Nkhondo Yopseza Chilengedwe Chathu

Zankhondo zapadziko lonse lapansi zikuwopseza kwambiri Dziko Lapansi, zomwe zikuwononga kwambiri chilengedwe, kulepheretsa mgwirizano pamayankho, ndikupereka ndalama ndi mphamvu pakuwotha zomwe zimafunikira kuteteza chilengedwe. Kukonzekera nkhondo ndi nkhondo ndizo zowononga kwambiri mpweya, madzi, ndi nthaka, zomwe zimawopseza kwambiri zachilengedwe ndi zamoyo, ndipo zimathandizira kwambiri pakutentha kwapadziko lonse kotero kuti maboma samapatula kutulutsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha kwankhondo kuchokera ku malipoti ndi pangano.

Ngati zomwe zikuchitika pano sizisintha, pofika 2070, 19% ya malo adziko lapansi - kunyumba kwa mabiliyoni a anthu - kudzakhala kotentha kosatheka kukhalamo. Lingaliro lonyenga lakuti nkhondo ndi chida chothandizira kuthetsa vutoli likuwopseza chizungulire choyipa chomwe chimathera pa tsoka. Kuphunzira momwe nkhondo ndi zankhondo zimayendetsera kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, komanso momwe kusinthira ku mtendere ndi machitidwe okhazikika kungalimbikitse wina ndi mzake, kumapereka njira yopulumukira pazochitika zovuta kwambiri. Kusuntha kopulumutsa dziko lapansi sikukwanira popanda kutsutsa zida zankhondo - ichi ndichifukwa chake.

Ngozi Yaikulu, Yobisika

Poyerekeza ndi ziwopsezo zina zazikulu zanyengo, gulu lankhondo silipeza kuunika komanso kutsutsa komwe kuli koyenera. A motsimikiza kuyerekezera kochepa Kuthandizira kwankhondo zapadziko lonse lapansi pakutulutsa mafuta padziko lonse lapansi ndi 5.5% - pafupifupi kuwirikiza kawiri kuchuluka kwa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha kuposa onse. ndege zosakhala zankhondo. Gulu lankhondo lapadziko lonse likanakhala dziko, likadakhala lachinayi pakupanga mpweya wowonjezera kutentha. Izi chida chojambula mapu ikuwonetsa kutulutsa kwankhondo ndi dziko ndi munthu mwatsatanetsatane.

Kutulutsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha kwa asitikali aku US makamaka ndiambiri kuposa mayiko ambiri, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale imodzi wolakwa wamkulu wamabungwe (ie, yoyipa kuposa kampani iliyonse, koma osati yoyipa kuposa mafakitole osiyanasiyana). Kuyambira 2001-2017, a Asilikali aku US adatulutsa matani 1.2 biliyoni wa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha, wofanana ndi mpweya wapachaka wa magalimoto 257 miliyoni pamsewu. Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo ku US (DoD) ndiyomwe imagwiritsa ntchito mafuta ambiri ($ 17B / chaka) padziko lonse lapansi - malinga ndi kafukufuku wina, Asilikali aku US adagwiritsa ntchito migolo yamafuta 1.2 miliyoni ku Iraq m'mwezi umodzi wokha wa 2008. Zambiri mwazomwezi zimathandizira kufalikira kwakukulu kwa gulu lankhondo la US, lomwe limatenga malo osachepera 750 ankhondo akunja m'maiko a 80: kuyerekeza kumodzi kwankhondo mu 2003 kunali kuti. magawo awiri mwa atatu a mafuta a US Army zidachitika m'magalimoto omwe amanyamula mafuta kumalo ankhondo. 

Ngakhale ziwerengero zowopsazi sizimawonekera, chifukwa kuwononga chilengedwe kwankhondo sikungayesedwe. Izi ndi mapangidwe - zofuna za ola lomaliza zomwe boma la US likukambirana pa pangano la 1997 la Kyoto linaletsa kutulutsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha kwa asilikali pazokambirana za nyengo. Mwambo umenewo wapitilira: Pangano la Paris la 2015 lasiya kuchepetsa kutulutsa mpweya woipa wankhondo m'njira ya mayiko; UN Framework Convention on Climate Change imakakamiza osayina kuti asindikize mpweya wotentha wapachaka, koma malipoti otulutsa mpweya wankhondo ndi wodzifunira ndipo nthawi zambiri saphatikizidwa; NATO yavomereza vutoli koma sanapange zofunikira zilizonse kuti athetse vutoli. Izi chida chojambula mapu chimawulula mipata pakati pa zomwe zanenedwapo zotulutsa zankhondo ndi zongoyerekeza.

Palibe chifukwa chomveka chokhalira ndi malire. Kukonzekera nkhondo ndi nkhondo ndizomwe zimatulutsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha, kuposa mafakitale ambiri omwe kuipitsa kwawo kumachitidwa mozama kwambiri ndikuyankhidwa ndi mapangano a nyengo. Kutulutsa konse kwa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha kukuyenera kuphatikizidwa mumiyezo yovomerezeka yochepetsera kutulutsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha. Sipayenera kukhalanso chosiyana ndi kuipitsa kwankhondo. 

Tidapempha COP26 ndi COP27 kuti akhazikitse malire oletsa kutulutsa mpweya wotenthetsa kutentha omwe samapatulapo zankhondo, kuphatikiza zofunikira zofotokozera momveka bwino komanso kutsimikizira kodziyimira pawokha, ndipo osadalira njira "zochepetsa" mpweya. Tidaumiriza kuti mpweya wotenthetsera mpweya wochokera m'malo ankhondo akumayiko ena, uyenera kuperekedwa kudziko lomwelo, osati dziko lomwe kuli maziko. Zofuna zathu sizinakwaniritsidwe.

Ndipo komabe, ngakhale zolimba zonena za kutulutsa mpweya kwa asitikali sizinganene nkhani yonse. Kuwonongeka kwa kuipitsidwa kwa asitikali kuyenera kuwonjezeredwa kwa opanga zida, komanso kuwononga kwakukulu kwa nkhondo: kutayika kwamafuta, moto wamafuta, kutulutsa kwa methane, ndi zina zambiri. , ndi chuma cha ndale kutali ndi kuyesetsa kwachangu kupirira nyengo. Lipoti ili likukambirana zotsatira zakunja zachilengedwe za nkhondo.

Kuphatikiza apo, gulu lankhondo ndilomwe limayang'anira momwe zinthu zingakhalire kuwononga chilengedwe komanso kugwiritsa ntchito chuma. Mwachitsanzo, asilikali amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuteteza njira zotumizira mafuta ndi ntchito zamigodi, kuphatikizapo zipangizo zokhumba kwambiri kupanga zida zankhondo. Ofufuza kuyang'ana ku Defense Logistics Agency, bungwe lomwe limayang'anira zopezera mafuta ndi zida zonse zankhondo, dziwani kuti "mabungwe ... amadalira asitikali aku US kuti atetezere mayendedwe awo; kapena, ndendende… pali mgwirizano pakati pa gulu lankhondo ndi makampani. ”

Masiku ano, asitikali aku US akudziphatikizira kwambiri muzamalonda, ndikusokoneza mizere pakati pa anthu wamba ndi omenyera nkhondo. Pa Jan 12, 2024, Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo idatulutsa koyamba National Defense Industrial Strategy. Chikalatachi chikuwonetsa mapulani okonza maunyolo othandizira, ogwira ntchito, zopanga zapamwamba zapakhomo, ndi mfundo zachuma zapadziko lonse lapansi poyembekezera nkhondo pakati pa US ndi "opikisana nawo kapena anzawo" monga China ndi Russia. Makampani aukadaulo ali okonzeka kulumphira pagulu - patangotsala masiku ochepa kuti chikalatacho chitulutsidwe, OpenAI idasintha ndondomeko yogwiritsira ntchito ntchito zake monga ChatGPT, kuchotsa lamulo lake loletsa kugwiritsa ntchito usilikali.

Nthawi Yaitali Ikubwera

Kuwonongedwa kwa nkhondo ndi mitundu ina ya kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe sikunakhaleko magulu ambiri a anthu, koma akhala mbali ya zikhalidwe za anthu kwa zaka zikwi zambiri.

Osachepera kuyambira pamene Aroma adafesa mchere m'minda ya Carthaginian pa Nkhondo Yachitatu ya Punic, nkhondo zawononga dziko lapansi, mwadala komanso - nthawi zambiri - monga zotsatira zosasamala. General Philip Sheridan, atawononga minda ku Virginia panthawi ya Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni, anayamba kuwononga njati za njati monga njira yoletsa Amwenye Achimereka kuti asungidwe. Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse inawona dziko la Ulaya likuwonongedwa ndi ngalande ndi mpweya wapoizoni. M’kati mwa nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse, anthu a ku Norway anayamba kugumuka m’zigwa zawo, pamene Adatchi anasefukira gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a minda yawo, Ajeremani anawononga nkhalango za ku Czech, ndipo a British anatentha nkhalango ku Germany ndi France. Nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni yaitali mu Sudan inachititsa njala kumeneko mu 1988. Nkhondo ku Angola zinathetsa 90 peresenti ya nyama zakutchire pakati pa 1975 ndi 1991. Nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni ku Sri Lanka inagwetsa mitengo mamiliyoni asanu. Ntchito za Soviet ndi US ku Afghanistan zawononga kapena kuwononga midzi masauzande ambiri ndi magwero amadzi. Ethiopia ikanasintha kukhala chipululu ndi $50 miliyoni pobzalanso nkhalango, koma idasankha kuwononga $275 miliyoni m'malo mwake - chaka chilichonse pakati pa 1975 ndi 1985. motsogozedwa ndi zankhondo zaku Western, anakankhira anthu m’madera amene mumapezeka zamoyo zomwe zatsala pang’ono kutha, kuphatikizapo anyani. Kusamuka chifukwa cha nkhondo ya anthu padziko lonse lapansi kupita kumadera ocheperako kwawononga kwambiri zachilengedwe. Zowononga zomwe nkhondo zikuchita zikuchulukirachulukira, monganso kuopsa kwa vuto la chilengedwe komwe nkhondo ndi imodzi yomwe imathandizira.

Malingaliro adziko lapansi omwe tikulimbana nawo mwina akuwonetsedwa ndi sitima yapamadzi, The Arizona, imodzi mwa mafuta awiri omwe akuchuchabe ku Pearl Harbor. Zasiyidwa pamenepo ngati nkhani zabodza zankhondo, monga umboni wakuti wogulitsa zida zapamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, omanga maziko apamwamba, owononga ndalama zambiri zankhondo, komanso wowotcha kwambiri ndi munthu wosalakwa. Ndipo mafuta amaloledwa kuti apitirire kutuluka pazifukwa zomwezo. Ndi umboni wa zoyipa za adani aku US, ngakhale adani akusintha. Anthu amakhetsa misozi ndikumva mbendera zikugwedezeka m'mimba mwawo pamalo okongola amafuta, kuloledwa kupitiliza kuipitsa nyanja ya Pacific monga umboni wa momwe timatengera nkhani zathu zankhondo mozama komanso mwaulemu.

Zolungamitsa Zopanda, Mayankho Onyenga

Nthawi zambiri asilikali amanena kuti ndi njira yothetsera mavuto omwe amayambitsa, ndipo vuto la nyengo silosiyana. Asitikali amavomereza kusintha kwanyengo komanso kudalira mafuta ngati zinthu zachitetezo cha mbali imodzi m'malo mogawana ziwopsezo zomwe zilipo: 2021 DoD Kuwunika Zowopsa Zanyengo ndi 2021 DoD Climate Adaptation Program kukambirana momwe angapitirizire ntchito zawo pazochitika monga kuwonongeka kwa maziko ndi zipangizo; kuwonjezeka kwa mikangano pazachuma; Nkhondo munyanja yatsopano yosiyidwa ndi kusungunuka kwa Arctic, kusakhazikika kwa ndale kuchokera ku mafunde a othawa kwawo chifukwa cha nyengo ... DoD Climate Adaptation Program m'malo mwake ikufuna kupititsa patsogolo luso lake la "sayansi, kafukufuku, ndi chitukuko" kuti "lilimbikitse luso" la "matekinoloje ogwiritsira ntchito pawiri" kuti "agwirizane bwino ndi zolinga zakusintha kwanyengo ndi zofunikira za mishoni" - mu mwa kuyankhula kwina, kupanga kafukufuku wa kusintha kwa nyengo kuti awonetsere zolinga zankhondo poyang'anira ndalama zake.

Tiyenera kuyang'ana mozama, osati kumene asilikali amaika chuma chawo ndi ndalama, komanso kupezeka kwawo. M'mbiri, kuyambika kwa nkhondo ndi mayiko olemera omwe ali osauka sikugwirizana ndi kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu kapena kusowa kwa demokalase kapena kuwopseza uchigawenga, koma zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi kukhalapo kwa mafuta. Komabe, njira yatsopano yomwe ikubwera motsatira yomwe idakhazikitsidwayi ndi yakuti asitikali ang'onoang'ono ankhondo/apolisi aziteteza "Madera Otetezedwa" a malo osiyanasiyana, makamaka ku Africa ndi Asia. Pamapepala kupezeka kwawo ndicholinga choteteza. Koma amazunza ndi kuthamangitsa amwenye, kenako amabweretsa alendo kuti akawone malo ndi kusaka ziwonetsero, monga momwe idanenedwera ndi Survival International. Kuzama mozama, “Madera Otetezedwa”wa ndi mbali ya mapologalamu a carbon emission cap-and-trade programme, pomwe mabungwe atha kutulutsa mpweya wotenthetsa dziko lapansi ndiyeno 'kuletsa' utsiwo mwa kukhala ndi 'kuteteza' gawo la nthaka lomwe limayamwa mpweya. Kotero poyang'anira malire a "Madera Otetezedwa", asilikali ankhondo / apolisi akuyang'anira mosadukiza kugwiritsira ntchito mafuta oyaka mafuta monga momwe zinalili pankhondo zamafuta, zonse zikuwonekera pamwamba kuti zikhale gawo la njira yothetsera nyengo. 

Izi ndi zina mwa njira zomwe gulu lankhondo lingayesere kubisa zomwe zikuwopseza dziko lapansi. Othandizira nyengo ayenera kukhala osamala - pamene vuto la chilengedwe likuipiraipira, kuganiza za gulu lankhondo-mafakitale ngati ogwirizana nawo kuti athane nalo likutiwopseza ndi chiwopsezo chachikulu.

Zotsatira Sizipatula Mbali

Nkhondo sikungopha adani ake, komanso kwa anthu omwe amati imawateteza. Asilikali aku US ndiye Wotchuka kwambiri wachitatu m'madzi a US. Malo ankhondo alinso gawo lalikulu la malo a Superfund (malo oipitsidwa kwambiri amaikidwa pa National Priorities List ya National Priorities List ya National Priorities List), koma DoD yodziwika bwino imakoka mapazi ake pogwirizana ndi njira yoyeretsa ya EPA. Malowa aika pachiwopsezo osati malo okha, komanso anthu okhalamo ndi pafupi nawo. Malo opanga zida za nyukiliya ku Washington, Tennessee, Colorado, Georgia, ndi kwina awononga malo ozungulira komanso antchito awo, oposa 3,000 omwe adalandira chipukuta misozi mu 2000. Pofika mu 2015, boma linavomereza kuti kukhudzidwa ndi ma radiation ndi poizoni wina. mwina zinayambitsa kapena zathandizira ku kufa kwa 15,809 omwe kale anali ogwira ntchito za zida za nyukiliya ku United States - ichi ndi pafupifupi kunyalanyaza kupatsidwa kulemedwa kwakukulu kwa umboni woperekedwa kwa ogwira ntchito kupeleka madandaulo.

Kuyesa kwa zida za nyukiliya ndi gulu limodzi lalikulu la kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe komwe kwachitika ndi asitikali awo ndi mayiko ena. Kuyesa kwa zida za nyukiliya ndi United States ndi Soviet Union kunaphatikizapo kuyesa 423 mumlengalenga pakati pa 1945 ndi 1957 ndi kuyesa 1,400 pansi pa nthaka pakati pa 1957 ndi 1989. Kuyesa kwa Nuclear Tally kuyambira 1945-2017.) Kuwonongeka kochokera ku radiation imeneyo sikunadziwikebe bwinobwino, koma kukufalikirabe, monga momwe timadziŵira zakale. Kafukufuku mu 2009 adawonetsa kuti kuyesa kwa nyukiliya ku China pakati pa 1964 ndi 1996 kupha anthu ambiri mwachindunji kuposa kuyesa kwa nyukiliya kwa dziko lina lililonse. Jun Takada, wasayansi waku Japan, adawerengera kuti anthu opitilira 1.48 miliyoni adakumana ndi vuto la kugwa ndipo 190,000 aiwo atha kufa ndi matenda okhudzana ndi ma radiation kuchokera ku mayeso aku China.

Kuvulala kumeneku sikungochitika chifukwa cha kunyalanyaza chabe zankhondo. Ku United States, kuyesa kwa zida za nyukiliya mu 1950s kudapangitsa kuti anthu masauzande ambiri aphedwe ndi khansa ku Nevada, Utah, ndi Arizona, madera omwe amatsika kwambiri pakuyesedwa. Asitikali adadziwa kuti kuphulitsa kwawo kwa zida zanyukiliya kungakhudze mphepo, ndikuwunika zotsatira zake, ndikuyesa kuyesa anthu. M'maphunziro ena ambiri mkati ndi zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse, mophwanya Malamulo a Nuremberg a 1947, asitikali ndi CIA adayika zida zankhondo, akaidi, osauka, olumala m'maganizo, ndi anthu ena mosadziwa kuyesa kwa anthu. cholinga choyesa zida za nyukiliya, mankhwala, ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Lipoti lomwe linakonzedwa mu 1994 la Komiti ya Senate ya ku United States ya Nkhani Zankhondo Zankhondo akuyamba kuti: "M'zaka zapitazi za 50, asilikali zikwi mazana ambiri akhala akugwira nawo ntchito zoyesa anthu ndi zochitika zina mwadala zomwe dipatimenti ya chitetezo (DOD) imachita, nthawi zambiri popanda chidziwitso kapena chilolezo cha membala wa asilikali ... nthawi zina asilikali ankalamulidwa ndi akuluakulu akuluakulu. 'kudzipereka' kutenga nawo mbali mu kafukufuku kapena kukumana ndi zotsatira zoyipa. Mwachitsanzo, omenyera nkhondo angapo a ku Persian Gulf War omwe adafunsidwa ndi ogwira ntchito ku Komiti adanenanso kuti adalamulidwa kuti atenge katemera woyeserera panthawi ya Operation Desert Shield kapena kundende. Lipoti lathunthu lili ndi madandaulo ambiri okhudza chinsinsi cha asitikali ndipo likuwonetsa kuti zomwe apeza zitha kukhala kungochotsa zomwe zabisika. 

Zotsatirazi m'mayiko akumidzi ankhondo ndizowopsa, koma osati zowopsa monga zomwe zili m'madera omwe akuyembekezeredwa. Nkhondo zaposachedwapa zachititsa kuti madera akuluakulu asakhalenso anthu ndipo zachititsa anthu mamiliyoni ambiri othawa kwawo. Mabomba osakhala a nyukiliya m’Nkhondo Yadziko II anawononga mizinda, minda, ndi njira zothirira, kutulutsa othaŵa kwawo 50 miliyoni ndi othaŵa kwawo. A US adaphulitsa Vietnam, Laos, ndi Cambodia, kupanga othawa kwawo 17 miliyoni, ndipo kuyambira 1965 mpaka 1971 idaphulitsidwa. anapopera 14 peresenti ya nkhalango za South Vietnam ndi mankhwala ophera udzu, anatentha minda, ndi kuwombera ziweto. 

Kudzidzimutsa koyambirira kwa nkhondo kumadzetsa zowononga zomwe zimapitilira pakapita nthawi mtendere utalengezedwa. Zina mwa zimenezi ndi poizoni amene amasiyidwa m’madzi, pamtunda, ndi mumpweya. Chimodzi mwazinthu zoyipa kwambiri za herbicides, Agent Orange, chikuwopsezabe thanzi la Vietnamese ndipo zayambitsa obadwa olemala okwana mamiliyoni. Pakati pa 1944 ndi 1970 asilikali a US anataya zida zambiri za mankhwala kunyanja za Atlantic ndi Pacific. Pamene mitsuko ya mpweya wa minyewa ndi mpweya wa mpiru ikuchita dzimbiri pang’onopang’ono ndi kutseguka pansi pa madzi, poizoniyo amatuluka, kupha zamoyo za m’nyanja ndi kupha ndi kuvulaza asodzi. Asilikali sakudziwanso komwe malo ambiri otayako ali. Panthawi ya nkhondo ya ku Gulf, Iraq inatulutsa mafuta okwana magaloni 10 miliyoni ku Persian Gulf ndikuyatsa zitsime zamafuta 732, zomwe zidawononga kwambiri nyama zakuthengo komanso kuwononga madzi apansi panthaka ndi mafuta otayira. Mu nkhondo zake mu Yugoslavia ndi Iraq, United States yasiya uranium yatha, yomwe imatha kuonjezera chiopsezo za kupuma, matenda a impso, khansa, minyewa, ndi zina.

Mwinanso zakupha kwambiri ndi mabomba okwirira pansi ndi mabomba apagulu. Akuti mamiliyoni makumi ambiri a iwo ali padziko lapansi. Ambiri mwa ozunzidwawo ndi anthu wamba, ambiri mwa iwo ndi ana. Lipoti la 1993 la State Department la United States linatcha mabomba okwirira “kuipitsa koopsa ndi kofala kwambiri kumene anthu akuyang’anizana nazo.” Mabomba okwirira amawononga chilengedwe m’njira zinayi, akulemba motero Jennifer Leaning kuti: “Kuopa mabomba kumalepheretsa anthu kupeza zinthu zachilengedwe zambirimbiri ndiponso malo olimako; anthu amakakamizika kusamukira kumalo ocheperako komanso osalimba kuti apewe minda ya mabomba; kusamuka kumeneku kumafulumira kutha kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo; ndipo kuphulika kwa mabomba kumasokoneza nthaka ndi madzi.” Kuchuluka kwa dziko lapansi lomwe lakhudzidwa sikochepa. Mamiliyoni a mahekitala ku Europe, North Africa, ndi Asia akuletsedwa. Gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a dziko la Libya limabisa mabomba okwirira pansi komanso zida zankhondo zosaphulika za Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse. Mayiko ambiri padziko lapansi avomereza kuti aletse mabomba okwirira pansi ndi mabomba ophatikizika, koma sizinakhale zomaliza, chifukwa mabomba a magulu agwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Russia motsutsana ndi Ukraine kuyambira 2022 ndipo US idapereka mabomba a magulu ku Ukraine kuti agwiritse ntchito motsutsana ndi Russia mu 2023. Zambiri izi ndi zina zitha kupezeka mu Malipoti a pachaka a Landmine ndi Cluster Munition Monitor.

Zotsatira zoyipa za nkhondo sizongokhala zakuthupi, komanso zamagulu: nkhondo zoyambira zimabzala zotheka zamtsogolo. Atakhala bwalo lankhondo mu Cold War, a Ntchito za Soviet ndi US ku Afghanistan anayamba kuwononga ndi kuwononga midzi yambirimbiri ndi magwero a madzi. The US ndi ogwirizana nawo adathandizira ndikupereka zida za Mujahideen, gulu la zigawenga lotsatira mfundo zachikhalidwe, monga gulu lankhondo lothandizira kuti ligwetse ulamuliro wa Soviet ku Afghanistan - koma pamene Mujahideen anasweka pa ndale, zinayambitsa Taliban. Kuti athandizire kuwongolera kwawo ku Afghanistan, a Taliban ali matabwa ogulitsa mosaloledwa ku Pakistan, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti nkhalango ziwonongeke kwambiri. Mabomba a ku America ndi othawa kwawo omwe akusowa nkhuni awonjezera kuwonongeka. Nkhalango za ku Afghanistan zatsala pang’ono kutha, ndipo mbalame zambiri zosamukasamuka zomwe zinkadutsa ku Afghanistan sizikuthanso. Mpweya wake ndi madzi zakhala zikupha poyizoni ndi mabomba ndi ma rocket propellants. Nkhondo imasokoneza chilengedwe, kusokoneza ndale, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chilengedwe chiwonongeke kwambiri, muzitsulo zolimbikitsa.

Kuitana Kuchitapo kanthu

Gulu lankhondo ndilomwe limayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, kuyambira pakuwonongeka kwachindunji kwa malo am'deralo mpaka kupereka chithandizo chofunikira kupita kumakampani oyipitsa. Zotsatira za usilikali zimabisika pansi pa malamulo a mayiko, ndipo mphamvu zake zimatha kusokoneza chitukuko ndi kukhazikitsa njira zothetsera nyengo.

Komabe, zankhondo sizimachita zonsezi ndi matsenga. Zida zomwe gulu lankhondo limagwiritsa ntchito kuti lipitilizebe - nthaka, ndalama, chifuniro cha ndale, ntchito zamtundu uliwonse, ndi zina zotero - ndizo zomwe timafunikira kuti tithane ndi vuto la chilengedwe. Pamodzi, tifunika kuchotsa zinthuzo m'magulu ankhondo ndikuzigwiritsa ntchito mwanzeru.

World BEYOND War zikomo Alisha Foster ndi Pace e Bene chifukwa chothandizidwa ndi tsamba ili.