General Philip Sheridan, atawononga minda ku Virginia pa Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni, anawononga mabulu a ku Bison ku America monga njira yoletsera Amwenye Achimerika kuti asungidwe. Nkhondo Yadziko lonse inawona dziko la Ulaya likuwonongedwa ndi mitengo ndi mpweya wa poizoni. Panthawi ya nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse, anthu a ku Norway anayamba kuphulika m'mitsinje yawo, pamene a Dutch anawononga gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a minda yawo, Ajeremani anawononga nkhalango za Czech, ndipo a Britain anawotcha nkhalango ku Germany ndi ku France.
Nkhondo m'zaka zaposachedwa zasandutsa malo akulu osakhalamo ndipo zachititsa othawa kwawo makumi ambiri. Malinga ndi a Jennifer Leaning aku Harvard Medical School, akuti "akumenyana ndi matenda opatsirana chifukwa choyambitsa matenda padziko lonse lapansi." Kutsamira kumagawaniza kuwononga chilengedwe munkhondo m'magawo anayi: "kupanga ndi kuyesa zida za nyukiliya, kuphulika kwa mlengalenga komanso panyanja, kubalalitsa ndi kulimbikira kwa mabomba okwirira ndi maimidwe oyikidwa m'manda, ndikugwiritsa ntchito kapena kusungira olamulira ankhondo, poizoni, ndi zinyalala."
Kuyesedwa kwa zida za nyukiliya kochitidwa ndi United States ndi Soviet Union kudaphatikizirapo mayeso osachepera pafupifupi 423 apakati pa 1945 ndi 1957 ndi 1,400 kuyesa pansi pa nthaka pakati pa 1957 ndi 1989. Kuwonongeka kwa radiation kumeneku sikudziwikabe, koma kukufalikira, monganso kudziwa zakale. Kafukufuku watsopano mu 2009 adawonetsa kuti mayeso aku China aku nyukiliya pakati pa 1964 ndi 1996 adapha anthu ambiri kuposa kuyesa kwanyukiliya kudziko lina lililonse. Jun Takada, wasayansi waku Japan, adawerengetsa kuti mpaka anthu mamiliyoni 1.48 adakumana ndi zovuta ndipo 190,000 mwa iwo atha kufa ndi matenda olumikizidwa ndi radiation kuchokera kumayeso achi China. Ku United States, kuyesa mzaka za m'ma 1950 kunadzetsa anthu masauzande ambiri akufa ndi khansa ku Nevada, Utah, ndi Arizona, madera omwe amapumira kwambiri poyesedwa.
Mu 1955, nyenyezi yaku kanema John Wayne, yemwe adapewa kutenga nawo mbali pankhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse posankha kupanga makanema othandiza nkhondo, adaganiza zosewerera Genghis Khan. Wopambanayo adajambulidwa ku Utah, ndipo wogonjetsayo adagonjetsedwa. Mwa anthu 220 omwe adagwira nawo kanemayo, koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 1980 91 mwa iwo adadwala khansa ndipo 46 adamwalira nawo, kuphatikiza a John Wayne, Susan Hayward, Agnes Moorehead, ndi director Dick Powell. Ziwerengero zikusonyeza kuti 30 mwa 220 mwina atha kudwala khansa, osati 91. Mu 1953 asitikali adayesa bomba la atomiki 11 pafupi ndi Nevada, ndipo pofika zaka za m'ma 1980 theka la anthu okhala ku St. George, Utah, komwe kankawomberedwa kanemayo. khansa. Mutha kuthawa kunkhondo, koma simubisala.
Asilikali ankadziŵa kuti zida zawo za nyukiliya zidzakhudza anthu awo, ndipo adayang'anitsitsa zotsatirazo, ndikuyesa kuyesera anthu. Mu maphunziro ena ambiri nthawi ndi zaka makumi atatu pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, kuphwanya lamulo la Nuremberg la 1947, asilikali ndi CIA apereka zida zankhondo, akaidi, osauka, odwala m'maganizo, ndi anthu ena kuti asayesere anthu cholinga choyesera zida za nyukiliya, mankhwala, ndi zamoyo, komanso mankhwala monga LSD, omwe United States adapita kuti apange mlengalenga ndi chakudya cha mudzi wonse wa French ku 1951, ndi zotsatira zoopsa ndi zakupha.
Lipoti lokonzedwa ku 1994 kwa Komiti ya Senate ya ku United States ya Veterans Affairs ikuyamba:
"M'zaka zapitazi za 50, magulu mazana ambiri a asilikali akhala akuyesa kuyesedwa kwa anthu ndi zofuna zina zomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo (DOD), nthawi zambiri popanda chidziwitso kapena chilolezo cha servicemember. Nthaŵi zina, asilikali omwe amavomereza kuti azikhala ngati anthu adapezeka kuti akuchita nawo zoyesera mosiyana kwambiri ndi omwe anafotokozedwa panthawi yomwe adadzipereka. Mwachitsanzo, anthu ambirimbiri a nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse omwe adadzipereka kuti ayese 'kuvala zovala za m'chilimwe' pofuna kupeza nthawi yowonjezera, adzipeza kuti ali m'zipinda zamagetsi zomwe zimayesa mpweya wa mpiru ndi lewisite. Kuonjezera apo, nthawi zina asilikali ankalangizidwa mwa kulamula oyang'anira kuti 'azidzipereka' kukachita nawo kafukufuku kapena kuyang'anizana ndi zotsatira zoopsa. Mwachitsanzo, asilikali ambiri a ku Persian Gulf War anafunsidwa ndi ogwira ntchito m'komiti kuti alamulidwa kuti apange katemera pa Opaleshoni Desert Shield kapena ku ndende. "
Lipoti lonse liri ndi zodandaula zambiri zachinsinsi cha ankhondo ndipo zikusonyeza kuti zowonjezera zake zingakhale zikungoyang'ana pamwamba pa zomwe zabisika.
Mu 1993, Mlembi wa US wa Energy anamasulira mbiri ya US kuyesa kwa plutonium anthu osadziŵa ku United States mwamsanga nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse itatha. Newsweek inalankhula motsimikiza, pa December 27, 1993:
"Asayansi amene adayesa mayeserowa kale anali ndi zifukwa zomveka: kulimbana ndi Soviet Union, mantha a nkhondo ya nyukiliya yomwe ikuyandikira, kufunika kofunika kuti titsegule zinsinsi zonse za atomu, chifukwa cha nkhondo ndi zamankhwala."
O, chabwino izo ziri bwino ndiye.
Zida za nyukiliya ku Washington, Tennessee, Colorado, Georgia, ndi kwina kulikonse zimayambitsa chilengedwe pozungulira chilengedwe komanso antchito awo, omwe a 3,000 omwe adapatsidwa malipiro ku 2000. Pamene 2009-2010 ulendo wanga unanditengera ku mizinda yambiri ya 50 m'dzikoli, ndinadabwa kuti magulu ambiri amtendere mumzinda ndi tawuni adayang'ana kuwononga kuwonongeka kwa mafakitale apamtunda ndi antchito awo zothandizira kuchokera ku maboma am'deralo, zoposa zomwe adayang'ana pakuletsa nkhondo ku Iraq ndi Afghanistan.
Mu Mzinda wa Kansas, nzika zamphamvu zakhala zikuchedwa ndipo zikufuna kulepheretsa kusamukira ndikukula kwa fakitale yaikulu ya zida. Zikuwoneka kuti Purezidenti Harry Truman, yemwe adamutcha dzina lake poletsa kutsuka zida, adabzala fakitale kunyumba komwe adaipitsa dziko ndi madzi kwa zaka zoposa 60 pamene amapanga zida za imfa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Truman. Foni yaumwini, koma fakitale yopumula msonkho idzapitirizabe kubereka, koma mowirikiza, zana la 85 la zigawo za zida za nyukiliya.
Ndinagwirizanitsa anthu ambiri kumalo osungirako ziwonetsero kunja kwa fakitale ya fakitale, mofanana ndi zionetsero zomwe ndakhalapo ku malo ku Nebraska ndi Tennessee, ndipo thandizo lochokera kwa anthu oyendetsa galimoto linali lozizwitsa: zotsatira zambiri zabwino kuposa zoipa. Mwamuna wina yemwe anaimitsa galimoto yake poyera anatiuza kuti agogo ake aamwalira ndi khansara atapanga mabomba ku 1960s. Maurice Copeland, yemwe adakali chionetsero chathu, adandiuza kuti adagwira ntchito pazomera zaka 32. Pamene galimoto inatuluka kunja kwa zipata zomwe munali mwamuna ndi mtsikana wokondwa, Copeland ananena kuti poizoni anali pa zovala za mwamuna ndipo mwina anakumbatira mtsikanayo ndipo mwina anamupha. Sindingatsimikizire kuti, ngati paliponse, zinali pa zovala za mwamuna, koma Copeland adanena kuti zochitika zoterozo zinali mbali ya chomera cha Kansas City kwa zaka zambiri, popanda boma, kapena mwiniwake (Honeywell), kapena ogwira ntchito (International Association of Machinists) ndikudziwitsa bwino antchito kapena anthu.
Pokhala m'malo mwa Pulezidenti Bush ndi Purezidenti Obama ku 2010, otsutsa za malonda akukula akuyembekeza kusintha, koma bungwe la Obama linapereka chithandizo chonsecho. Boma la boma linalimbikitsa khama kuti likhale ntchito komanso msonkho. Monga tiwona mu gawo lotsatira la mutu uno, sizinali.
Kupanga zida ndizochepa. Mabomba omwe sanali a nyukiliya mu Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse adawononga mizinda, minda, ndi njira zothirira, ndikupanga othawa kwawo 50 miliyoni ndi anthu osowa pokhala. Kuphulika kwa bomba ku US ku Vietnam, Laos, ndi Cambodia kudatulutsa othawa kwawo okwana 17 miliyoni, ndipo pofika kumapeto kwa 2008 panali othawa kwawo 13.5 miliyoni padziko lonse lapansi. Nkhondo yapachiweniweni ku Sudan idadzetsa njala kumeneko mu 1988. Nkhondo yankhondo yapachiweniweni ku Rwanda idakankhira anthu kumadera okhala nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha, kuphatikiza ma gorilla. Kusamuka kwa anthu padziko lonse lapansi kupita kumadera ocheperako kumawononga zachilengedwe kwambiri.
Nkhondo zimasiya kwambiri. Pakati pa 1944 ndi 1970 asilikali a ku United States adayendetsa zida zambiri zamagetsi ku nyanja ya Atlantic ndi Pacific. Mu 1943 mabomba a Germany anali atakwera sitima ya ku America ku Bari, Italy, yomwe inali kunyamula mapaundi a mpiru miliyoni. Ambiri mwa anthu oyenda panyanja a ku United States anafa chifukwa cha poizoni, chimene United States chinanena molakwika kuti chinali "choletsa," ngakhale kuti chinali chobisa. Sitimayo imayembekezeredwa kuti ikhale ikugwedeza mpweya m'nyanja kwa zaka zambiri. Panthaŵiyi, United States ndi Japan anasiya zombo za 1,000 pansi pa nyanja ya Pacific, kuphatikizapo sitima zamoto. Mu 2001, sitima imodzi yotere, USS Mississinewa adapezeka kuti akuwotcha mafuta. Mu 2003 asilikali adachotsa mafuta omwe amatha kuwonongeka.
Mwina zida zowononga kwambiri zomwe nkhondo zatha ndi mabomba okwirira komanso mabomba a masango. Zikuoneka kuti makumi amamiliyoni a iwo akhala akuzungulira padziko lapansi, osadziŵa malingaliro aliwonse omwe mtendere walengezedwa. Ambiri mwa omwe amazunzidwa ndi anthu wamba, ambiri mwa iwo ndi ana. Lipoti la State Department la 1993 linanena kuti mabomba okwirira ndi "poizoni kwambiri komanso akuwononga kwambiri anthu." Mabomba okwirira akuwononga zachilengedwe m'njira zinayi, analemba motero Jennifer Leaning kuti:
"Mantha a migodi amakana kupeza chuma chochulukirapo ndi nthaka yowonongeka; anthu akukakamizidwa kusuntha mwapadera m'madera ozungulira ndi osalimba kuti asapewe minda yam'munda; kuyendayenda uku kumapititsa kuwonongeka kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana; komanso mabomba okwirira mabomba amachititsa kuti nthaka ndi madzi azifunika kwambiri. "
Kuchuluka kwake kwa dziko lapansi kunakhudza sikochepa. Mamiliyoni a hekta ku Ulaya, North Africa, ndi Asia akutsutsidwa. Gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a dzikoli ku Libya limabisa mabomba okwirira ndi zosawerengeka zapadziko lonse. Mitundu yambiri ya dziko lapansi yavomereza kuletsa mabomba okwirira ndi mabasi a masango. Dziko la United States silinatero.
Kuyambira 1965 mpaka 1971, United States idapanga njira zatsopano zowonongera nyama ndi nyama (kuphatikiza anthu); idapopera 14% ya nkhalango ku South Vietnam ndi mankhwala ophera zitsamba, kuwotcha malo olimapo, ndikuwombera ziweto. Imodzi mwa mankhwala owopsa kwambiri a herbicides, Agent Orange, akuwopsezabe thanzi la Vietnamese ndipo yadzetsa vuto la kubadwa pafupifupi theka miliyoni. Panthawi ya nkhondo ya Gulf, Iraq idatulutsa mafuta okwana malita 10 miliyoni ku Persian Gulf ndikuwotcha zitsime zamafuta 732, ndikuwononga nyama zakutchire ndikuwononga madzi apansi ndi mafuta. Pankhondo zawo ku Yugoslavia ndi Iraq, United States yasiya uranium yatha. Kafukufuku wa 1994 wa US department of Veterans Affairs of Gulf War veterans ku Mississippi adapeza 67% ya ana awo ali ndi pakati kuyambira nkhondoyi itadwala kwambiri kapena kubadwa nako. Nkhondo ku Angola zinathetsa 90 peresenti ya nyama zakutchire pakati pa 1975 ndi 1991. Nkhondo yapachiweniweni ku Sri Lanka inagwetsa mitengo mamiliyoni asanu.
Zochita za Soviet ndi US za Afghanistan zatha kapena zowononga midzi zikwi zambiri ndi madzi. Anthu a ku Taliban akhala akugulitsa matabwa ku Pakistan, zomwe zimachititsa kuti mitengo iwonongeke. Mabomba a US ndi othawa omwe akusowa nkhuni awonjezera kuwonongeka. Mitengo ya Afghanistan ili pafupi. Zambiri mwa mbalame zosamuka zomwe zimadutsa ku Afghanistan sizinayambe. Mpweya wake ndi madzi zakhala zikupaka poizoni ndi mabomba ndi rocket propellants.
Kwa zitsanzo izi za mitundu yoonongeka kwa chilengedwe yomwe yapangidwa ndi nkhondo iyenera kuwonjezeredwa mfundo ziwiri zokhudzana ndi momwe nkhondo zathu zimamenyedwera ndi chifukwa chake. Monga taonera m'mutu wachisanu ndi chimodzi, nthawi zambiri nkhondo zimayesedwa kuti zithandize, makamaka mafuta. Mafuta akhoza kutenthedwa kapena kuwotchedwa, monga mu Gulf of War, koma makamaka akugwiritsira ntchito kuipitsa mlengalenga, poika ife tonse pangozi. Mafuta ndi okonda nkhondo amathira mafuta pogwiritsa ntchito ulemerero ndi kulimba mtima kwa nkhondo, kotero kuti mphamvu zowonjezereka zomwe sizingawonongeke pangozi padziko lonse lapansi zimaonedwa ngati amantha komanso osagonjera njira zopangira makina athu.
Kugwirizana kwa nkhondo ndi mafuta kumapitirira kuposa zimenezo, komabe. Nkhondo zawo, kaya zimagonjetsedwa kapena ayi, zimadya zambiri. Mtengo wapamwamba kwambiri wa mafuta, kwenikweni, ndi asilikali a US. Sikuti timamenyana nkhondo m'madera akumayiko omwe amapezeka olemera mu mafuta; Timatentha mafuta ambiri kumenyana ndi nkhondozi kuposa momwe timachitira ntchito zina zilizonse. Wolemba mabuku ndi wojambula zithunzi Ted Rall analemba kuti:
Dipatimenti ya ku America [Dipatimenti ya Nkhondo] ya United States ndi yoipitsa kwambiri, ikuphwanyidwa, ikutha, komanso ikuwononga mankhwala ophera tizilombo, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, mafuta, mafuta, mafuta, ndi uranium. Malingana ndi Steve Kretzmann, mtsogoleri wa Oil Change International, 60 peresenti ya mpweya wa carbon dioxide padziko lonse pakati pa 2003 ndi 2007 inachokera ku Iraq yomwe inagwidwa ku United States, chifukwa cha mafuta ochulukirapo ndi mafuta omwe amafunika kuti akhale ndi magulu mazana ambiri a asilikali a ku America ndi makontrakitala zapadera, osatchula za poizoni zotulutsidwa ndi ndege zamagetsi, ndege za drone, ndi maulendo ndi zina zomwe amawombera ku Iraq. "
Timaipitsa mpweya pokonza poizoni padziko lapansi ndi zida zosiyanasiyana. Asitikali aku US amawotcha mafuta pafupifupi migolo 340,000 tsiku lililonse. Ngati Pentagon ikadakhala dziko, ikadakhala ya 38th pamafuta amafuta. Ngati mutachotsa Pentagon pamafuta onse ogwiritsa ntchito ndi United States, ndiye kuti United States ikadakhalabe yoyamba popanda wina aliyense pafupi. Koma mukadapulumutsa mpweya woyaka mafuta kuposa momwe mayiko ambiri amawonongera, ndipo mukadapulumutsa dzikoli mavuto onse omwe asitikali athu amatigwiritsa ntchito. Palibe bungwe lina ku United States lomwe limadya mafuta ochulukirapo kuposa asitikali ankhondo.
Mu Oktoba 2010, Pentagon inalengeza kuti idzakonza zochepetsera mphamvu zowonjezereka. Nkhawa za asilikali sizikuwoneka kuti zikupitirirabe moyo pa dziko lapansi kapena ndalama zowonjezera ndalama, koma makamaka kuti anthu akupitirizabe kuwombera mafuta oyendetsa mafuta ku Pakistan ndi Afghanistan asanafike kumene akupita.
Kodi zimatheka bwanji kuti asayansi asamayese nkhondo? Kodi amakhulupirira kuti nkhondoyo ilipo, kapena kodi amaopa kuwatsutsa? Chaka chilichonse, US Environmental Protection Agency imagwiritsa ntchito $ 622 miliyoni kuyesa momwe tingatulutsire mphamvu popanda mafuta, pamene asilikali amatha mazana mabiliyoni oyaka mafuta mu nkhondo zomwe zimayesedwa kuti athetse mafuta. Madola mamiliyoni omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito kuti azisunga msilikali aliyense kuntchito kwa chaka chimodzi akhoza kupanga 20 ntchito yowonjezera mphamvu pa $ 50,000 aliyense. Kodi izi ndizovuta kusankha?
