Mfundo Yopangidwira: Madzi a US Military ku Okinawa

Joseph Essertier, January 2, 2017

A 2014 Demokarase Tsopano Nkhaniyi inathandiza omvera ambiri kuti amvetse bwino mavuto a padziko lonse okhudza zida zankhondo ku United States ku Okinawa, Japan. Pano pali zambiri zambiri zokhudza phunziro lofunika ili.

Kusankhana kwa anthu a ku Okinawans

Anthu a ku Okinawa amatsutsidwa kwambiri ndi a ku Japan ndi a ku America. Izi ndi zifukwa zomveka, nkhani yomwe imabwerezedwa pamsewu ku Japan kusiyana ndi zofalitsa zamasewera monga Chingelezi. New York Times ndi Japan Times. The Japan Times wakhala pamapepala ovomerezeka kwambiri ndipo akutsindikiza kusuntha kosamalitsa ku Okinawa kuposa mapepala akuluakulu achi Japan olembedwa mu Japanese, monga Mainichi ndi Yomiuri, koma Okinawa Times ndi Ryukyu Shimpo Zolemba zokhudzana ndi zochitika zokhudzana ndi zokhudzana ndi tsankho. Iwo amakhalanso ofunitsitsa kusankhana mitundu ndi asilikali omwe si azungu ndi asilikali a US.

Mkwiyo umene anthu ambiri a ku Okinawans amamva pa boma la Japan umachokera ku momwe amachitira ku Japan ndi momwe Japan amapitilira kuwayang'ana ngati malo, malo osokoneza bongo, ndi gawo la Japan lomwe lingaperekedwe nsembe kuti ateteze mwayi wa dziko la Japan lapamwamba lomwe lili ku Honshu (komwe kuli Kyoto ndi Kyoto), Kyushu, ndi Shikoku. Anthu ochepa pazilumba zazikuluzikulu amakhala pafupi ndizitsulo, popeza 70% ya zitsulo ku Japan zili m'chigawo cha Okinawa. Okinawans amanyamula zovuta zazing'ono ndikukhala osasamala tsiku ndi tsiku ndi phokoso. Phokoso la ndege ya Osprey ya asilikali a ku United States, yomwe imafika ku 100 decibels m'madera kumene kuli masukulu ndipo nthawi zambiri imalepheretsa ana kuphunzira kuti ayambe kuwapweteka, amaimira kusankhana komweko komwe kumawona kuti nsembe ya moyo wa Okinawans ndi yachibadwa komanso yoyenera.

Zomangamanga za Okinawa zimakhala bwino

A US adagwiritsa ntchito izi kuti awononge North Korea ndi Vietnam, ndipo akhoza kuzigwiritsanso ntchito mtsogolo kutsogolo kwa North Korea kapena China. Malinga ndi momwe anthu a ku East Asia amaonera, mazikowo ali oopsa kwambiri. Ambiri achikulire ku mayiko a kummawa kwa Asia akukhalabe ndi zochitika zomvetsa chisoni, zovuta kukumbukira zowawa za ku Japan panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri ya ku Japan (1937-45) ndi nkhondo ya Asia-Pacific (1941-45), komanso nkhondo ya Japan ndi Achimereka. Kawirikawiri, anthu a ku Okinawa amakumbukira bwino, koma pamakhala mizinda yambiri ya ku Japan komwe kunkachitika nkhanza zazikulu zomwe asilikali a ku America anali atangoyamba nkhondo pambuyo pa ntchito ya US.

Makamaka, kuwombera moto kwa mizinda yomwe ili ndi napalm ndi zochitika zachiwawa zogonana ndikumakumbukiridwa ndi a ku Japan achikulire-ochepa omwe akadali amoyo lero. Okinawans, komabe, ali ovuta kwambiri ndipo amadziwa zambiri za nkhondoyi. Amakumbukira nkhondo ya ku Japan ndi ultranationalism, ndipo akuzindikira molondola nkhondo yapamwamba ya boma ya ultranationalist yomwe ikuika moyo wawo pangozi. Monga John Pilger adanenera mu filimu yake Nkhondo Yotulukira pa China, pali zida zambiri zowzungulira dziko China zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito poyambitsa zida zowononga China. Ambiri mwa iwo ali ku Okinawa.

Chiwawa Chogonana

1. Kuchokera ku 1972, pambuyo poti Tokyo idzakhalanso ndi ulamuliro ku Okinawa, apolisi akhala akudziwika kuti apolisi oposa 100. Mu 1972 zilumba za Ryukyu ndi zilumba za Daito, zomwe zimagwirizanitsa dziko la Japan lotchedwa Okinawa Prefecture, "adabwerera" ku Japan, mwachitsanzo, ku boma ku Tokyo. Koma isanafike Okinawa adalumikizidwa ndi Japan ku 1879, malo a Ryukyu anali ufumu wodzilamulira, kotero kuti Okinawans sanasangalale kwambiri kubwezeretsedwa ku Japan ndipo ambiri anapitirizabe kufuna ufulu. Pali zofanana ndi mbiri ya Hawai'i, kotero kuti kayendetsedwe ka ufulu wa Okinawa ndi Hawai'i nthawi zina amagwira ntchito pazandale. Kapena ndamva.
2. Chigwirizano cha 1995 cha msungwana wazaka za 12, chomwe chinapangitsa kuti kulimbikitsana kwakukulu, kunangokhala chiwerengero cha maukwati ambiri. Inde, chiwerengero chenicheni cha chigwirizano ku Okinawa chili ndi chiwerengero cha chiwerengero cha kugwiriridwa, monga momwe zilili ku Japan ambiri, komwe apolisi nthawi zambiri amakhala? kawirikawiri? Musapange mbiri kapena lipoti la kugwiriridwa pamene ozunzidwa amayesa kufunafuna chilungamo. Ngakhale kuti 1995 isanayambe, panali kale kayendetsedwe kolimba kotsutsana ndi maziko, ndipo gawo lalikulu la kayendetsedwe ka gululo linatsogoleredwa ndi magulu a ufulu ku amai ku Okinawa. Kuzunza ana kwapindula kwambiri ku Japan m'zaka zapitazi za 10 kapena kotero kuti kayendetsedwe ka kuzunzidwa ku Japan kunapeza mphamvu panthawi ya 1990s. Chisamaliro china chikulipiridwa ku PTSD ku Japan, nayenso. Ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ufulu waumunthu ukukhala wamphamvu panthawi yomweyo ku Japan ndi nkhondo ya Okinawa kuti ikhale mwamtendere m'zaka zapitazi za 10, kulimbikitsana pang'ono ku Japan kwa azimayi a ku Okinawan omwe amachitira nkhanza zochitika za kugonana kwa amayi ndi ana, komanso nthawi zina kunja kwa Okinawa adzakumbukira zochitika makamaka zowonongeka ndi zoopsa. Asilikali nthawi zina amachititsa zachiwawa ku Japan pazilumba zazing'ono zinayi, pafupifupi nthawi zonse pafupi ndi maziko, monga Yokosuka ndi Misawa ku Aomori, koma ndikuganiza kuti pali zilonda zoopsa za asilikali pazilumbazi ndipo zimakhala zochepa kwambiri kawirikawiri kuposa ku Okinawa-chabe chifukwa chowona mwachidwi nkhani za nyuzipepala pazaka.
3. Kenneth Franklin Shinzato kugwiriridwa ndi kuphedwa kwa wogwira ntchito ku ofesi ya Okinawan wa 20 kuchulukitsa kuzindikira za nkhanza zankhondo zaku US ku Japan konse ndikulimbikitsa kukana mabwalo ku Okinawa. 
4. Zomangamanga zikuyenera kupititsa patsogolo chitetezo cha Japanese koma ndi zowawa zonse ndi kupha zomwe zachitika kuzungulira, ndi kuwonjezeka kwa United States ndi mayiko ena, monga North Korea, omwe tsiku lina angalowe ku Okinawa ndi mizati yaitali , ambiri a Okinawans amamva kuti zigawozo zimaika moyo wawo pachiswe. Ambiri a ku Okinawans amafuna malo onse pachilumba chawo. Mtsutso wakale umene mazikowo ali abwino kwa chuma sakhutitsa Okinawa ambiri masiku ano. Ulendo ndi makampani akuluakulu ku Okinawa. Pali alendo ambiri ochokera kumadera ena a Asia, monga Chinese, omwe amathera ndalama zambiri ku Japan komanso ku Okinawa. Kotero iwo ali ndi njira zina zopangira chuma, ndipo iwo sali monga chuma monga anthu pa zilumba zinayi zikuluzikulube. Monga momwe mwamvera, ali ndi zakudya zathanzi kwambiri, ndipo ali ndi chiyembekezo chokhala ndi moyo wautali kwambiri padziko lapansi.

Kusamaloledwa Moletsedwa kwa Apulotesitanti Opanda Chilungamo

Pakhalapo chidwi chachikulu cha anthu pa mlandu wa Yamashiro Hiroji wolemba milandu.  Nawa maulalo omwe amafotokoza kupanda chilungamo ndi mwinamwake kosamaloledwa pamene ali m'ndende, komanso kumasulidwa kwake kundende.

Nchifukwa chiyani Japan Akulipira Maziko a US?

Mtolo wolipilira mtengo wa mabungwe a US akuikidwa pa mapewa a okhoma msonkho a ku Japan. Zaka zapakati za 15 zapitazo ndinamva kuchokera kwa katswiri wina wotsutsa nkhondo kuti JaPan imapereka nthawi 10 zochuluka kwa mabungwe a US kuposa South Korea kapena Germany. Anthu a ku Japan ali mu mdima wokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe amachotseramo misonkho, momwe zimakhalira zolemetsa izi. "Zizitetezo" za ku Japan (Dziwani) zimaphatikizapo ndalama zambiri, ndipo Japan amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri asilikali ake monga mayiko ena omwe ali ndi maiko aakulu komanso chuma.

Zotsatira Zachilengedwe

1. Zida zowonongeka kwakukulu zasungidwa ku Okinawa kwa nthawi yaitali kwazaka makumi angapo zapitazi, kuphatikizapo zida zamagetsi, zamoyo, ndi zida za nyukiliya. Zida zamatenda ndi zachilengedwe zawononga chilengedwe. Izi zafotokozedwa nthawi zambiri. Palinso ngozi za zida za nyukiliya, zomwe zimachititsa imfa kapena kuvulala kwa asilikali a ku America kumeneko. Nkhani yokhudza zida zaku nyukiliya ikuyamba kutuluka. Boma la Japan linanamizira nzika zake za izi.
2. Okinawa ali ndi miyala yamchere ya coral komanso nyumba yomangira nyumba ya Henoko yayamba kale kuwononga mafunde a coral kumeneko. Mphepete mwa nyanjayi ikhoza kuphedwa pansi ndi kuzungulira pansi. (Zina mwa mazikowo zidzafika m'madzi).
3. Ntchito yomanga nyumba ya Henoko ingathe kuwononga "malo otsiriza" a zokopa za Okinawa. Dugu ndi lalikulu, lokongola, zosangalatsa nyama zakutchire zomwe zimadyetsa udzu. Okinawan chikondi cha chirengedwe chimapangitsa iwo kuika thanzi la zinyama ndi zinyama zina kutsogolo kwa nkhondo yawo. Mafilimu ambiri a antiwar ku Okinawa amayamba kunena za zomera ndi zinyama zomwe zimakhala m'nyanja zomwe zili pafupi ndi zilumba za Ryukyuan, zomwe zachilengedwe zimakhala mbali yaikulu ya njira ya moyo wa Ryukyuan yomwe ikuopsezedwa ndi kumanga maziko oposa pamenepo. Ntchito za zomangamanga za Henoko ndi Takae zimandikumbutsa zoopsa za Exxon Valdez mwanjira imeneyi, komanso momwe chiwonongekocho chinawonongera moyo ndi moyo wonse wa Amwenye Amwenye ambiri ku Alaska.

Zotsutsana ndi Zachiwawa

85% ya Okinawans ikutsutsana ndi maziko ndipo chimodzi mwa zifukwa zazikulu zomwe zimatsutsa kwambiri ndikuti anthu a ku Okinawans ndi anthu okonda mtendere. Ndikuganiza kuti ndizabwino kunena kuti kusiyana kwawo polimbana ndi nkhondo kuli kwakukulu kuposa momwe amachitira zotsutsana ndi chiwawa pakati pa aJapane. (Chijapani nthawi zambiri amatsutsana ndi nkhondo. Ndithudi pali Japanese ambiri omwe amatsutsana ndi nkhondo zambiri kuposa a ku America pa nkhondo panopa). Okinawans amadana kwambiri ndi mtundu uliwonse wa chiwawa kwa anthu ena ku Asia. Sikuti akungofuna kuteteza miyoyo yawo koma ndizovuta kwambiri zokhudza nkhondo ndi mtendere ndi maiko akunja, ndipo chiwerewere ndi gawo lalikulu la malingaliro awo odana ndi nkhondo. Iwo akudziwa bwino momwe malo awo ndi chuma chawo akhala akugwiritsidwira ntchito ndi Japan kuti awapweteke anthu omwe kale anali amitundu a Ufumu wa Japan ndi mayiko omwe Japan anaukira komanso momwe amachitira a Amerika kuti awononge anthu m'mayiko ena ambiri.

Nkhani 9 ya Constitution ya Japan

Japan ili ndi "malamulo a mtendere," omwe ndi apadera padziko lapansi ndipo ambiri amavomerezedwa ndi otchuka ku Japan. Anthu ena amaganiza kuti malamulowa anapatsidwa ntchito ndi US Occupation, koma kwenikweni, malamulowa ali ovomerezeka ndi mphamvu zowonjezera zomwe kale zinali kusewera ndi 1920s ndi 1930s. Article 9 ya lamulo limeneli limaletsa Japan kuti asagonjetse dziko lililonse pokhapokha mpaka atayambitsidwa. "Poyesa mwamtendere mtendere wamtendere wadziko lonse wogwirizana ndi chilungamo ndi ndondomeko, anthu a ku Japan amakana nkhondo nthawi zonse monga ufulu wa mtundu wa dziko ndi kuopseza kapena kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu monga kuthetsa mikangano yapadziko lonse ... Kuti akwanitse cholinga cha ndime yapitayi , nthaka, nyanja, ndi mpweya, komanso mphamvu zina zankhondo, sizidzasungidwa. Ufulu wa kukondana wa boma sichidzazindikiridwa. "Mwa kuyankhula kwina, Japan saloledwa kukhala ndi asilikali omwe akuyimira ndipo" zodzitetezera "zake ndizoletsedwa. Nthawi.

Mbiri Yachidule

Mu 1879 boma la Japan linalanda Okinawa. Iwo anali ufumu wodziimira, osachepera mu dzina, koma chiwawa cha anthu a ku Okinawa ndi kuwononga kwachuma kwawo ndi Japan kuchokera kuzilumba zazikulu (zomwe zikuphatikizapo Honshu, Shikoku, ndi Kyushu) zinali zitakhala zovuta kwambiri kumayambiriro kwa zaka za 17th. Kuzunza kumeneku kunapitirira mpaka panthawi ya 1879, pamene boma la Tokyo linayamba kuyendetsa dziko la Okinawa ndi mitundu yatsopano yogwiritsira ntchito poyendetsedwa ndi boma latsopano ku Tokyo, lomwe linatsogoleredwa ndi Emperor Meiji (1852-1912). (Poyerekeza ndi Okinawa, Hokkaido inali yatsopano yopezeka kwa boma ku Tokyo, ndipo pamakhala kupha anthu a ku America, otchedwa Ainu, osati mosiyana ndi chiwawa cha Amwenye Achimerika ku USA ndi Canada.Koma Okinawa ndi Hokkaido anali zonse zoyesayesa zoyambirira ku boma ndi boma la Meiji. Nthawi zakale zimatchulidwa ndi mfumu. Mtsogoleri wa Meiji analamulira kuchokera ku 1868-1912). Chijapani kuchokera ku dera la Satsuma (ie, mzinda wa Kagoshima komanso chilumba cha Kyushu) adagonjetsa Okinawa kwa zaka pafupifupi 250 mpaka boma la Tokyo linatenga Okinawa. Ambiri a oligarchs omwe anali olemekezeka omwe ankathamangitsa boma latsopano ku Tokyo adachokera ku mabanja amphamvu komanso asilikali ku Satsuma, ambiri mwa iwo omwe adapondereza anthu a ku Okinawina akupitiliza kupindula ndi kuzunzidwa kwa anthu a ku Okinawans mu "Japan lero." ( Mzere wogawikana, kulekanitsa "Japan wam'mbuyomu" kuchokera ku "Japan wamakono" nthawi zambiri ndi 1868, yomwe inali pamene mfumu ya Meiji inkalamulira boma kuchokera ku Shogunate kapena "bakufu", mwachitsanzo, Tokugawa "shogunate" -chimodzimodzinso mafumu, ngakhale kawirikawiri sikutchedwa "mzera.")

Anthu a ku Okinawa a 200,000 anaphedwa pa nkhondo ya Okinawa. Chilumba cha Okinawa chiri pafupifupi kukula kwa Long Island ku New York, kotero ichi chinali chiwerengero chachikulu cha anthu. Ichi chinali chimodzi mwa zovuta kwambiri zochitika m'mbiri ya Okinawan / Ryukyuan. Izi zinachititsa kuti anthu ambiri awonongeke moyo wawo, popeza kuti dziko labwino kwambiri lomwe linagonjetsedwa ndi apolisi linagwidwa ndi asilikali a US, ndipo mpaka lero, dzikoli silinabwererenso. Nkhondo ya Okinawa inachokera ku 1 April mpaka 22 June 1945, ndipo achinyamata ambiri a ku America, nayenso, anataya miyoyo yawo kumeneko. June 23rd, mwachitsanzo, tsiku lotsatira tsiku lomaliza la nkhondo ya Okinawa, amatchedwa "Okinawa Memorial Day" ndipo ndi tchuthi lapadera ku Okinawa. Tsikuli ndi lofunikira kwa Okinawans, ndipo ndi tsiku lofunika kwa omenyana ndi nkhondo ku Japan, koma sichidziwika ngati tchuthi kunja kwa dziko la Okinawa. Sitikulemekezedwa, kukumbukiridwa, kapena kukumbukiridwa mwa njira iliyonse ndi aJapan ambiri pazilumba zazikulu, ngakhale kuti Okinawan amakhala ndi katundu omwe amaperekedwa chifukwa cha anthu omwe ali pachilumbachi, ndipo motero, anthu pazilumba zazikulu zimadalitsidwa ndi Okinawans chifukwa cha momwe Okinawans adaperekedwa nsembe m'njira zosiyanasiyana kuchokera ku 1945 mpaka pano.

Anthu a ku US adagwira ku Okinawa Island kuchokera ku Okinawans ku 1945, adabera nthaka kuchokera ku Okinawans, akumanga maziko a nkhondo ku chilumba chonsechi, ndipo adalamulira mpaka 1972. Koma ngakhale kubwezeretsa kwa Okinawa kupita ku Japan, mazikowo adakalipo ndipo chiwawa cha anthu a Okinawa ndi asilikali a ku America chinapitiriza-kutanthauza chiwawa monga mawonekedwe achiwawa, kugwiriridwa, ndi zina zotero.

Anthu a ku Okinawuni amatchulidwanso kuti "anthu a Ryukyuan" ndi akatswiri. Pali zilankhulo zingapo zomwe zimayankhulidwa pa chisumbu cha chilumba cha Ryukyuan, kotero pali kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe ngakhale pakati pa a Ryukyuans (monga momwe pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa dziko lonse la Japan) Dziko lamakono lomwe linakhazikitsidwa ku 1868 pomwepo linayamba kuononga kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe, kuti azindikire zambiri za dzikoli, koma kusiyana kwa zinenero kwapitirizabe). Dzina la Chilumba cha Okinawa-chilumba chachikulu cha "Okinawa Prefecture" m'chinenero chakumeneko ndi "Uchinaa". Kugwiritsa ntchito mawu a Ryukyuan kumawonekera kaŵirikaŵiri m'mawonetsero olimbana ndi nkhondo ndi otsutsana ndi Okinawan achipembezo, monga njira yotsindika kufunika kwa chikhalidwe chawo, kuzindikira momwe iwo awonetsedwera ndi dziko la Japan, ndi kusonyeza kusamvana kwa chikomyunizimuchi-chonchi chenicheni ndi chikhalidwe cha malingaliro / mtima womwe umatsogoleretsa anthu ku Japan kuti azisamala za a Ryukyuans.

Osatchulidwa kwambiri ndi akatswiri a mbiri yakale kapena akatswiri ena a maphunziro a ku East Asia koma kofunikira kwambiri kumvetsetsa mbiri ya Okinawan ndi mbiri ya Korea ndi chidziwitso chotchedwa "NSC 48 / 2." Polemba pano kuchokera ku nkhani yanga ku CounterPunch mu October, Policy Open Door Policy zomwe zinayambitsa nkhondo zina, koma US sanayambe kuyesa kuthetsa kayendedwe ka anticolonial ku East Asia, malinga ndi [Bruce] Cumings, mpaka lipoti la 1950 National Security Council 48 / 2, yomwe inali zaka ziwiri pakupanga . Linali ndi mutu wakuti "Udindo wa United States ndi Ulemu ku Asia" ndipo unakhazikitsa dongosolo latsopano lomwe "silinaganizidwe konse kumapeto kwa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse: ilo likanakonzekera kulowerera nkhondo motsutsana ndi kayendedwe ka anticolonial East Asia -kuyamba Korea, ndiye Vietnam, ndi Chinese Revolution monga nsanja yapamwamba. "NSC 48 / 2 inanena kuti ikutsutsana ndi" makampani ambiri ". Mwa kuyankhula kwina, zikanakhala bwino kuti mayiko a kummawa kwa Asia akhale ndi misika, koma sitikufuna iwo akukweza mafakitale ochuluka monga momwe US ​​anachitira, chifukwa ndiye adzatha kupikisana nafe m'madera omwe tili nawo "phindu lofananitsa." Ndicho chimene NSC 48 / 2 imatcha "kunyada ndi kukonda," zomwe " kuletsa dera loyenera la mgwirizano wapadziko lonse. "(https://www.counterpunch.org/2017/10/31/americas-open-door-policy-may-have-led-us-to-the-brink-of-nuclear-annihilation/)

Kulemba kwa NSC 48 / 2 kunayamba kuzungulira 1948. Izi zikugwirizana mofanana ndi chiyambi cha zomwe zimatchedwa "Kupita Patsogolo," kusintha kwakukulu mu ndondomeko ya US ku Japan makamaka komanso South Korea. NSC 48 / 2 ndi Njira Yotsutsana nayo inakhudzanso Okinawa, chifukwa chakuti Okinawa ndi amene adayambitsa nkhondo ku Korea, Vietnam ndi mayiko ena. "Kulimbana" kunali nkhanza kumbuyo kwa anthu onse omwe adamenyana kuti athetse nkhondo zankhondo za ku Japan ndi chikomyunizimu, kuphatikizapo kumbuyo kwa anthu a ku Koreya, omwe adamenyera ufulu wodzilamulira komanso asilikali a ku America, omwe adamenya nkhondo Nkhondo yotsutsa Japan. Chinali chigamulo kumbuyo kwa dziko la Japan la liberal ndi lamanzere lomwe linagwirizana ndi malamulo a ufulu wa MacArthur pachiyambi cha Occupation period, pa 1945 ndi 1946. In1947 inakonzedwa kuti mafakitale a ku Japan adzakhalanso "msonkhano ku East ndi kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia," ndikuti Japan ndi South Korea adzalandira thandizo kuchokera ku Washington kuti likhalenso ndichuma ku Marshall Plan ku Ulaya. (Chinthu chimodzi chachikulu pano mu Washington chisankho chotsutsana ndi Chipani cha Chikominisi cha China chomwe chinkawoneka kuti chikugonjetsa pa Nkhondo Yachikhalidwe ku China, monga momwe inachitira mu 1949). Dean Acheson, yemwe ndi Mlembi wa boma, George Dellon, analemba kalata imodzi m'munsi mwa January 1947, pofotokoza ndondomeko ya US ku Korea yomwe ikuchitika kuyambira chaka chomwecho mpaka 1965, "kupanga bungwe lodziwika bwino la South Korea ndi kulumikizana nalo. chuma ndi dziko la Japan. "Acheson anagonjetsa Marshall monga mlembi wa boma kuyambira 1949 mpaka 1953. Iye "adakhala wovomerezeka mkati mwathu kuti asunge Korea ya kum'mwera m'dera la chikoka cha American ndi Japan, ndipo adalemba modzipereka kuti America ayalowe mu nkhondo ya Korea." (Pafupifupi zonse zomwe mwalemba ndi ndemanga zomwezi zikuchokera mu zolemba za Bruce Cumings , makamaka buku lake Nkhondo ya Korea). Njira Yopindulitsa inali yofanana ndi Marshall Plan ya Europe ndipo inkafuna ndalama zambiri za ku America ndi kugawana zipangizo zamakono ndi chuma ku Japan ndi South Korea.

"Nkhondo ya Korea" inayamba mu June 1950, pamene asilikali a North Korea "adalowa" (dziko lawo) malinga ndi nkhani ya boma la United States, koma nkhondo yotentha ku Korea inali itayambika kale ku 1949, ndipo panali nkhanza zambiri mu 1948, nayenso. Ndipo zowonjezera, mizu ya nkhondoyi ikubwerera kumagulu omwe anayamba mu 1932 pamene anthu a ku Koreya anayamba nkhondo yolimbana ndi chikomyunizimu ndi amwenye a Chijapani ku Manchuria. Kulimbana kwawo ndi chikomyunizimu cha ku Japan kunamenyana ndi ku America kwachitukuko komanso wolamulira wankhanza Syngman Rhee kumapeto kwa 1940s. Kuphulika kwakukulu kwa Korea komwe kunapha mamiliyoni ambiri a ku Koreya "kupha," ndipo sikunasiye nyumba yomwe ili kumpoto kwa Korea ndi kuwononga ambiri a South Korea, sizikanatheka popanda zochitika ku Okinawa. Maziko a ku Okinawa adagwiritsidwanso ntchito chifukwa bomba likuthawira ku Vietnam.

Mu 1952 Japan adagonjetsedwa ndikutsutsana ndi Washington kuti dziko la Korea ndi China likhale lopanda mtendere. Izi zinapangitsa kuti kukhale kovuta ku Japan kupepesa ndikuyanjanitsa ndi oyandikana naye. Apanso, zotsatirazi ndizolembedwa kuchokera ku CounterPunch: Nkhani ya Pulitzer Prize John Dower, inafotokozera zotsatira zoopsa zomwe zinatsatira mgwirizano wamtendere wa Japan umene unayamba kugwira ntchito patsiku limene Japan linayambanso kulamulira 28 April 1952: " Japan inalepheretsedwa kusunthira bwino kuti ayanjanenso ndi kubwezeretsedwa ndi oyandikana nawo oyandikana nawo a ku Asia. Kupanga mtendere kunachedwetsedwa. "Washington inasokoneza mtendere pakati pa Japan ndi oyandikana nawo awiri omwe anali oyandikana nawo dzikoli, Korea ndi China, mwa kukhazikitsa" mtendere wosiyana "umene unapatula onse a Koreas komanso a People's Republic of China (PRC) kuchokera mu njira yonse. Boma la Japan linapotoza dzanja la Japan kuti lichite mgwirizano wawo poopseza kuti apitirize ntchito yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ndi General Douglas MacArthur (1880-1964). Chifukwa chakuti Japan ndi South Korea sizinakhazikitse mgwirizano mpaka June 1965, ndipo mgwirizano wamtendere pakati pa Japan ndi PRC sinasindikizidwe mpaka 1978, panthawiyi, mwadzidzidzi, malinga ndi Mvula, "Mabala ndi ziwawa zosautsa, zopondereza, ndikugwiritsira ntchito zatsalira kuti zisamalire-zosasunthika komanso zosadziwika bwino ku Japan. amachititsa kuti aziyang'ana kum'maŵa kudutsa nyanja ya Pacific kupita ku America kuti apeze chitetezo, ndipo ndithudi, chifukwa cha kudziwika kwake ngati mtundu. "Motero Washington anadutsa pakati pa Japan ndi Akorea ndi Chinese pa china, kukana Japan mwayi kusinkhasinkha pa zochita zawo za nthawi ya nkhondo, kupepesa, ndi kumanganso mgwirizanowo. Kusankhana kwa ku Japan kwa a Korea ndi Chinese kumadziwika bwino, koma anthu ochepa amamvetsetsa kuti Washington ndi amene amachititsa kuti azilakwa.

Mu 1953 nkhondo ya Korea inatha ndi kulephera kwakukulu. Washington sanapambane, monga momwe sizinapambane nkhondo zambiri zazikulu kuyambira 1945. Ndimagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "Tiyeni Tiyike Zomwe Zachitika za US-North Korea Relations," nkhondo yapachiweniweni sinathe ndi mgwirizano wamtendere ndi ndondomeko ya chiyanjanitso koma chida cha 1953. Nkhondoyo inasiya kutsegulira kuti nkhondoyo iyambirenso nthawi iliyonse. Mfundo iyi, kuti nkhondo siinathetse mtendere wamtendere waumphawi, ndiyo imodzi mwa zovuta zake ndipo iyenera kuonedwa ngati imodzi mwa nkhondo zoopsa kwambiri masiku ano. Ndi asilikali, asilikali a kumpoto ndi kum'mwera atha kukhala mwamtendere, koma mtendere wawo wakhala wautali komanso wosatsimikizika. Pali kusagwirizana kokha ngati nkhondo ya ku Korea (1950-53, masiku ozoloŵereka a Nkhondo omwe amavomereza nkhani yotsutsana ndi Washington) inali nkhondo yapachiweniweni kapena nkhondo yowonjezereka. Pali zifukwa zina za nkhondo ya proxy kuyambira US ndi Soviet Union ankagwira nawo ntchito, koma ngati wina ayang'ana mizu ya nkhondo, yomwe imabwerera ku 1932 pomwe nkhondo yayikulu yowonongeka ndi a Koreya motsutsana ndi dziko la Japan ku Makanchuria inayamba, ine ndi Bruce Cumings yomwe makamaka, ndi / nkhondo yapachiweniweni. Chinthu chimodzi mu nkhondoyi yomwe sichikambidwa mozama koma chimodzimodzi chofunikira kwambiri cha nkhondo ndi chiyembekezo cha anthu ambiri ku Korea kuti azigawidwa bwino chuma. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, sikunangokhala mkangano pakati pa boma kumpoto ndi boma la Washington kumbali ya kumwera, koma kupanda chilungamo kwa kalasi (mwina ngakhale "kutayika") kusalingani komwe kumabwerera ku nthawi zamakono ku Korea. Ukapolo sunathetsedwe mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za 19th, masabata makumi angapo pambuyo pake adathetsedwa ku US.

Resources

Akatswiri ena a ku Okinawa:

1. Yamashiro Hiroji, mmodzi mwa anthu otchuka kwambiri omwe amatsutsa nkhondo ndi odana ndi maboma ku Okinawa, amene posachedwa anali osalungama ndipo mwinamwake anagwidwa mosamangidwa ndi kuchitiridwa nkhanza, ngati sakunzunzidwa, kundende
2. Douglas Lummis (http://apjjf.org/-C__Douglas-Lummis)
3. Jon Mitchell amene analemba kwa Japan Times
4. John Junkerman, mkulu wa filimu yabwino "Japan's Peace Constitution" (http://cine.co.jp/kenpo/english.html) ndi mafilimu ena okhudzana ndi maziko a US Okinawa (http://apjjf.org/2016/22/Junkerman.html)
5. Women's International League for Peace and Freedom
6. Takazato Suzuyo, wolimbikira mtendere wazimayi (http://apjjf.org/2016/11/Takazato.html)
7. John Dower, wolemba mbiri wa ku America
8. Gavan McCormack, wolemba mbiri ku Australia
9. Steve Rabson, msilikali wakale wa asilikali ndi wolemba mbiri wa US: http://apjjf.org/2017/19/Rabson.html
10. Satoko Oka Norimatsu, yemwe ndi mkulu wa Peace Philosophy Center, bungwe la maphunziro a mtendere ku Vancouver, ku Canada, ndi buku lowerenga Japanese-English palazzoli.biz
11. Katharine HS Moon, pulofesa wa sayansi ya ndale amene analemba za chiwawa cha kugonana kwa anthu ku East Asia (http://apjjf.org/-Katharine-H.S.-Moon/3019/article.html)
12. Caroline Norma, mmodzi mwa akatswiri apamwamba pa nkhani za kugonana omwe adalemba pa malonda ogulitsa malonda ku Japan kuchokera ku 1920s mpaka ku 1940s, ndi momwe boma la Japan linasinthira machitidwe omwe akhazikitsidwa ndi makampani kuti akhazikitse "akazi otonthoza" (boma -nkhani yogwiririra zigawenga), iye ndi amene analemba buku latsopano Akazi a Chitetezo cha ku Japan ndi Ukapolo wa Uchiwerewere ku China ndi Pacific Wars (2016). (http://www.abc.net.au/news/caroline-norma/45286)

Zotsatira za nkhani ndi kusanthula:

1. Kufikira, magazini ya Chingerezi yothandiza kwambiri kwa olankhula Chingerezi omwe amamenyera nkhondo ndi awa Magazini ya Asia-Pacific: Japan Focus (http://apjjf.org).
2. Koma monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, mapepala a chinenero cha Chingelezi a Okinawan, monga Okinawa Times ndi Ryukyu Shimpo, onetsetsani kayendetsedwe kotsutsana ndi maziko, mozama kwambiri kuposa mapepala a Japan Times kapena mapepala ena a Chingerezi kunja kwa Okinawa.
3. SNA Shingetsu News Agency ali ndi nyuzipepala yatsopano ya pa intaneti yomwe yakhala ikupereka nkhani kuchokera patsogolo ndipo nthawi zina imakhudza nkhani za nkhondo, monga momwe boma la Japan likuyendera mwamsanga posintha ndondomeko yawo yothetsera mavuto (mwachitsanzo, kupanga mtundu wa asilikali omwe akanatha kubweretsa nkhondo ya m'kalasi A olakwa), http://shingetsunewsagency.com
4. The Asahi Shinbun chinali nyuzipepala yolemekezeka yochokera ku Japan, koma atasiya kudzipereka kwawo kawirikawiri kuti afotokoze zolakwa za boma la Japan posachedwapa ndipo asiya kulemba nkhani zovuta zokhudzana ndi mbiri yakale, monga "akazi otonthoza" ndi kuphedwa kwa Nanking. "The nyuzipepala yotsalira, yomwe ndi yaikulu yokha tsopano, ili Tokyo Shinbun, koma mwatsoka, mosiyana ndi Asahi wolemekezeka wakale, iwo samafalitsa mu Chingerezi, ku chidziwitso changa. Takhala tikufalitsa mabaibulo awo ambiri abwino mu Japanese pa Magazini a Asia-Pacific: Japan Focus (http://apjjf.org).

Nyimbo yakuuzira:

Kawaguchi Mayumi, woimba nyimbo woimba komanso wotsutsa maziko ku Kyoto. Inu mukhoza kuwona Mavidiyo ambiri omwe akuimba pa zisudzo pa YouTube ngati mukufuna ndi dzina lake mu Japanese: 川口 真 由 美. Iye ndi mmodzi mwa oimba kwambiri omwe akuyimba motsutsana ndi maziko, koma pali ena ambiri oimba bwino, oimba omwe adayanjana ndi kayendetsedwe kawo, kupanga nyimbo m'mitundu yambiri yosiyanasiyana kuphatikizapo nyimbo, nyimbo, nyimbo, nyimbo komanso nyimbo.