja. Nicholson adati patadutsa zaka khumi ndi zisanu, akukhulupirira kuti US tsopano itha kuzindikira asirikali "amzukwa" omwe amalipira gulu lankhondo ndikuletsa kubweza kwa mtsogoleri wankhondo yemwe adapereka mayinawo. Kuphatikiza apo, a Nicholson adaonjezeranso kuti malinga ndi lipoti laposachedwa kwambiri la US Department of State Inspector General onena zakuphatikiza ndi katangale pantchito yolembayo akuti madola 200 miliyoni omwe amalipira ndalama zambiri kwa makontrakitala pangano la $ 1 biliyoni wamafuta apangitsa kuti aweruzidwe ndi wamkulu wina waku Afghanistan komanso Othandizira anayi omwe adaletsedwa kupempha mapangano. Malipiro kwa "asitikali ankhondo" komanso kulipira kwambiri mafuta ndi omwe akhala akuwononga kwambiri posachedwa ku Afghanistan. https://www.sigar.mil/pdf/ quarterlyreports/2017-01-30qr. pdf

Senator wina yemwe boma lake ladzala ndi kumwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo adafunsa, "Ndi anthu ambiri ku US omwe amwalira chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo akubwera kuchokera ku Afghanistan, bwanji US / NATO sinathetse madera a opiamu ku Afghanistan?" Nicholson anayankha kuti: ”Sindikudziwa, ndipo siudindo wathu wankhondo. Bungwe lina liyenera kuchita izi. ”

Nicholson adanena kuti kuyesa kuyanjanitsa ndi Taliban ndi magulu ena kwakhala kopambana. Pa Seputembala 29, 2016, anthu anayi omenyera nkhondo motsutsana ndi Soviet Union, ankhondo ena pankhondo yapachiweniweni, a Taliban ndi US / NATO, a Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, mtsogoleri wa Hezb-e Islami adasayina mgwirizano wamtendere ndi boma la Afghanistan lolola kubwereranso Asitikali a 20,000 ndi mabanja awo kupita ku Afghanistan.  https://www.afghanistan- analysts.org/peace-with- hekmatyar-what-does-it-mean- for-battlefield-and-politics/

Nicholson adati omenyera nkhondo ena aku Afghanistan akupitilizabe kusintha mgwirizanowu kutengera gulu lomwe limapereka ndalama zambiri komanso chitetezo.

Kalata yotseguka https://www.veteransforpeace. org/pressroom/news/2017/01/30/ open-letter-donald-trump-end- us-war-afghanistan kwa Purezidenti Trump kuti athetse Nkhondo ya Afghanistan, mabungwe ambiri ndi anthu ena amalimbikitsa purezidenti watsopano wa US kuti athetse nkhondo yayitali kwambiri m'mbiri ya dzikolo:

"Kulamula anyamata ndi atsikana aku America kuti akachite ntchito yakupha kapena kufa ngati yomwe idakwaniritsidwa zaka za 15 zapitazo ndi funso lambiri. Kuyembekezera iwo kuti akhulupirire kuti ntchito imeneyi ndi yochuluka. Mfundo imeneyi ingathandize kufotokozera ichi: wakupha wamkulu wa asitikali aku US ku Afghanistan akudzipha. Wachiwiri kupha wachiwiri wankhondo waku America ndiwobiliwira pamtambo wabuluu, kapena wachinyamata waku Afghanistan yemwe US ​​akuwaphunzitsa akutembenuza zida zawo kwa ophunzitsa awo! Inu mukudziwa izi, Kunena: "Tiyeni tuluke ku Afghanistan. Asilikali athu akuphedwa ndi Afghans omwe timaphunzitsa ndipo timawononga mabiliyoni ambiri kumeneko. Zamkhutu! Kumanganso USA. "

Kuchotsedwa kwa asilikali a US kudzakhalanso bwino kwa anthu a Afghanistan, popeza kukhalapo kwa asilikali akunja kwakhala kotsutsana ndi zokambirana za mtendere. Aghghani enieniwo ayenera kudziwa tsogolo lawo, ndipo adzatha kuchita izi pokhapokha pali kutha kwa zochitika kunja.

Tikukulimbikitsani kuti mutembenuzire tsambali pazankhondo zankhondo izi. Bweretsani ankhondo onse aku US kunyumba kuchokera ku Afghanistan. Chotsani ndege zaku US kuti, m'malo mwake, pazinthu zochepa, athandize anthu aku Afghanistan ndi chakudya, pogona, ndi zida zaulimi. ”

Zaka khumi ndi zisanu za mafunso omwewo ndi mayankho omwewo okhudza nkhondo yaku Afghanistan. Yakwana nthawi yothetsa nkhondo.

Za Wolemba: Ann Wright adagwira zaka 29 ku US Army / Army Reserve ndipo adapuma pantchito ngati Colonel. Adatumikiranso zaka 16 ngati kazembe waku US ku Nicaragua, Grenada, Somalia, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Sierra Leone, Micronesia, Afghanistan ndi Mongolia. Anasiya boma la US mu Marichi 2003 motsutsana ndi nkhondo ya Purezidenti Bush ku Iraq. Chiyambireni kusiya ntchito, wabwerera ku Afghanistan katatu komanso ku Pakistan kamodzi.