Nkhondo Yopseza Chilengedwe Chathu

Kuchokera pamene Aroma anafesa mchere m'minda ya Carthagine pa nthawi ya nkhondo yachitatu ya punic, nkhondo zawononga dziko lapansi, mwachangu komanso - mobwerezabwereza - ngati zotsatira zopanda pake.

General Philip Sheridan, atawononga minda ku Virginia pa Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni, adawononga ziŵeto monga njira yokhazikitsira Amwenye Achimerika kuti asungidwe. Nkhondo Yadziko lonse inawona dziko la Ulaya likuwonongedwa ndi mitengo ndi mpweya wa poizoni. Panthawi ya nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse, anthu a ku Norway anayamba kuphulika m'mitsinje yawo, pamene a Dutch anawononga gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a minda yawo, Ajeremani anawononga nkhalango za Czech, ndipo a Britain anawotcha nkhalango ku Germany ndi ku France.

Nkhondo m'zaka zaposachedwa zasandutsa malo akulu osakhalamo ndipo zachititsa othawa kwawo makumi ambiri. Malinga ndi a Jennifer Leaning aku Harvard Medical School, akuti "akumenyana ndi matenda opatsirana chifukwa choyambitsa matenda padziko lonse lapansi." Kutsamira kumagawaniza kuwononga chilengedwe munkhondo m'magawo anayi: "kupanga ndi kuyesa zida za nyukiliya, kuphulika kwa mlengalenga komanso panyanja, kubalalitsa ndi kulimbikira kwa mabomba okwirira ndi maimidwe oyikidwa m'manda, ndikugwiritsa ntchito kapena kusungira olamulira ankhondo, poizoni, ndi zinyalala."

Osachepera Antchito a zida za nyukiliya a 33,480 amene analandira malipiro a kuwonongeka kwa thanzi tsopano afa.

Kuyesedwa kwa zida za nyukiliya kochitidwa ndi United States ndi Soviet Union kudaphatikizirapo mayeso osachepera pafupifupi 423 apakati pa 1945 ndi 1957 ndi 1,400 kuyesa pansi pa nthaka pakati pa 1957 ndi 1989. Kuwonongeka kwa radiation kumeneku sikudziwikabe, koma kukufalikira, monganso kudziwa zakale. Kafukufuku watsopano mu 2009 adawonetsa kuti mayeso aku China aku nyukiliya pakati pa 1964 ndi 1996 adapha anthu ambiri kuposa kuyesa kwanyukiliya kudziko lina lililonse. Jun Takada, wasayansi waku Japan, adawerengetsa kuti mpaka anthu mamiliyoni 1.48 adakumana ndi zovuta ndipo 190,000 mwa iwo atha kufa ndi matenda olumikizidwa ndi radiation kuchokera kumayeso achi China. Ku United States, kuyesa mzaka za m'ma 1950 kunadzetsa anthu masauzande ambiri akufa ndi khansa ku Nevada, Utah, ndi Arizona, madera omwe amapumira kwambiri poyesedwa.

Mu 1955, nyenyezi ya mafilimu John Wayne, amene adapewa nawo nawo nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse mwa kusankha m'malo mochita mafilimu opatsa nkhondo, adaganiza kuti azisewera Genghis Khan. Wopambana adajambula ku Utah, ndipo wogonjetsayo adagonjetsedwa. Mwa anthu 220 omwe adagwira nawo kanemayo, koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 1980 91 mwa iwo adadwala khansa ndipo 46 adamwalira nawo, kuphatikiza a John Wayne, Susan Hayward, Agnes Moorehead, ndi director Dick Powell. Ziwerengero zikusonyeza kuti 30 mwa 220 mwina atha kudwala khansa, osati 91. Mu 1953 asitikali adayesa bomba la atomiki 11 pafupi ndi Nevada, ndipo pofika zaka za m'ma 1980 theka la anthu okhala ku St. George, Utah, komwe kankawomberedwa kanemayo. khansa. Mutha kuthawa kunkhondo, koma simubisala.

Asilikali ankadziŵa kuti zida zawo za nyukiliya zidzakhudza anthu awo, ndipo adayang'anitsitsa zotsatirazo, ndikuyesa kuyesera anthu. Mu maphunziro ena ambiri nthawi ndi zaka makumi atatu pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, kuphwanya lamulo la Nuremberg la 1947, asilikali ndi CIA apereka zida zankhondo, akaidi, osauka, odwala m'maganizo, ndi anthu ena kuti asayesere anthu cholinga choyesera zida za nyukiliya, mankhwala, ndi zamoyo, komanso mankhwala monga LSD, omwe United States adapita kuti apange mlengalenga ndi chakudya cha mudzi wonse wa French ku 1951, ndi zotsatira zoopsa ndi zakupha.

Lipoti lokonzedwa ku 1994 kwa Komiti ya Senate ya ku United States ya Veterans Affairs ikuyamba:

"M'zaka zapitazi za 50, magulu mazana ambiri a asilikali akhala akuyesa kuyesedwa kwa anthu ndi zofuna zina zomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo (DOD), nthawi zambiri popanda chidziwitso kapena chilolezo cha servicemember. Nthaŵi zina, asilikali omwe amavomereza kuti azikhala ngati anthu adapezeka kuti akuchita nawo zoyesera mosiyana kwambiri ndi omwe anafotokozedwa panthawi yomwe adadzipereka. Mwachitsanzo, anthu ambirimbiri a nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse omwe adadzipereka kuti ayese 'kuvala zovala za m'chilimwe' pofuna kupeza nthawi yowonjezera, adzipeza kuti ali m'zipinda zamagetsi zomwe zimayesa mpweya wa mpiru ndi lewisite. Kuonjezera apo, nthawi zina asilikali ankalangizidwa mwa kulamula oyang'anira kuti 'azidzipereka' kukachita nawo kafukufuku kapena kuyang'anizana ndi zotsatira zoopsa. Mwachitsanzo, asilikali ambiri a ku Persian Gulf War anafunsidwa ndi ogwira ntchito m'komiti kuti alamulidwa kuti apange katemera pa Opaleshoni Desert Shield kapena ku ndende. "

Lipoti lonse liri ndi zodandaula zambiri zachinsinsi cha ankhondo ndipo zikusonyeza kuti zowonjezera zake zingakhale zikungoyang'ana pamwamba pa zomwe zabisika.

Mu 1993, Mlembi wa US wa Energy anamasulira mbiri ya US kuyesa kwa plutonium anthu osadziŵa ku United States mwamsanga nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse itatha. Newsweek inalankhula motsimikiza, pa December 27, 1993:

"Asayansi amene adayesa mayeserowa kale anali ndi zifukwa zomveka: kulimbana ndi Soviet Union, mantha a nkhondo ya nyukiliya yomwe ikuyandikira, kufunika kofunika kuti titsegule zinsinsi zonse za atomu, chifukwa cha nkhondo ndi zamankhwala."

O, chabwino izo ziri bwino ndiye.

Zida za nyukiliya ku Washington, Tennessee, Colorado, Georgia, ndi kwina kulikonse zimayambitsa chilengedwe pozungulira chilengedwe komanso antchito awo, omwe a 3,000 omwe adapatsidwa malipiro ku 2000. Mitundu yambiri yamtendere yozungulira dziko la United States ikuyang'anitsitsa kuthetsa kuwonongeka kwa mafakitale a zida zakutchire kwa chilengedwe ndi antchito awo omwe akuthandizidwa ndi maboma ochokera ku boma. Nthawi zina ntchitoyi imakhala yofunika kwambiri kuposa kutsutsa nkhondo yotsatira.

Mu Mzinda wa Kansas, ochita zionetsero ayesa kuletsa kusamutsidwa ndi kukula kwa fakitale yaikulu ya zida. Zikuwoneka kuti Purezidenti Harry Truman, yemwe adamutcha dzina lake poletsa kutsuka zida, adabzala fakitale kunyumba komwe adaipitsa dziko ndi madzi kwa zaka zoposa 60 pamene amapanga zida za imfa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Truman. Foni yaumwini, koma fakitale yopumula msonkho idzapitirizabe kubereka, koma mowirikiza, zana la 85 la zigawo za zida za nyukiliya.

Kupanga zida ndizochepa. Mabomba omwe sanali a nyukiliya mu Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse adawononga mizinda, minda, ndi njira zothirira, ndikupanga othawa kwawo 50 miliyoni ndi anthu osowa pokhala. Kuphulika kwa bomba ku US ku Vietnam, Laos, ndi Cambodia kudatulutsa othawa kwawo okwana 17 miliyoni, ndipo pofika kumapeto kwa 2008 panali othawa kwawo 13.5 miliyoni padziko lonse lapansi. Nkhondo yapachiweniweni ku Sudan idadzetsa njala kumeneko mu 1988. Nkhondo yankhondo yapachiweniweni ku Rwanda idakankhira anthu kumadera okhala nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha, kuphatikiza ma gorilla. Kusamuka kwa anthu padziko lonse lapansi kupita kumadera ocheperako kumawononga zachilengedwe kwambiri.

Nkhondo zimasiya kwambiri. Pakati pa 1944 ndi 1970 asilikali a ku United States adayendetsa zida zambiri zamagetsi ku nyanja ya Atlantic ndi Pacific. Mu 1943 mabomba a Germany anali atakwera sitima ya ku America ku Bari, Italy, yomwe inali kunyamula mapaundi a mpiru miliyoni. Ambiri mwa anthu oyenda panyanja a ku United States anafa chifukwa cha poizoni, chimene United States chinanena molakwika kuti chinali "choletsa," ngakhale kuti chinali chobisa. Sitimayo imayembekezeredwa kuti ikhale ikugwedeza mpweya m'nyanja kwa zaka zambiri. Panthaŵiyi, United States ndi Japan anasiya zombo za 1,000 pansi pa nyanja ya Pacific, kuphatikizapo sitima zamoto. Mu 2001, sitima imodzi yotere, USS Mississinewa adapezeka kuti akuwotcha mafuta. Mu 2003 asilikali adachotsa mafuta omwe amatha kuwonongeka.

Mwina zida zowononga kwambiri zomwe nkhondo zatha ndi mabomba okwirira komanso mabomba a masango. Zikuoneka kuti makumi amamiliyoni a iwo akhala akuzungulira padziko lapansi, osadziŵa malingaliro aliwonse omwe mtendere walengezedwa. Ambiri mwa omwe amazunzidwa ndi anthu wamba, ambiri mwa iwo ndi ana. Lipoti la State Department la 1993 linanena kuti mabomba okwirira ndi "poizoni kwambiri komanso akuwononga kwambiri anthu." Mabomba okwirira akuwononga zachilengedwe m'njira zinayi, analemba motero Jennifer Leaning kuti:

"Mantha a migodi amakana kupeza chuma chochulukirapo ndi nthaka yowonongeka; anthu akukakamizidwa kusuntha mwapadera m'madera ozungulira ndi osalimba kuti asapewe minda yam'munda; kuyendayenda uku kumapititsa kuwonongeka kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana; komanso mabomba okwirira mabomba amachititsa kuti nthaka ndi madzi azifunika kwambiri. "

Kuchuluka kwake kwa dziko lapansi kunakhudza sikochepa. Mamiliyoni a hekta ku Ulaya, North Africa, ndi Asia akutsutsidwa. Gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a dzikoli ku Libya limabisa mabomba okwirira ndi zosawerengeka zapadziko lonse. Mitundu yambiri ya dziko lapansi yavomereza kuletsa mabomba okwirira ndi mabasi a masango.

Kuyambira 1965 mpaka 1971, United States idapanga njira zatsopano zowonongera nyama ndi nyama (kuphatikiza anthu); idapopera 14% ya nkhalango ku South Vietnam ndi mankhwala ophera zitsamba, kuwotcha malo olimapo, ndikuwombera ziweto. Imodzi mwa mankhwala owopsa kwambiri a herbicides, Agent Orange, akuwopsezabe thanzi la Vietnamese ndipo yadzetsa vuto la kubadwa pafupifupi theka miliyoni. Panthawi ya nkhondo ya Gulf, Iraq idatulutsa mafuta okwana malita 10 miliyoni ku Persian Gulf ndikuwotcha zitsime zamafuta 732, ndikuwononga nyama zakutchire ndikuwononga madzi apansi ndi mafuta. Pankhondo zawo ku Yugoslavia ndi Iraq, United States yasiya uranium yatha. Kafukufuku wa 1994 wa US department of Veterans Affairs of Gulf War veterans ku Mississippi adapeza 67% ya ana awo ali ndi pakati kuyambira nkhondoyi itadwala kwambiri kapena kubadwa nako. Nkhondo ku Angola zinathetsa 90 peresenti ya nyama zakutchire pakati pa 1975 ndi 1991. Nkhondo yapachiweniweni ku Sri Lanka inagwetsa mitengo mamiliyoni asanu.

Zochita za Soviet ndi US za Afghanistan zatha kapena zowononga midzi zikwi zambiri ndi madzi. Anthu a ku Taliban akhala akugulitsa matabwa ku Pakistan, zomwe zimachititsa kuti mitengo iwonongeke. Mabomba a US ndi othawa omwe akusowa nkhuni awonjezera kuwonongeka. Mitengo ya Afghanistan ili pafupi. Zambiri mwa mbalame zosamuka zomwe zimadutsa ku Afghanistan sizinayambe. Mpweya wake ndi madzi zakhala zikupaka poizoni ndi mabomba ndi rocket propellants.

Ethiopia ikanatha kusokoneza madera okwana $ 50 pamabwinja, koma anasankha kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama za $ 275 pamalo ake ankhondo m'malo mwake - chaka chilichonse pakati pa 1975 ndi 1985.