Ndi David Swanson, World BEYOND War, December 13, 2021
Ngati mungawerenge ndemanga za buku la Elizabeth Samet, Kuyang'ana Nkhondo Yabwino - monga yemwe mu New York Times or winayo mu New York Times - mwachangu kwambiri, mutha kupeza kuti mukuwerenga buku lake ndikuyembekeza kukangana kotsutsana ndi kuyenera kwa gawo la US mu Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse.
Mukadangolemba nokha buku, monga ine ndachitira, kupanga mlandu kuti WWII imagwira ntchito yowononga ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito panopa ku US, sizinamenyedwe kuti zipulumutse aliyense kumisasa ya imfa, sizinayenera kuchitika ndipo zikanatha kupewedwa m'njira zambiri, kuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito German bunk science of eugenics. zomwe makamaka zinapangidwa ndi kukwezedwa ku United States, zomwe zinaphatikizapo kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo a ku Germany a tsankho omwe anaphunziridwa ku United States, kuphatikizapo kupha anthu ndi kuyeretsa fuko ndi machitidwe a m'misasa yachibalo ku United States ndi mayiko ena a Kumadzulo, adawona gulu lankhondo la Nazi. motsogozedwa ndi ndalama ndi zida za US, adawona boma la US isanachitike komanso pankhondo likuwona kuti USSR ngati mdani wamkulu, idabwera pambuyo pothandizira komanso kulolerana ndi Nazi Germany komanso mpikisano wautali wa zida ndikumanga nkhondo. ndi Japan, palibe umboni wa kufunikira kwa chiwawa, chinali chinthu choyipa kwambiri chomwe anthu adadzichitira okha munthawi yochepa, chilipo mu chikhalidwe cha US ngati nthano zowopsa, opangidwa ndi ambiri ku United States panthawiyo (osati omvera achi Nazi okha), adapanga msonkho wa anthu wamba, ndipo zidachitika m'dziko losiyana kwambiri ndi lamasiku ano, ndiye kuti mutha kuwerenga bukhu la Samet ndikuyembekeza china chake chokhudza mitu yonseyi. . Mudzapeza zamtengo wapatali.
Mabukuwa akukonzekera kutsutsa nthano zotsatirazi:
“1. United States inapita kunkhondo kuti imasule dziko ku fascism ndi nkhanza.
“2. Anthu onse aku America anali ogwirizana kwambiri pakudzipereka kwawo kunkhondo.
"3. Aliyense m’nyumbamo anadzimana kwambiri.”
"4. Anthu aku America ndi omasula omwe amamenya nkhondo moyenera, monyinyirika, pokhapokha akuyenera.
“5. Nkhondo Yachiŵiri Yadziko Lonse inali tsoka lachilendo ndi mapeto osangalatsa a ku America.
“6. Aliyense wakhala akugwirizana pa mfundo 1-5. "
Zabwino kwambiri. Imachita zina mwa izi. Koma imalimbitsanso zina mwa nthano zomwezi, imapewa zina zofunika kwambiri, ndipo imawononga masamba ake ambiri pazofotokozera mwachidule zamakanema ndi mabuku omwe ali ndi zofunikira pa chilichonse. Samet, yemwe amaphunzitsa Chingerezi ku West Point, motero amalembedwa ntchito ndi asitikali omwe nthano zake zoyambira akuzichotsa, akufuna kutiuza njira zambiri zomwe WWII sinali yokongola kapena yolemekezeka kapena chilichonse chonga zamkhutu zomwe zimawonedwa nthawi zambiri m'mafilimu aku Hollywood. - ndipo amapereka umboni wokwanira. Koma amafunanso kuti tikhulupirire kuti WWII inali yofunikira komanso yodzitchinjiriza ku chiwopsezo ku United States (ndi zonena za zabwinobwino zopindulitsa anthu aku Europe akunamizira nkhani yowona komanso yolondola yodzitchinjiriza) - ndipo sapereka ngakhale chimodzi. chidutswa cha umboni. Ine kamodzi ndinachita angapo zokambirana ndi pulofesa wa West Point "ethics", ndipo adanenanso zomwezo (kuti US kulowa mu WWII kunali kofunikira) ndi umboni wofanana kumbuyo kwake.
Zoyembekeza zanga zolakwika za buku ndizovuta kwambiri. Mfundo yayikulu apa ndikuti ngakhale wina yemwe adalipidwa ndi asitikali aku US kuti aphunzitse opha mtsogolo kunkhondo yaku US, yemwe amakhulupiriradi (m'mawu ake) "kuti kulowererapo kwa United States kunkhondo kunali kofunikira" sikungathe kutsutsa zopusa. Nkhani zokambidwa za izo, ndipo akuona kuti ali wokakamizika kusonyeza umboni “wosonyeza mlingo umene ubwino, malingaliro abwino, ndi umodzi umene lerolino timaugwirizanitsa ndi Nkhondo Yadziko II sizinali zoonekeratu kwa Achimereka panthaŵiyo.” Amafunsanso, mopanda pake kuti: “Kodi kukumbukira kumene kulipo kwa ‘Nkhondo Yabwino,’ koumbidwa monga momwe kwakhalira ndi chikhumbo, malingaliro, ndi jingoism, kwavulaza kwambiri kuposa ubwino wa kudzimva kwa Amereka ndi malo a dziko lawo padziko lapansi? ”
Ngati anthu atha kumvetsetsa yankho lodziwikiratu la funsoli, ngati atha kuwona kuvulaza komwe kumabwera chifukwa cha chikondi cha WWII BS ngakhale kunkhondo zaposachedwa kwambiri zomwe palibe amene angayese kuziteteza, chimenecho chidzakhala sitepe lalikulu. Chifukwa chokha chomwe ndimasamala kuti aliyense amakhulupirira zabodza pa WWII ndi momwe zimakhudzira panopo komanso mtsogolo. Mwina Kuyang'ana Nkhondo Yabwino adzatsogolera anthu kunjira yabwino, ndipo sadzayima pamenepo. Samet amachita ntchito yabwino yowulula ena mwa omanga nthano zoyipa kwambiri ngati nthano zongopeka. Iye anagwira mawu wolemba mbiri Stephen Ambrose akulongosola mopanda manyazi kuti iye ndi “wolambira ngwazi.” Amalemba momwe asitikali ambiri aku US panthawi ya WWII sanatero ndipo sakanatha kunena kuti ali ndi zolinga zabwino zandale zomwe adapatsidwa ndi ofalitsa pambuyo pake. Akuwonetsanso kusowa kwa "umodzi" pakati pa anthu aku US panthawiyo - kukhalapo kwa 20% ya dzikolo yotsutsana ndi nkhondo mu 1942 (ngakhale palibe mawu amodzi okhudza kufunika kwa kulemba kapena kukana kwake. ). Ndipo m'ndime yachidule kwambiri, akuwona kuwonjezeka kwa ziwawa za tsankho ku US panthawi ya nkhondo (ndi ndime zazitali zokhudzana ndi tsankho la anthu aku US komanso gulu lankhondo).
Samet amatchulanso omwe panthawi ya WWII omwe adadandaula kuti anthu ambiri aku US safuna kudzimana kapena kuchita zinthu ngati akudziwa kuti kuli nkhondo, kapena omwe adadzidzimuka chifukwa choti kampeni yapagulu ikufunika. kupempha anthu kuti apereke magazi kunkhondo. Zonse zoona. Zonse zowononga nthano. Komabe, zonse zinali zotheka m'dziko lomwe muli ziyembekezo zapamwamba kwambiri za kuzindikira ndi kudzipereka kuposa momwe zingakhalire zomveka lero. Samet ndiwothandizanso pakutsutsa zofalitsa zomwe zimayang'ana gulu lankhondo zazaka zaposachedwa komanso nkhondo.
Koma zonse zomwe zili m'bukuli - kuphatikiza mazana amasamba akuwunika momveka bwino kwamakanema ndi mabuku ndi mabuku azoseketsa - zonse zimabwera ndi zonena zosakayikitsa komanso zosatsutsika kuti panalibe kusankha. Palibe chosankha chokhudza kulinganiza mizinda, ndipo palibe kusankha ngati kumenya nkhondo. “Zoona zake,” akulemba motero, “pakhala mawu otsutsana kuyambira pachiyambi, koma takhala tikukayika kulingalira za kutsutsa kwawo. Sindikunena pano osati za cranks ndi achiwembu, kapena za iwo omwe amaganiza kuti tikadakhala kuti tidakhala osalowerera ndale, koma za oganiza, olemba, ndi ojambula omwe akuwoneka kuti atha kukana kunyengerera mapasa amalingaliro ndi kukhulupirika, amene amapeza njira yomvetsetsa dziko lawo mwabata komanso mosagwirizana, zomwe zikuwonetsa kufunika kwake kwenikweni kuposa 'kukonda kwambiri dziko lathu' komwe Tocqueville amati ndi anthu aku America kalekale.
Hmm. Ndi chiyani, kupatula certitude, chomwe chingafotokoze lingaliro lakuti njira zokhazo zinali nkhondo ndi kusalowerera ndale komanso kuti zotsirizirazo zimafuna luso lolingalira lomwe linapangitsa munthu kukhala ndi ma cranks ndi achiwembu? Ndi chiyani, kupatula kunyada komwe kungafotokozere anthu omwe ali ndi malingaliro osavomerezeka kotero kuti ali kunja kwa mawu otsutsana? Ndipo ndi chiyani, kupatula kupusa ndi chiwembu, chomwe chingafotokoze zonena kuti zomwe oganiza mosagwirizana, olemba, ndi ojambula onse amachita ndi ntchito yowonetsa kufunikira kwenikweni kwa fuko? Mwa mayiko pafupifupi 200 Padziko Lapansi, wina akudabwa kuti ndi angati aiwo a Samet amakhulupirira kuti oganiza bwino padziko lonse lapansi ndi akatswiri ojambula amadzipereka kuti awonetse kufunikira kwake.
Mafelemu a Samet m'mawu onyoza omwe FDR idagwira ntchito kuti United States ilowe kunkhondo, koma ayi - ndithudi - amanena mosapita m'mbali kuti yatsutsa zomwe zikuwonetsedwa mosavuta. zolankhula za purezidenti yemwe.
Samet akufotokoza Bernard Knox wina kukhala “woŵerenga wochenjera kwambiri moti sangasokoneze kufunika kwa chiwawa ndi ulemerero.” Zikuwoneka kuti mawu akuti "ulemerero" akugwiritsidwa ntchito pano kutanthauza chinthu china osati chitamando cha anthu, popeza kuti chiwawa chofunikira - kapena, mulimonse, chiwawa chomwe chimaganiziridwa kuti n'chofunika - nthawi zina chingapambane boti limodzi lotamanda anthu. Ndime zotsatirazi zikusonyeza kuti mwina “ulemerero” umatanthauza chiwawa popanda chilichonse choipitsitsa kapena choipa (choyeretsedwa, chiwawa cha ku Hollywood). "Kugwirizana kwa Knox kwa Virgil ndi Homer kunafunikira makamaka ndi kukana kwawo kubisa zovuta zenizeni za ntchito yakupha."
Izi zimatsogolera Samet molunjika muzambiri zazitali zomwe asitikali aku US akutenga zikumbutso. Mtolankhani wankhondo Edgar L. Jones analemba mu February 1946 Atlantic Monthly, "Ndi nkhondo yanji yomwe anthu wamba amaganiza kuti tidamenya nawo? Tinkawombera akaidi m'magazi ozizira, kuwononga zipatala, kuwononga mabwato opulumutsa anthu, kupha kapena kuzunza adani, kutha adani ovulala, kuponya akufa m'dzenje ndi akufa, ndipo ku Pacific timaphika nyama kuchokera pazigaza za adani kuti tipange zokongoletsera zapatebulo. sweethearts, kapena kusema mafupa awo kukhala zotsegula zilembo.” Zikumbutso zankhondo zimaphatikizapo ziwalo zosiyanasiyana za thupi la adani, nthawi zambiri makutu, zala, mafupa, ndi zigaza. Samet nthawi zambiri amawunikira izi, ngakhale Virgil ndi Homer sakanatero.
Akufotokozanso kuti asitikali aku US akukakamira kwambiri ndi azimayi aku Europe, ndikuti adawerengapo buku linalake koma samauza owerenga kuti bukuli likunena za kugwiriridwa kofala ndi asitikaliwo. Amapereka atsamunda aku US ngati akuyesera kuti lingaliro lachipani cha Nazi liwoneke ngati lachimereka kwambiri, osanenapo kanthu za dziko lomwe zamkhutu zamtundu wa Nordic zidayambira. Samet akulemba kuti kumasula anthu kumisasa yachibalo sikunali kofunikira. Sizinali kalikonse. Amagwira mawu akatswiri osiyanasiyana ofotokoza chifukwa chake komanso momwe ma demokalase amapambana nkhondo, osanenapo kuti kuchuluka kwa kupambana kwa WWII kudachitika ndi Soviet Union (kapena kuti Soviet Union inali ndi chilichonse chochita nazo). Ndi nthano zopanda pake zanji za WWII zikadakhala zanthawi yake komanso zothandiza kutsutsa kuposa zomwe US idapambana ndi thandizo lochepa lochokera ku Ruskies?
Ngati wina wolembedwa ntchito ndi asitikali ankhondo aku US omwe amataya asitikali ankhondo - omwe nthawi zambiri amavulala kwambiri komanso kupwetekedwa mtima anyamata ndi atsikana - monga ngati salinso matumba a zinyalala kuti apereke zinyalala zazikulu za bukhu lomwe akuti limadzudzula nthano za WWII potsutsa tsankho kwa omenyera nkhondo. , ngakhale akulemba ngati kuti nkhondo zimasiya otenga nawo mbali mumkhalidwe wabwino? Samet amafotokoza za maphunziro omwe akuwonetsa momwe asitikali aku US ochepa mu WWII adawombera adani. Koma sakunena chilichonse chokhudza maphunziro ndi chikhalidwe chomwe chagonjetsa chizolowezi chosapha. Amatiuza kuti asitikali akale sachita zolakwa, kapena kuti asitikali alibe mlandu pamilanduyi, koma samawonjezera mawu amodzi okhudza US. oponya miyendo kukhala omenyera nkhondo mosagwirizana kwambiri. Samet akulemba za kafukufuku wa 1947 wosonyeza kuti ambiri mwa asitikali aku US adati nkhondoyo "idawasiya oyipa kuposa kale." Ndi mawu otsatirawa, Samet wasintha mutuwo kuti uvulaze omenyera nkhondo ndi mabungwe ankhondo akale, ngati kuti wangolemba, osati zankhondo, koma za nkhondo yapambuyo pake.
Podzafika pa Mutu 4, wakuti “Nkhondo, N’chiyani Chili Chabwino?” simudziwa kuyembekezera zambiri kuchokera mutu. M'malo mwake, mutuwu umatenga mwachangu mutu wamakanema onena za ana achifwamba, ndikutsatiridwa ndi mabuku azithunzithunzi, ndi zina zotero, koma kuti tifike pamitu imeneyo imatsegula ndikukankhira imodzi mwa nthano zomwe bukhuli limayenera kutsutsa:
"Kudzitukumula kwa unyamata, kwatsopano komanso kopanda malire, kwalimbikitsa malingaliro aku America kuyambira pomwe adakhazikitsidwa. Komabe pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yadziko II, kunakula mowonjezereka kukhala kovuta kuchirikiza chinyengocho, chachinyengo kuganiza kapena kunena za dzikolo kukhala lachichepere pamene ilo linalandira choloŵa mathayo osaŵerengeka a uchikulire.”
Komabe sizinali mochedwa 1940, monga momwe zinalembedwera mu Stephen Wertheim's Mawa Padziko Lonse, kuti boma la United States linaganiza zomenya nkhondo n’cholinga chofuna kulamulira dziko lonse. Ndipo zomwe zidachitikapo pakutsutsa izi: "4. Anthu aku America ndi omasula amene amamenya nkhondo moyenerera, monyinyirika, pokhapokha akuyenera.”?
Kuyimbira Kuyang'ana Nkhondo Yabwino kutsutsa lingaliro la nkhondo yabwino kumafuna kufotokozera "zabwino," osati monga zofunikira kapena zomveka (zomwe ziyenera kukhala zonse zomwe munthu angayembekezere - ngakhale wina akanakhala wolakwa - chifukwa cha kupha anthu ambiri), koma ngati wokongola ndi wodabwitsa ndi wodabwitsa komanso wodabwitsa komanso wapamwamba kwambiri. . Kudzudzula koteroko ndi kwabwino komanso kothandiza, kupatulapo momwe kumalimbikitsira chinthu chowononga kwambiri, kunena kuti nkhondo ikhoza kulungamitsidwa.
