Monga wopanga nkhondo wapamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi - nthawi zonse m'dzina la "chitetezo" - United States ikuwonetsa bwino kuti nkhondoyo ilibe phindu palokha.
A December 2014 Gallup posankha a mayiko a 65 adapeza kuti United States kukhala kutali ndi kutali komwe dzikoli likuwoneka kuti ndilo lalikulu kwambiri potsata mtendere padziko lapansi, ndi Chisankho cha Pew mu 2017 adapeza zikuluzikulu m'maiko ambiri omwe adafunsidwa akuwona United States ngati chiwopsezo. Fuko lina lililonse lomwe likuyembekeza kufanana ndi United States pazovotazi liyenera kuchita nkhondo zambiri "zodzitchinjiriza" zisanapangitse mantha ndi mkwiyo womwewo.
Si dziko lapansi kunja kwa United States kokha kapena ngakhale kunja kwa asitikali aku US omwe akudziwa za vutoli. Zakhala pafupifupi chizolowezi kwa oyang'anira asitikali aku US, nthawi zambiri atapuma pantchito, kukangana kuti nkhondo zosiyanasiyana kapena machenjerero akupanga adani atsopano kuposa adani omwe akupha.
Uwugawenga wawonjezereka panthawi ya nkhondo yauchigawenga (monga ikuyendera ndi Global Terrorism Index). Pafupifupi onse (99.5%) a zigawenga akuukira m'mayiko omwe akukumana ndi nkhondo komanso / kapena kuzunzidwa monga kundende popanda kuimbidwa mlandu, kuzunza, kapena kupha osayeruzika. Miyeso yabwino kwambiri yauchigawenga ili mu "kumasulidwa" ndi "democratized" Iraq ndi Afghanistan. Magulu achigawenga omwe amachititsa uchigawenga (ndiko kuti, osati boma, nkhanza zandale) kuzungulira dziko lapansi akhala akulimbana ndi nkhondo za ku United States motsutsana ndi chigawenga.
Nazi zina zochokera Sayansi Yamtendere Digest: “Kutumiza kwa asirikali kudziko lina kumawonjezera mwayi woti zigawenga zochokera kumabungwe achigawenga ochokera mdzikolo. Zida zogulitsa kunja kwa dziko lina zimawonjezera mwayi woti zigawenga zimachokera kumaiko azigawenga. 95% ya zigawenga zodzipha zimachitika pofuna kulimbikitsa nzika zakunja kuti zichoke kwawo. "Nkhondo zaku Iraq ndi Afghanistan, komanso kuzunza akaidi munthawiyo, zidakhala zida zazikulu zolembera zigawenga zotsutsana ndi US. Mu 2006, mabungwe azamalamulo aku US adatulutsa a National Intelligence Estimate zomwe zinafika pamapeto. Bungwe la Associated Press linati: "Nkhondo ya ku Iraq yakhala idachititsa célèbre kwa anthu osokoneza Chilamisi, omwe amachititsa kuti dziko la US likhale lopsa mtima kwambiri lomwe likhoza kukhala loipa kwambiri lisanakhale bwino, akatswiri a federal intelligence amatsimikizira nkhaniyi motsutsana ndi Purezidenti Bush akutsutsana kuphulika kwa dziko lapansi. ... [T] Ofufuza ambiri a dziko lakale amakhulupirira kuti ngakhale kuonongeka kwakukulu kwa utsogoleri wa al-Qaida, kuopsezedwa kwa osokoneza chipembedzo cha Islamic kwafalikira ponseponse komanso m'madera ena. "
A Kafukufuku wamayiko omwe adatenga nawo gawo pankhondo yaku Afghanistan adapeza poyerekeza ndi kuchuluka kwa asitikali komwe adatumizako, amakumananso ndi zigawenga. Chifukwa chake, nkhondo yolimbana ndi uchigawenga mokhulupirika komanso mosakayikira idatulutsa uchigawenga.
Ankhondo a US akupha magulu ku Iraq ndi Afghanistan akufunsidwa m'buku ndi filimu ya Jeremy Scahill Nkhondo Zakuda adanena kuti nthawi iliyonse yomwe adagwiritsa ntchito mndandanda wa anthu kuti aphe, adapatsidwa mndandanda waukulu; mndandandawo unakula chifukwa chogwira ntchito yawo kudutsa. General Stanley McChrystal, ndiye mkulu wa asilikali a US ndi a NATO ku Afghanistan adanena Stone Rolling mu June 2010 kuti "kwa munthu aliyense wosalakwa amene mumamupha, mumapanga 10 adani atsopano." Bungwe la Investigative Journalism ndi ena alemba mosapita m'mbali mayina a anthu ambiri osalakwa omwe aphedwa ndi drone.
Mu 2013, McChrystal adati kudana ndi madera a drone ku Pakistan kunali kofala kwambiri. Malingana ndi nyuzipepala ya Pakistani Dawn pa February 10, 2013, McChrystal, "adachenjeza kuti anthu ambiri amamenyedwa ku Pakistan popanda kuwonetsa kuti amadzimadzi okhaokha akhoza kukhala oipa. Gen. McChrystal adanena kuti amvetsetsa chifukwa chake ku Pakistani, ngakhale m'madera osakhudzidwa ndi drones, adagonjetsa zovutazo. Anapempha anthu a ku America momwe angachitire ngati dziko lapafupi ngati Mexico linayamba kuwombera drone misombera ku Target. A Pakistani, adati, adawona drones ngati chiwonetsero cha mphamvu za America motsutsana ndi mtundu wawo ndipo adachitapo kanthu. 'Chimene chimandiwopsyeza ine ndi madera a drone ndi momwe amachitira padziko lonse lapansi,' a Gen. McChrystal adanena kale. 'Chidani chimene chinapangidwa ndi America kugonjetsedwa kosagonjetsedwa ... ndi chachikulu kwambiri kuposa anthu ambiri a ku America amayamikira. Amadedwa pamsana, ngakhale ndi anthu omwe sanawonepo kapena kuwona zotsatira zake. '"
Pambuyo pa 2010, Bruce Riedel, yemwe anagwirizana ndi ndondomeko ya Afghanistan ku Purezidenti Obama anati, "Kupsyinjika komwe tavala [asilikali a jihadist] chaka chatha chimawakumbutsa pamodzi, kutanthauza kuti mgwirizano wa mgwirizano ukuwonjezeka wamphamvu kuposa yofooka. "(New York Times, May 9, 2010.) Mtsogoleri wamkulu wa National Intelligence Dennis Blair adanena kuti ngakhale kuti "kuwonetsa kuwonetserako kunathandiza kuchepetsa utsogoleri wa Qaeda ku Pakistan, iwo adaonjezera chidani cha America" ndipo adawononga "kuthekera kwathu kuntchito ndi Pakistan [kuthetsa] Taliban malo opatulika, kulimbikitsa zokambirana za ku India ndi Pakistani, ndikupanga zida za nyukiliya za Pakistan. "(New York Times, August 15, 2011.)
Michael Boyle, yemwe ali pulezidenti wa pulezidenti wa Obama pa nthawi ya chisankho cha 2008, akuti ntchito ya drones ndi "zotsatira zovuta kwambiri zomwe sizinayesedwe bwino pazomwe zikuphatikizapo kupha zigawenga. ... Kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa chiwerengero cha anthu omwe amamwalira kuntchito zapadera kwachititsa kuti pulogalamu ya ku United States ipite patsogolo ku Pakistan, Yemen komanso m'mayiko ena. "(The Guardian, January 7, 2013.) "Tikuwona kuti blowback. Ngati mukuyesera kupha njira yanu yothetsera vutoli, ziribe kanthu momwe mulili, mungakwiyitse anthu ngakhale kuti sakufuna, "anatero Gen. James E. Cartwright, yemwe kale anali wotsogolera wotsogolera wa Atsogoleri Ogwirizana Amodzi. (New York Times, March 22, 2013.)
Maganizo awa siwodabwitsa. Mkulu wa sitima ya CIA ku Islamabad ku 2005-2006 anaganiza kuti drone ikugwera, komabe nthawi zambiri, "adachita pang'ono kupatula chidani cha mafuta ku United States mkati mwa Pakistani." (Onani Njira ya Mng'oma ndi Mark Mazzetti.) Mtsogoleri wamkulu wa dziko la US ku Afghanistan, Matthew Hoh, adachoka pamsonkhano wotsutsa ndi kunena kuti, "Ndikuganiza kuti tikudana kwambiri. Tikuwononga zinthu zabwino kwambiri zomwe zikuchitika pambuyo pa achinyamata omwe sali pangozi ku United States kapena sangathe kuopseza ku United States. "
Zida za nkhondo zimayambitsa ngozi pangozi kapena mwangozi.
Tikhoza kuthetsa zida zonse za nyukiliya kapena tingaziwononge kuti ziwoneke. Palibe njira yapakati. Tikhoza kukhala ndi zida za nyukiliya, kapena tikhoza kukhala nazo zambiri. Iyi si mfundo yeniyeni kapena yowona, koma mfundo yowonjezera yomwe ikugwirizana ndi kafukufuku m'mabuku onga Apocalypse Never: Kupanga Njira ku Dziko Lopanda Zida za Nyukiliya ndi Tad Daley. Malinga ngati mayiko ena ali ndi zida za nyukiliya ena angawakonde, ndipo pamene ali nawo iwo mosavuta adzafalitsa kwa ena akadali.
The Doomsday Clock ali pafupi pafupi pakati pausiku monga kale.
Ngati zida za nyukiliya zikupitirizabe kukhalapo, pangakhale zida za nyukiliya, ndipo zida zowonjezereka zidzakula, posachedwa zidzabwera. Zochitika zambirimbiri zatsala pang'ono kuwononga dziko lathu lapansi mwa ngozi, chisokonezo, kusamvetsa, ndi machismo opanda nzeru kwambiri. Mukawonjezerapo mwayi wowonjezereka wa zigawenga zomwe sizigawo za boma kupeza ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zida za nyukiliya, ngoziyi imakula kwambiri - ndipo imangowonjezedwa ndi ndondomeko za nyukiliya zomwe zimagwirizana ndi uchigawenga m'njira zomwe zimawoneka kuti zikulanda zigawenga zambiri.
Kupeza zida za nyukiliya sikungateteze konse; palibe malonda omwe amawathandiza kuthetsa iwo. Iwo samatsutsa zigawenga za zigawenga ndi anthu osakhala nawo boma mwa njira iliyonse. Komanso sagwiritsa ntchito maola asanu ndi awiri ku mphamvu zankhondo zakugonjetsa amitundu kuti asawononge, atapatsidwa mphamvu za United States kuti awononge chilichonse kulikonse ndi zida za nyukiliya. Nukes sizingapambane nkhondo, ndipo United States, Soviet Union, United Kingdom, France, ndi China onse ataya nkhondo zotsutsana ndi zida za nyukiliya zomwe zili ndi nukes. Kapena, ngati nkhondo yapanyanja yapadziko lonse ikuchitika, kodi zida zilizonse zankhondo zingathe kuteteza mtundu uliwonse kuchokera ku apocalypse.
Nkhondo ikubwera kunyumba.
Nkhondo kudziko lina ikuwonjezeka chidani kunyumba ndi asilikali apolisi. Pomwe nkhondo zimamenyedwa mdzina la "kuthandizira" omwe akumenya nawo nkhondoyi, omenyera nkhondo samapatsidwa thandizo lochepa pothana ndi kudzimva kwakukulu kwamakhalidwe, kupwetekedwa mtima, kuvulala kwaubongo, ndi zopinga zina kuti asinthe kukhala gulu lachiwawa. Mwachitsanzo, omwe adaphunzitsidwa kupha anthu ambiri ndi asitikali aku US, ndi omwe amakhala oponya miyendo ku United States, kumene khalidweli sililinso lovomerezeka. Ndipo magulu ankhondo kutaya kapena kuba mfuti zambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazachiwawa zomwe sizankhondo.
Kupanga nkhondo kumatsogolera nkhondo.
"Lankhulani mofatsa ndikunyamula ndodo yaikulu," anatero Theodore Roosevelt, yemwe ankakonda kumanga msilikali wamkulu pokhapokha ngati atatero, koma ndithudi sanagwiritse ntchito pokhapokha atakakamizidwa. Izi zinachita bwino kwambiri, kuphatikizapo zochepa zochepa zomwe Roosevelt analimbikitsa ku Panama ku 1901, Colombia ku 1902, Honduras ku 1903, Dominican Republic ku 1903, Syria ku 1903, Abyssinia ku 1903, Panama ku 1903, Dominican Republic 1904, Morocco ku 1904, Panama ku 1904, Korea ku 1904, Cuba ku 1906, Honduras ku 1907, ndi Philippines ku Roosevelt.
Anthu oyamba omwe timawadziŵa omwe anakonzekera nkhondo - asilikali a Summer Gilgamesh ndi mnzake wa Enkido, kapena Agiriki omwe adagonjera ku Troy - adakonzeranso kusaka nyama zakutchire. Barbara Ehrenreich akufotokoza kuti,
Timakonda kukhulupilira zolinga zabwino za aliyense. "Khalani okonzeka" ndi mwambi wa Boy Scouts, pambuyo pake. Ndizomveka, wodalirika, komanso wotetezeka kukonzekera. Kusakonzekera kungakhale kosasamala, molondola?
Vuto ndi ndemanga imeneyi ndikuti sikuti ndi openga kwambiri. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono sizowopsya kuti anthu azifuna mfuti m'nyumba zawo kuti adziteteze ku mabitolo. Zikatero, palinso zinthu zina zofunika kuziganizira, kuphatikizapo ngozi za mfuti, kugwiritsira ntchito mfuti pampsa mtima, kuthekera kwa olakwa kuwombera mfuti za eni eni, kuwombera mowirikiza, kusokoneza Njira ya mfuti imayambitsa kuyesayesa kuchepetsa zifukwa za umbanda, ndi zina zotero.
Pakati pa nkhondo yaikulu ndi nkhondo, mtundu wa nkhondo, zinthu zomwezo ziyenera kuganiziridwa. Ngozi zokhudzana ndi zida, kuyesedwa koopsa kwa anthu, kuba, kugulitsa kwa ogwirizana amene akukhala adani, ndi kusokonezeka kuchokera ku zoyesayesa kuthetsa zifukwa zauchigawenga ndi nkhondo ziyenera kuchitidwa zonse. Kotero, ndithudi, muyenera kukhala ndi chizoloŵezi chogwiritsa ntchito zida mutakhala nawo. Nthaŵi zina, zida zambiri sizingapangidwe mpaka sitima yomwe ilipo yatha ndipo zatsopano zimayesedwa "pankhondo."
Koma palinso zinthu zina zomwe muyenera kuganizira. Mtundu wokhalapo wa zida zankhondo umayikakamiza amitundu ena kuti achite chimodzimodzi. Ngakhale mtundu womwe ukufuna kulimbana ndi chitetezo chokha, ukhoza kumvetsetsa "chitetezero" kuti ukhale wobwezeretsa mitundu ina. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zida ndi njira zothetsera nkhondo, komanso "nkhondo yowonongeka," kusunga malamulo osatsegulidwa ndi kukulitsa, ndikulimbikitsa mayiko ena kuchita chimodzimodzi. Mukaika anthu ambiri kukonzekera chinachake, pamene polojekitiyi ikulingalira ndalama zanu zonse ndikudzikweza kwambiri, zingakhale zovuta kuti anthuwa asapeze mwayi wochita zolinga zawo.
Pali zipangizo zothandiza kwambiri kuposa nkhondo ya chitetezo.
World BEYOND War zachitika A Global Security System: An Alternative Nkhondo.
A December 2014 Gallup posankha a mayiko a 65 adapeza kuti United States kukhala kutali ndi kutali komwe dzikoli likuwoneka kuti ndilo lalikulu kwambiri potsata mtendere padziko lapansi, ndi Chisankho cha Pew mu 2017 adapeza zikuluzikulu m'maiko ambiri omwe adafunsidwa akuwona United States ngati chiwopsezo. Fuko lina lililonse lomwe likuyembekeza kufanana ndi United States pazovotazi liyenera kuchita nkhondo zambiri "zodzitchinjiriza" zisanapangitse mantha ndi mkwiyo womwewo.
Si dziko lapansi kunja kwa United States kokha kapena ngakhale kunja kwa asitikali aku US omwe akudziwa za vutoli. Zakhala pafupifupi chizolowezi kwa oyang'anira asitikali aku US, nthawi zambiri atapuma pantchito, kukangana kuti nkhondo zosiyanasiyana kapena machenjerero akupanga adani atsopano kuposa adani omwe akupha.
Uwugawenga wawonjezereka panthawi ya nkhondo yauchigawenga (monga ikuyendera ndi Global Terrorism Index). Pafupifupi onse (99.5%) a zigawenga akuukira m'mayiko omwe akukumana ndi nkhondo komanso / kapena kuzunzidwa monga kundende popanda kuimbidwa mlandu, kuzunza, kapena kupha osayeruzika. Miyeso yabwino kwambiri yauchigawenga ili mu "kumasulidwa" ndi "democratized" Iraq ndi Afghanistan. Magulu achigawenga omwe amachititsa uchigawenga (ndiko kuti, osati boma, nkhanza zandale) kuzungulira dziko lapansi akhala akulimbana ndi nkhondo za ku United States motsutsana ndi chigawenga.
Nazi zina zochokera Sayansi Yamtendere Digest: “Kutumiza kwa asirikali kudziko lina kumawonjezera mwayi woti zigawenga zochokera kumabungwe achigawenga ochokera mdzikolo. Zida zogulitsa kunja kwa dziko lina zimawonjezera mwayi woti zigawenga zimachokera kumaiko azigawenga. 95% ya zigawenga zodzipha zimachitika pofuna kulimbikitsa nzika zakunja kuti zichoke kwawo. "Nkhondo zaku Iraq ndi Afghanistan, komanso kuzunza akaidi munthawiyo, zidakhala zida zazikulu zolembera zigawenga zotsutsana ndi US. Mu 2006, mabungwe azamalamulo aku US adatulutsa a National Intelligence Estimate zomwe zinafika pamapeto. Bungwe la Associated Press linati: "Nkhondo ya ku Iraq yakhala idachititsa célèbre kwa anthu osokoneza Chilamisi, omwe amachititsa kuti dziko la US likhale lopsa mtima kwambiri lomwe likhoza kukhala loipa kwambiri lisanakhale bwino, akatswiri a federal intelligence amatsimikizira nkhaniyi motsutsana ndi Purezidenti Bush akutsutsana kuphulika kwa dziko lapansi. ... [T] Ofufuza ambiri a dziko lakale amakhulupirira kuti ngakhale kuonongeka kwakukulu kwa utsogoleri wa al-Qaida, kuopsezedwa kwa osokoneza chipembedzo cha Islamic kwafalikira ponseponse komanso m'madera ena. "
A Kafukufuku wamayiko omwe adatenga nawo gawo pankhondo yaku Afghanistan adapeza poyerekeza ndi kuchuluka kwa asitikali komwe adatumizako, amakumananso ndi zigawenga. Chifukwa chake, nkhondo yolimbana ndi uchigawenga mokhulupirika komanso mosakayikira idatulutsa uchigawenga.
Ankhondo a US akupha magulu ku Iraq ndi Afghanistan akufunsidwa m'buku ndi filimu ya Jeremy Scahill Nkhondo Zakuda adanena kuti nthawi iliyonse yomwe adagwiritsa ntchito mndandanda wa anthu kuti aphe, adapatsidwa mndandanda waukulu; mndandandawo unakula chifukwa chogwira ntchito yawo kudutsa. General Stanley McChrystal, ndiye mkulu wa asilikali a US ndi a NATO ku Afghanistan adanena Stone Rolling mu June 2010 kuti "kwa munthu aliyense wosalakwa amene mumamupha, mumapanga 10 adani atsopano." Bungwe la Investigative Journalism ndi ena alemba mosapita m'mbali mayina a anthu ambiri osalakwa omwe aphedwa ndi drone.
Mu 2013, McChrystal adati kudana ndi madera a drone ku Pakistan kunali kofala kwambiri. Malingana ndi nyuzipepala ya Pakistani Dawn pa February 10, 2013, McChrystal, "adachenjeza kuti anthu ambiri amamenyedwa ku Pakistan popanda kuwonetsa kuti amadzimadzi okhaokha akhoza kukhala oipa. Gen. McChrystal adanena kuti amvetsetsa chifukwa chake ku Pakistani, ngakhale m'madera osakhudzidwa ndi drones, adagonjetsa zovutazo. Anapempha anthu a ku America momwe angachitire ngati dziko lapafupi ngati Mexico linayamba kuwombera drone misombera ku Target. A Pakistani, adati, adawona drones ngati chiwonetsero cha mphamvu za America motsutsana ndi mtundu wawo ndipo adachitapo kanthu. 'Chimene chimandiwopsyeza ine ndi madera a drone ndi momwe amachitira padziko lonse lapansi,' a Gen. McChrystal adanena kale. 'Chidani chimene chinapangidwa ndi America kugonjetsedwa kosagonjetsedwa ... ndi chachikulu kwambiri kuposa anthu ambiri a ku America amayamikira. Amadedwa pamsana, ngakhale ndi anthu omwe sanawonepo kapena kuwona zotsatira zake. '"
Pambuyo pa 2010, Bruce Riedel, yemwe anagwirizana ndi ndondomeko ya Afghanistan ku Purezidenti Obama anati, "Kupsyinjika komwe tavala [asilikali a jihadist] chaka chatha chimawakumbutsa pamodzi, kutanthauza kuti mgwirizano wa mgwirizano ukuwonjezeka wamphamvu kuposa yofooka. "(New York Times, May 9, 2010.) Mtsogoleri wamkulu wa National Intelligence Dennis Blair adanena kuti ngakhale kuti "kuwonetsa kuwonetserako kunathandiza kuchepetsa utsogoleri wa Qaeda ku Pakistan, iwo adaonjezera chidani cha America" ndipo adawononga "kuthekera kwathu kuntchito ndi Pakistan [kuthetsa] Taliban malo opatulika, kulimbikitsa zokambirana za ku India ndi Pakistani, ndikupanga zida za nyukiliya za Pakistan. "(New York Times, August 15, 2011.)
Michael Boyle, yemwe ali pulezidenti wa pulezidenti wa Obama pa nthawi ya chisankho cha 2008, akuti ntchito ya drones ndi "zotsatira zovuta kwambiri zomwe sizinayesedwe bwino pazomwe zikuphatikizapo kupha zigawenga. ... Kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa chiwerengero cha anthu omwe amamwalira kuntchito zapadera kwachititsa kuti pulogalamu ya ku United States ipite patsogolo ku Pakistan, Yemen komanso m'mayiko ena. "(The Guardian, January 7, 2013.) "Tikuwona kuti blowback. Ngati mukuyesera kupha njira yanu yothetsera vutoli, ziribe kanthu momwe mulili, mungakwiyitse anthu ngakhale kuti sakufuna, "anatero Gen. James E. Cartwright, yemwe kale anali wotsogolera wotsogolera wa Atsogoleri Ogwirizana Amodzi. (New York Times, March 22, 2013.)
Maganizo awa siwodabwitsa. Mkulu wa sitima ya CIA ku Islamabad ku 2005-2006 anaganiza kuti drone ikugwera, komabe nthawi zambiri, "adachita pang'ono kupatula chidani cha mafuta ku United States mkati mwa Pakistani." (Onani Njira ya Mng'oma ndi Mark Mazzetti.) Mtsogoleri wamkulu wa dziko la US ku Afghanistan, Matthew Hoh, adachoka pamsonkhano wotsutsa ndi kunena kuti, "Ndikuganiza kuti tikudana kwambiri. Tikuwononga zinthu zabwino kwambiri zomwe zikuchitika pambuyo pa achinyamata omwe sali pangozi ku United States kapena sangathe kuopseza ku United States. "
Zida za nkhondo zimayambitsa ngozi pangozi kapena mwangozi.
Tikhoza kuthetsa zida zonse za nyukiliya kapena tingaziwononge kuti ziwoneke. Palibe njira yapakati. Tikhoza kukhala ndi zida za nyukiliya, kapena tikhoza kukhala nazo zambiri. Iyi si mfundo yeniyeni kapena yowona, koma mfundo yowonjezera yomwe ikugwirizana ndi kafukufuku m'mabuku onga Apocalypse Never: Kupanga Njira ku Dziko Lopanda Zida za Nyukiliya ndi Tad Daley. Malinga ngati mayiko ena ali ndi zida za nyukiliya ena angawakonde, ndipo pamene ali nawo iwo mosavuta adzafalitsa kwa ena akadali.
The Doomsday Clock ali pafupi pafupi pakati pausiku monga kale.
Ngati zida za nyukiliya zikupitirizabe kukhalapo, pangakhale zida za nyukiliya, ndipo zida zowonjezereka zidzakula, posachedwa zidzabwera. Zochitika zambirimbiri zatsala pang'ono kuwononga dziko lathu lapansi mwa ngozi, chisokonezo, kusamvetsa, ndi machismo opanda nzeru kwambiri. Mukawonjezerapo mwayi wowonjezereka wa zigawenga zomwe sizigawo za boma kupeza ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zida za nyukiliya, ngoziyi imakula kwambiri - ndipo imangowonjezedwa ndi ndondomeko za nyukiliya zomwe zimagwirizana ndi uchigawenga m'njira zomwe zimawoneka kuti zikulanda zigawenga zambiri.
Kupeza zida za nyukiliya sikungateteze konse; palibe malonda omwe amawathandiza kuthetsa iwo. Iwo samatsutsa zigawenga za zigawenga ndi anthu osakhala nawo boma mwa njira iliyonse. Komanso sagwiritsa ntchito maola asanu ndi awiri ku mphamvu zankhondo zakugonjetsa amitundu kuti asawononge, atapatsidwa mphamvu za United States kuti awononge chilichonse kulikonse ndi zida za nyukiliya. Nukes sizingapambane nkhondo, ndipo United States, Soviet Union, United Kingdom, France, ndi China onse ataya nkhondo zotsutsana ndi zida za nyukiliya zomwe zili ndi nukes. Kapena, ngati nkhondo yapanyanja yapadziko lonse ikuchitika, kodi zida zilizonse zankhondo zingathe kuteteza mtundu uliwonse kuchokera ku apocalypse.
Nkhondo ikubwera kunyumba.
Nkhondo kudziko lina ikuwonjezeka chidani kunyumba ndi asilikali apolisi. Pomwe nkhondo zimamenyedwa mdzina la "kuthandizira" omwe akumenya nawo nkhondoyi, omenyera nkhondo samapatsidwa thandizo lochepa pothana ndi kudzimva kwakukulu kwamakhalidwe, kupwetekedwa mtima, kuvulala kwaubongo, ndi zopinga zina kuti asinthe kukhala gulu lachiwawa. Mwachitsanzo, omwe adaphunzitsidwa kupha anthu ambiri ndi asitikali aku US, ndi omwe amakhala oponya miyendo ku United States, kumene khalidweli sililinso lovomerezeka. Ndipo magulu ankhondo kutaya kapena kuba mfuti zambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazachiwawa zomwe sizankhondo.
Kupanga nkhondo kumatsogolera nkhondo.
"Lankhulani mofatsa ndikunyamula ndodo yaikulu," anatero Theodore Roosevelt, yemwe ankakonda kumanga msilikali wamkulu pokhapokha ngati atatero, koma ndithudi sanagwiritse ntchito pokhapokha atakakamizidwa. Izi zinachita bwino kwambiri, kuphatikizapo zochepa zochepa zomwe Roosevelt analimbikitsa ku Panama ku 1901, Colombia ku 1902, Honduras ku 1903, Dominican Republic ku 1903, Syria ku 1903, Abyssinia ku 1903, Panama ku 1903, Dominican Republic 1904, Morocco ku 1904, Panama ku 1904, Korea ku 1904, Cuba ku 1906, Honduras ku 1907, ndi Philippines ku Roosevelt.
Anthu oyamba omwe timawadziŵa omwe anakonzekera nkhondo - asilikali a Summer Gilgamesh ndi mnzake wa Enkido, kapena Agiriki omwe adagonjera ku Troy - adakonzeranso kusaka nyama zakutchire. Barbara Ehrenreich akufotokoza kuti,
". . . ndi kuchepa kwa nyama zowonongeka ndi masewera, sipangakhalepo amuna ochepa omwe ankachita masewera olimba ndi odana ndi nyama zowonongeka, ndipo palibe njira yoponderezedwa kuti ikhale ndi 'hero'. Chomwe chinapulumutsa mlenje-chitetezo chamuna kuchokera ku obsolescence kapena moyo wa ntchito yolima chinali chakuti anali ndi zida komanso luso loligwiritsa ntchito. [Lewis] Mumford akusonyeza kuti wotetezi-chitetezo adasunga udindo wake mwa kutembenukira ku mtundu wa 'chitetezo cha chitetezo': am'patse (ndi chakudya ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu) kapena kuti azigonjera.Mwa kuyankhula kwina, nkhondo iyenera kuti inayambanso ngati njira yopezera chidziwitso, monga momwe ikupitilira mothandizidwa ndi nthano zomwezo. Zingakhale zitayamba chifukwa anthu anali ndi zida komanso akusowa adani, chifukwa adani awo (mikango, zimbalangondo, mimbulu) anali kufa. Nchiyani chimene chinabwera poyamba, nkhondo kapena zida? Chigamba chimenecho chingakhale ndi yankho. Yankho likuwoneka ngati zida. Ndipo iwo omwe samaphunzira kuchokera ku prehistory akhoza kuwonongedwa kuti abwereze izo.
"Potsirizira pake, kukhalapo kwa osatetezedwa osatetezedwa m'madera ena kunapangitsa kuti pakhale chitetezo chatsopano komanso chachilendo. Omwe amasaka mbalame imodzi kapena malo omwe amatha kukhazikitsa amatha kuwathandiza kuti asamangoganizira zoopsa zomwe amzawo amawaopseza m'magulu ena, ndipo kuopsa kwake kungakhale kosavuta nthawi zonse. Monga momwe Gwynne Dyer ananenera mu kufufuza kwake kwa nkhondo, 'nkhondo zisanayambe bwino. . . anali makamaka masewera a amuna ovuta kwa asayansi osagwira ntchito. '"
Timakonda kukhulupilira zolinga zabwino za aliyense. "Khalani okonzeka" ndi mwambi wa Boy Scouts, pambuyo pake. Ndizomveka, wodalirika, komanso wotetezeka kukonzekera. Kusakonzekera kungakhale kosasamala, molondola?
Vuto ndi ndemanga imeneyi ndikuti sikuti ndi openga kwambiri. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono sizowopsya kuti anthu azifuna mfuti m'nyumba zawo kuti adziteteze ku mabitolo. Zikatero, palinso zinthu zina zofunika kuziganizira, kuphatikizapo ngozi za mfuti, kugwiritsira ntchito mfuti pampsa mtima, kuthekera kwa olakwa kuwombera mfuti za eni eni, kuwombera mowirikiza, kusokoneza Njira ya mfuti imayambitsa kuyesayesa kuchepetsa zifukwa za umbanda, ndi zina zotero.
Pakati pa nkhondo yaikulu ndi nkhondo, mtundu wa nkhondo, zinthu zomwezo ziyenera kuganiziridwa. Ngozi zokhudzana ndi zida, kuyesedwa koopsa kwa anthu, kuba, kugulitsa kwa ogwirizana amene akukhala adani, ndi kusokonezeka kuchokera ku zoyesayesa kuthetsa zifukwa zauchigawenga ndi nkhondo ziyenera kuchitidwa zonse. Kotero, ndithudi, muyenera kukhala ndi chizoloŵezi chogwiritsa ntchito zida mutakhala nawo. Nthaŵi zina, zida zambiri sizingapangidwe mpaka sitima yomwe ilipo yatha ndipo zatsopano zimayesedwa "pankhondo."
Koma palinso zinthu zina zomwe muyenera kuganizira. Mtundu wokhalapo wa zida zankhondo umayikakamiza amitundu ena kuti achite chimodzimodzi. Ngakhale mtundu womwe ukufuna kulimbana ndi chitetezo chokha, ukhoza kumvetsetsa "chitetezero" kuti ukhale wobwezeretsa mitundu ina. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zida ndi njira zothetsera nkhondo, komanso "nkhondo yowonongeka," kusunga malamulo osatsegulidwa ndi kukulitsa, ndikulimbikitsa mayiko ena kuchita chimodzimodzi. Mukaika anthu ambiri kukonzekera chinachake, pamene polojekitiyi ikulingalira ndalama zanu zonse ndikudzikweza kwambiri, zingakhale zovuta kuti anthuwa asapeze mwayi wochita zolinga zawo.
World BEYOND War zachitika A Global Security System: An Alternative Nkhondo.
Buku la David Vine's 2020 United States of War imalemba momwe ntchito yomanga ndikugwirira ntchito magulu ankhondo akunja imapangira m'malo moletsa nkhondo m'malo oyambira.
Zolemba Zaposachedwa:
