Uwu ndi mtundu wosinthidwa wa adilesi yomwe John Pilger adapereka ku British Library pa 9 December 2017 monga gawo lachikondwerero cham'mbuyo, 'The Power of the Documentary', chomwe chidachitika kuti liwonetsetse kuti Laibulale idapeza zolemba zakale za Pilger.
ndi John Pilger, December 11, 2017, JohnPilger.com. RSN.
Ndidamva koyamba mphamvu ya zopelekedwa panthawi yokonza filimu yanga yoyamba, The Quiet Mutiny. M’nkhaniyo, ndikunena za nkhuku, imene ine ndi antchito anga tinakumana nayo pamene tinali kulondera ndi asilikali a ku America ku Vietnam.
"Iyenera kukhala nkhuku ya Vietcong - nkhuku ya chikominisi," adatero sejenti. Iye analemba mu lipoti lake kuti: "mdani akuwona".
Mphindi ya nkhuku inkawoneka kuti ikutsindika za nkhondoyi - kotero ndinayiphatikiza mufilimuyi. Mwina zimenezo sizinali zanzeru. Woyang'anira wailesi yakanema ku Britain - ndiye Independent Television Authority kapena ITA - adandifunsa kuti awone zolemba zanga. Kodi gwero langa la ndale za nkhuku linali chiyani? Ndinafunsidwa. Kodi inalidi nkhuku ya chikominisi, kapena ikanakhala nkhuku yochirikiza Chimereka?
Ndithudi, kupanda pake kumeneku kunali ndi cholinga chachikulu; pamene The Quiet Mutiny inaulutsidwa ndi ITV mu 1970, kazembe wa US ku Britain, Walter Annenberg, bwenzi lapamtima la Purezidenti Richard Nixon, adadandaula ku ITA. Iye sanadandaule za nkhuku koma filimu yonse. "Ndikufuna kudziwitsa a White House," kazembeyo adalemba. Gosh.
The Quiet Mutiny idawulula kuti gulu lankhondo la US ku Vietnam likugawika. Panali kupanduka koonekera: amuna olembedwa anali kukana malamulo ndi kuwombera apolisi kumbuyo kapena "kuwaphwanya" ndi mabomba pamene akugona.
Palibe chilichonse mwa izi chomwe chinali nkhani. Zomwe zikutanthauza kuti nkhondoyo idatayika; ndipo mthengayo sadayamikiridwa.
Mtsogoleri-General wa ITA anali Sir Robert Fraser. Adayitanitsa a Denis Foreman, yemwe anali Mtsogoleri wa Mapulogalamu ku Granada TV, ndipo adalowa m'malo a apoplexy. Popopera mawu achipongwe, Sir Robert adandifotokoza ngati "wosokoneza woopsa".
Chomwe chimakhudza woyang'anira ndi kazembe chinali mphamvu ya filimu imodzi yokha: mphamvu ya mfundo zake ndi mboni zake: makamaka asilikali achichepere amalankhula zoona ndikuchitiridwa chifundo ndi wojambula filimuyo.
Ndinali mtolankhani wa nyuzipepala. Ndinali ndisanapangepo filimu ndipo ndinali ndi ngongole kwa Charles Denton, wofalitsa wopanduka wochokera ku BBC, yemwe anandiphunzitsa kuti zenizeni ndi umboni wofotokozedwa mwachindunji ku kamera ndi kwa omvera zingakhaledi zosokoneza.
Kusokoneza mabodza ovomerezeka uku ndi mphamvu ya zolemba. Panopa ndapanga mafilimu 60 ndipo ndikukhulupirira kuti palibe chinthu chofanana ndi mphamvuyi mumtundu wina uliwonse.
M'zaka za m'ma 1960, wojambula wachinyamata wanzeru, Peter Watkins, adapanga Masewera a Nkhondo za BBC. Watkins anamanganso pambuyo pa kuukira kwa nyukiliya ku London.
Masewera a Nkhondo adaletsedwa. "Zotsatira za filimuyi," inatero BBC, "aganiziridwa kukhala owopsa kwambiri kwa njira youlutsira mawu." Wapampando wa BBC Board of Governors panthawiyo anali Lord Normanbrook, yemwe anali mlembi wa nduna. Adalembera wolowa m'malo mwake mu Cabinet, Sir Burke Trend: "Masewera a Nkhondo sanapangidwe ngati zabodza: amangonena zoona zokhazokha ndipo amachokera pakufufuza mosamalitsa pazinthu zovomerezeka ... filimu ya pawailesi yakanema ikhoza kukhala ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu pamalingaliro a anthu pankhani yoletsa zida zanyukiliya. "
Mwa kuyankhula kwina, mphamvu ya filimuyi inali yakuti ikhoza kuchenjeza anthu za zoopsa zenizeni za nkhondo ya nyukiliya ndikuwapangitsa kukayikira kukhalapo kwa zida za nyukiliya.
Mapepala a nduna ya boma akuwonetsa kuti BBC inagwirizana mobisa ndi boma kuti aletse filimu ya Watkins. Nkhani yachikuto inali yoti BBC inali ndi udindo woteteza "okalamba omwe amakhala okha komanso anthu omwe ali ndi nzeru zochepa m'maganizo".
Atolankhani ambiri adameza izi. Kuletsedwa kwa The War Game kunathetsa ntchito ya Peter Watkins pa wailesi yakanema ya ku Britain ali ndi zaka 30. Wopanga mafilimu wochititsa chidwiyu anasiya wailesi ya BBC ndi Britain, ndipo mokwiya anayambitsa kampeni yapadziko lonse yolimbana ndi kufufuzidwa.
Kunena zowona, ndi kukana chowonadi chovomerezeka, zitha kukhala zowopsa kwa wopanga makanema.
Mu 1988, Thames Televizioni imawulutsa Imfa pa Thanthwe, nkhani yofotokoza za nkhondo ya ku Northern Ireland. Inali ntchito yoopsa komanso yolimba mtima. Kuwunika kwa malipoti a omwe amatchedwa Mavuto a ku Ireland kunali kofala, ndipo ambiri aife omwe tinali m'mabuku tidakhumudwa kwambiri kupanga mafilimu kumpoto kwa malire. Ngati titayesa, tinkakokedwa mumkhalidwe wotsatira.
Mtolankhani Liz Curtis adawerengera kuti BBC idaletsa, kuchita udokotala kapena kuchedwetsa mapulogalamu akuluakulu 50 a TV ku Ireland. Panali, ndithudi, zosiyana zolemekezeka, monga John Ware. Roger Bolton, wopanga Death on the Rock, anali wina. Imfa pa Rock idawulula kuti Boma la Britain lidatumiza magulu ankhondo a SAS kutsidya lina motsutsana ndi IRA, kupha anthu anayi opanda zida ku Gibraltar.
Kampeni yoyipa yoyipa idakhazikitsidwa motsutsana ndi kanemayo, motsogozedwa ndi boma la Margaret Thatcher ndi atolankhani a Murdoch, makamaka Sunday Times, yolembedwa ndi Andrew Neil.
Ndilolemba lokhalo lomwe linafunsidwapo ndi boma - ndipo zowona zake zidatsimikiziridwa. Murdoch anayenera kulipira chifukwa choipitsa mbiri ya mmodzi wa mboni zazikulu za filimuyi.
Koma amenewo sanali mathero ake. Televizioni ya Thames, imodzi mwamawayilesi otsogola kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, pamapeto pake idalandidwa chilolezo ku United Kingdom.
Kodi Prime Minister adabwezeranso pa ITV ndi opanga mafilimu, monga adachitira ndi ogwira ntchito kumigodi? Sitikudziwa. Zomwe tikudziwa ndizakuti mphamvu ya seweroli imodziyi idayimilira chowonadi ndipo, monga The War Game, idawonetsa gawo lalikulu muzolemba zojambulidwa.
Ine ndikukhulupirira zopelekedwa lalikulu exude luso mpatuko. Ndizovuta kuziyika m'magulu. Sali ngati nthano zazikulu. Iwo sali ngati lalikulu mbali mafilimu. Komabe, amatha kuphatikiza mphamvu zonse ziwiri.
Nkhondo ya Chile: nkhondo ya anthu opanda zida, ndi zolemba zapamwamba za Patricio Guzman. Ndi filimu yodabwitsa: kwenikweni trilogy ya mafilimu. Pamene inatulutsidwa m’zaka za m’ma 1970, New Yorker inafunsa kuti: “Kodi gulu la anthu asanu, ena osadziŵa kale filimu, likanatha bwanji kugwira ntchito ndi kamera imodzi ya Éclair, chojambulira mawu cha Nagra, ndi phukusi la filimu yakuda ndi yoyera? kupanga ntchito yaikulu imeneyi?”
Zolemba za Guzman ndizokhudza kugonjetsedwa kwa demokalase ku Chile mu 1973 ndi achifwamba motsogozedwa ndi General Pinochet motsogozedwa ndi CIA. Pafupifupi chilichonse chimajambulidwa pamanja, pamapewa. Ndipo kumbukirani kuti iyi ndi kamera ya kanema, osati kanema. Muyenera kusintha magazini mphindi khumi zilizonse, kapena kamera imayima; ndipo kuyenda pang'ono ndi kusintha kwa kuwala kumakhudza chithunzicho.
Pa Nkhondo ya Chile, pali zochitika pamaliro a msilikali wankhondo, wokhulupirika kwa Purezidenti Salvador Allende, yemwe anaphedwa ndi omwe ankafuna kuwononga boma la Allende. Kamera imayenda pakati pa nkhope zankhondo: ma totem a anthu okhala ndi mendulo ndi nthiti, tsitsi lawo lopindika ndi maso osawoneka bwino. Chiwopsezo chachikulu cha nkhope chimati mukuwona maliro a anthu onse: a demokalase yokha.
Pali mtengo wolipirira kujambula molimba mtima. Wojambula zithunzi, Jorge Muller, anamangidwa n’kupita naye kundende yozunzirako anthu, kumene “anasowa” mpaka manda ake atapezeka patapita zaka zambiri. Anali ndi zaka 27. Ndikupereka moni kukumbukira kwake.
Ku Britain, ntchito ya upainiya ya John Grierson, Denis Mitchell, Norman Swallow, Richard Cawston ndi ena opanga mafilimu kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20 adadutsa kusiyana kwakukulu kwa kalasi ndikupereka dziko lina. Iwo analimba mtima kuika makamera ndi maikolofoni pamaso pa a Britons wamba ndi kuwalola kulankhula m'chinenero chawo.
John Grierson akuti ndi ena kuti adayambitsa mawu oti "documentary". “Seŵerolo lili pakhomo panu,” iye anatero m’ma 1920, “kulikonse kumene kuli zisakasa, kulikonse kumene kuli kupereŵera kwa zakudya m’thupi, kulikonse kumene kuli kudyera masuku pamutu ndi nkhanza.”
Opanga mafilimu a ku Britain oyambirirawa amakhulupirira kuti zolembazo ziyenera kulankhula kuchokera pansi, osati kuchokera pamwamba: ziyenera kukhala za anthu, osati ulamuliro. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, anali magazi, thukuta ndi misozi ya anthu wamba zomwe zinatipatsa ife zolembazo.
Denis Mitchell anali wotchuka chifukwa cha zithunzi zake za msewu wa anthu ogwira ntchito. "Panthawi yonse ya ntchito yanga," adatero, "ndakhala ndikudabwa kwambiri ndi mphamvu ndi ulemu wa anthu". Ndikawerenga mawu amenewo, ndimaganizira za anthu amene anapulumuka ku Grenfell Tower, ambiri a iwo akuyembekezerabe kumangidwanso, onse akuyembekezerabe chilungamo, pamene makamera akupita ku masewero obwerezabwereza a ukwati wachifumu.
Malemu David Munro ndi ine tinapanga Chaka Zero: Imfa Yachete ya Cambodia mu 1979. Firimuyi inasweka chete ponena za dziko lomwe linagonjetsedwa ndi mabomba ndi kuphana kwa zaka zoposa khumi, ndipo mphamvu yake inaphatikizapo mamiliyoni a amuna, akazi ndi ana mamiliyoni ambiri populumutsa anthu ku mbali ina ya dziko lapansi. Ngakhale panopo, Year Zero imanena zabodza kuti anthu sasamala, kapena kuti iwo amene amasamala amakumana ndi zomwe zimatchedwa "kutopa kwachifundo".
Year Zero idawonedwa ndi anthu ochulukirapo kuposa omvera a pulogalamu yapano, yotchuka kwambiri yaku Britain "Reality" Bake Off. Idawonetsedwa pa TV wamba m'maiko opitilira 30, koma osati ku United States, komwe PBS idakana, mochita mantha, malinga ndi mkulu wa bungwe, zomwe adachita utsogoleri watsopano wa Reagan. Ku Britain ndi Australia, idawulutsidwa popanda kutsatsa - nthawi yokhayo, kwa chidziwitso changa, izi zachitika pawailesi yakanema yamalonda.
Kutsatira kuwulutsa kwa Britain, matumba opitilira 40 adafika ku maofesi a ATV ku Birmingham, makalata 26,000 a kalasi yoyamba mu positi yoyamba yokha. Kumbukirani kuti iyi inali nthawi yoyamba imelo ndi Facebook. M'makalatawo munali £ 1 miliyoni - zambiri mwazochepa kuchokera kwa omwe sakanatha kupereka. “Izi ndi za ku Cambodia,” analemba motero woyendetsa basi, akumalemba malipiro ake a mlungu. Opuma pantchito adatumiza penshoni yawo. Mayi wina yemwe akulera yekha ana anamutumizira ndalama zokwana £50. Anthu anabwera kunyumba kwanga ndi zoseweretsa ndi ndalama, ndi zopempha za Thatcher ndi ndakatulo zokwiyira Pol Pot ndi wothandizana naye, Purezidenti Richard Nixon, amene mabomba ake anafulumizitsa kukwera kwa otengeka maganizo.
Kwa nthawi yoyamba, BBC idathandizira filimu ya ITV. Pulogalamu ya Blue Peter idapempha ana kuti "abweretse ndi kugula" zoseweretsa m'masitolo a Oxfam m'dziko lonselo. Pofika Khrisimasi, anawo adakweza ndalama zokwana £3,500,000. Padziko lonse lapansi, Year Zero inapeza ndalama zokwana madola 55 miliyoni, makamaka osapemphedwa, ndipo zomwe zinabweretsa thandizo ku Cambodia mwachindunji: mankhwala, katemera ndi kuika fakitale yonse ya zovala zomwe zinalola anthu kutaya yunifolomu yakuda yomwe anakakamizika kuvala. Pol Pot. Zinali ngati kuti omvera asiya kuonerera ndipo ayamba kutenga nawo mbali.
Zofananazo zinachitika ku United States pamene TV ya CBS inaulutsa filimu ya Edward R. Murrow. Kukolola kwa Manyazi, mu 1960. Aka kanali koyamba kuti anthu ambiri a ku America omwe ndi apakati aone mmene umphaŵi unalili pakati pawo.
Harvest of Shame ndi nkhani ya alimi osamukira kumayiko ena omwe amachitiridwa bwino pang'ono ngati akapolo. Masiku ano, nkhondo yawo ili ndi mphamvu monga momwe anthu othawa kwawo komanso othawa kwawo amamenyera ntchito ndi chitetezo kumayiko akunja. Chomwe chikuwoneka chodabwitsa ndichakuti ana ndi zidzukulu za ena mwa anthu omwe ali mufilimuyi adzakhala ndi vuto la nkhanza ndi kukhwima kwa Purezidenti Trump.
Ku United States lero, palibe wofanana ndi Edward R. Murrow. Utolankhani wake wolankhula, wosasunthika wa ku America wathetsedwa mu zomwe zimatchedwa mainstream ndipo wathawira pa intaneti.
Britain idakali imodzi mwa mayiko ochepa kumene zolembedwa zimawonetsedwabe pawailesi yakanema wamba m'maola omwe anthu ambiri akadali maso. Koma zolemba zomwe zimasemphana ndi nzeru zomwe zalandilidwa zikukhala mtundu womwe uli pachiwopsezo, panthawi yomwe timawafuna mwina kuposa kale.
Pakafukufuku wotsatira pambuyo pa kafukufuku, anthu akafunsidwa zimene angakonde kwambiri pa wailesi yakanema, amanena masewero. Sindikhulupirira kuti akutanthauza mtundu wa pulogalamu yamakono yomwe ndi nsanja ya ndale ndi "akatswiri" omwe amakhudza mgwirizano wapadera pakati pa mphamvu zazikulu ndi omwe akuzunzidwa.
Zolemba zowonera ndizotchuka; koma mafilimu onena za ma eyapoti ndi apolisi apamsewu samamveka bwino padziko lapansi. Amasangalatsa.
Mapulogalamu anzeru a David Attenborough pazachilengedwe akupanga kusintha kwanyengo - mochedwa.
Panorama ya BBC ikuwonetsa kuthandizira kwachinsinsi kwa Britain ku jihadism ku Syria - posachedwa.
Koma chifukwa chiyani Trump akuyatsa moto ku Middle East? Chifukwa chiyani West edging ili pafupi ndi nkhondo ndi Russia ndi China?
Chongani mawu a wosimba nkhaniyo m’buku lakuti The War Game la Peter Watkins: “Pafupifupi nkhani yonse ya zida za nyukiliya, tsopano pamakhala zii m’manyuzipepala, ndi pa TV. Pali chiyembekezo pazochitika zilizonse zosathetsedwa kapena zosayembekezereka. Koma kodi pali chiyembekezo chenicheni chopezeka m’kukhala chete kumeneku?”
Mu 2017, chete kumeneko wabwerera.
Si nkhani kuti chitetezo cha zida za nyukiliya chachotsedwa mwakachetechete ndi kuti United States tsopano ikuwononga $46 miliyoni pa ola pa zida za nyukiliya: ndiyo $4.6 miliyoni ola lililonse, maola 24 patsiku, tsiku lililonse. Ndani akudziwa zimenezo?
Nkhondo Yotulukira pa China, yomwe ndinamaliza chaka chatha, yafalitsidwa ku UK koma osati ku United States - kumene 90 peresenti ya anthu sangathe kutchula kapena kupeza likulu la North Korea kapena kufotokoza chifukwa chake Trump akufuna kuwononga. China ili pafupi ndi North Korea.
Malinga ndi kunena kwa munthu wina wofalitsa mafilimu amene “akupita patsogolo” ku United States, anthu a ku America amangochita chidwi ndi zinthu zimene amazitcha “zolongosoledwa ndi anthu”. Iyi ndi ndondomeko ya "ndiyang'ane" gulu la ogula lomwe tsopano likuwononga ndikuwopseza ndi kugwiritsira ntchito chikhalidwe chathu chodziwika bwino, ndikuchotsa opanga mafilimu pamutu wofulumira monga momwe zilili masiku ano.
“Chowonadi chikaloŵedwa m’malo ndi kukhala chete,” analemba motero wolemba ndakatulo wa ku Russia Yevgeny Yevtushenko, “kukhala chete kumakhala bodza.”
Nthawi zonse achinyamata opanga mafilimu akamandifunsa momwe angasinthire "kusintha", ndimayankha kuti ndizosavuta. Ayenera kuthetsa chete.
Tsatirani a John Pilger pa twitter @johnpilger
