Ndi David Swanson
Mu 2010 ndinalemba buku lotchedwa Nkhondo Ndi Bodza. Patatha zaka zisanu, nditangokonza buku lachiwiri lomwe liti lituluke masika akubwerawa, ndinapeza buku lina lomwe linasindikizidwa pamutu wofanana kwambiri mu 2010 wotchedwa. Zifukwa Zopha: Chifukwa Chake Achimereka Amasankha Nkhondo, ndi Richard E. Rubenstein.
Rubenstein, monga momwe mungadziwire kale, ndi waulemu kwambiri kuposa ine. Bukhu lake lachita bwino kwambiri ndipo ndikanalimbikitsa kwa aliyense, koma makamaka kwa gulu lomwe limawona kuti kunyoza kumakhala konyansa kuposa mabomba. (Ndikuyesera kuti aliyense kupatula unyinji wa anthu awerenge buku langa!)
Tengani bukhu la Rubenstein ngati mukufuna kuwerenga kufotokozera kwake pa mndandanda wa zifukwa zomwe anthu amabweretsedwera kuti azichirikiza nkhondo: 1. Kudziteteza; 2. Mdani ndi woipa; 3. Kusamenya nkhondo kudzatifooketsa, kunyozeka, kunyozeka; 4. Kukonda dziko; 5. Ntchito yothandiza anthu; 6. Kupatula; 7. Ndi njira yomaliza.
Mwachita bwino. Koma ndikuganiza kuti ulemu wa Rubenstein kwa omenyera nkhondo (ndipo sindikutanthauza kuti mwachipongwe, monga momwe ndikuganiza kuti tiyenera kulemekeza aliyense ngati tikufuna kuwamvetsa) amamutsogolera ku cholinga cha momwe amakhulupilira mabodza awo. Yankho loti ngati amakhulupirira zabodza zawo ndi zoona - ndipo ndikuganiza kuti Rubenstein angavomereze - inde ndi ayi. Iwo amakhulupirira zina za izo, penapake, nthawi zina, ndipo amayesa zolimba kuti akhulupirire mochulukirapo za izo. Koma zingati? Kodi mumatsindika kuti?
Rubenstein akuyamba ndi kuteteza, osati ochita malonda akuluakulu a nkhondo ku Washington, koma othandizira awo kuzungulira United States. Iye analemba kuti: “Timavomereza kudziika m’mavuto chifukwa timakhulupirira kuti nsembeyo ndi yoipa. ziyenera, osati kokha chifukwa chakuti tapanikizidwa m’kuvomereza nkhondo ndi atsogoleri achinyengo, ofalitsa mabodza owopsa, kapena chilakolako chathu cha mwazi.”
Tsopano, ndithudi, ochirikiza nkhondo ambiri sadziika okha mkati mwa 10,000 mailosi a njira yovulaza, koma ndithudi amakhulupirira kuti nkhondo ndi yolemekezeka komanso yolungama, mwina chifukwa chakuti Asilamu oipa ayenera kuthetsedwa, kapena chifukwa anthu osauka oponderezedwa ayenera kumasulidwa ndi kupulumutsidwa, kapena kuphatikiza kwina. Ndi chifukwa cha omenyera nkhondo kuti mochulukirapo amayenera kukhulupirira kuti nkhondo ndi zochita zachifundo asanawathandize. Koma n’chifukwa chiyani amakhulupirira zimenezi? Iwo amagulitsidwa izo ndi ofalitsa, ndithudi. Inde, mantha ofalitsa nkhani zabodza. Mu 2014 anthu ambiri adathandizira nkhondo yomwe adayitsutsa mu 2013, monga zotsatira zachindunji zowonera ndi kumva za mavidiyo odula mitu, osati chifukwa chakumva zomveka zomveka bwino. M'malo mwake nkhaniyi idakhala yocheperako mu 2014 ndipo idakhudza kusinthana mbali kapena kutenga mbali zonse pankhondo yomweyi yomwe idachitika mosapambana chaka chatha.
Rubenstein akutsutsa, ndikuganiza kuti, kuthandizira nkhondo sikungochitika mwadzidzidzi (chinyengo cha Gulf of Tonkin, makanda kuchokera ku chinyengo cha incubators, a Spanish akumira. Maine chinyengo, etc.) komanso kuchokera munkhani yotakata yomwe imawonetsa mdani ngati woyipa komanso wowopseza kapena wothandizana nawo ngati akufunika. WMD yotchuka ya 2003 inalipodi m'mayiko ambiri, kuphatikizapo United States, koma kukhulupirira kuipa kwa Iraq sikunatanthauze kuti WMD inali yosavomerezeka kumeneko komanso kuti Iraq yokhayo inali yosavomerezeka ngati WMD inalipo kapena ayi. Bush adafunsidwa pambuyo pa kuwukira chifukwa chomwe adanena zomwe adanena za zida, ndipo adayankha, "Kodi pali kusiyana kotani?" Saddam Hussein anali woyipa, adatero. Mapeto a nkhani. Rubenstein akulondola, ndikuganiza, kuti tiyenera kuyang'ana zoyambitsa, monga kukhulupirira zoipa za Iraq osati ma WMD. Koma chisonkhezero chachikulu nchoipa kwambiri kuposa kulungamitsidwa pamwamba, makamaka pamene chikhulupiriro chiri chakuti mtundu wonse ndi woipa. Ndipo kuzindikira zolimbikitsa zomwe zimatipangitsa kuti timvetsetse, mwachitsanzo, Colin Powell amagwiritsira ntchito zokambirana zabodza komanso zabodza muumboni wake wa UN ngati kusakhulupirika. Iye sankakhulupirira zokopa zake zomwe; ankafuna kusunga ntchito yake.
Malinga ndi a Rubenstein, Bush ndi Cheney “anakhulupirira zonena zawozawo pagulu.” Bush, kumbukirani, adapempha Tony Blair kuti ajambule ndege ya US ndi mitundu ya UN, kuiwulutsa motsika, ndikuyesera kuti awombere. Kenako adatuluka kupita kwa atolankhani, ndi Blair, ndipo adati akuyesera kupewa nkhondo. Koma mosakayikira adakhulupirira pang'ono zonena zake, ndipo adagawana ndi anthu ambiri aku US lingaliro lakuti nkhondo ndi chida chovomerezeka cha mfundo zakunja. Anakhala ndi phande m’kudana kofala kwa anthu akunja, tsankho, ndi chikhulupiriro m’mphamvu yowombola ya kupha anthu ambiri. Iye ankakhulupirira kwambiri luso lankhondo. Adagawana nawo chikhumbo chofuna kusakhulupirira zomwe zidayambitsa malingaliro odana ndi US ndi zomwe US adachita kale. M’lingaliro limenelo, sitinganene kuti wofalitsa mabodza anasintha zikhulupiriro za anthu. Anthu adasinthidwa ndikuchulukirachulukira kwa zoopsa za 9/11 m'miyezi yakuwopseza pazofalitsa. Anabisidwa mfundo zazikulu ndi masukulu awo ndi manyuzipepala. Koma kunena zoona zenizeni kwa opanga nkhondo kukupita patali.
Rubenstein akunenetsa kuti Purezidenti William McKinley adakopeka kuti alande dziko la Philippines ndi "malingaliro aumunthu omwewo omwe adakhutiritsa anthu wamba ku America kuti athandizire nkhondo." Zoona? Chifukwa McKinley sanangonena kuti anthu osauka a ku Philippines sakanatha kudzilamulira okha, komanso ananena kuti zingakhale zoipa "bizinesi" kulola Germany kapena France kukhala ndi Philippines. Rubenstein mwiniwake akunena kuti “ngati a Twain a acerbic akadali nafe, akanati anene kuti chifukwa chimene sitinaloŵererepo ku Rwanda mu 1994 chinali chakuti panalibe phindu mmenemo. Kupatula kulowererapo kowononga kwa US kwazaka zitatu zapitazi ku Uganda komanso kuthandizira kwake kwa wakuphayo kuti adawona phindu polola kuti atenge mphamvu kudzera mu "kusachita" kwake ku Rwanda, izi ndizolondola. Zolimbikitsa zothandiza anthu zimapezeka komwe kuli phindu (Syria) osati kumene sikuli, kapena kumene kuli mbali ya kupha anthu ambiri (Yemen). Izi sizikutanthauza kuti zikhulupiriro zaumunthu sizimakhulupirira, ndipo makamaka ndi anthu kusiyana ndi ofalitsa, koma zimatsutsa chiyero chawo.
Rubenstein akulongosola Nkhondo Yapakamwa motere: “Ngakhale kuti inatha molimbana ndi maulamuliro ankhanza achikomyunizimu, atsogoleri a ku Amereka anachirikiza maulamuliro ankhanza ochirikiza Azungu m’maiko ambiri a Dziko Lachitatu. Izi nthawi zina zimaganiziridwa ngati chinyengo, koma zimayimira mawonekedwe olakwika a kuwona mtima. Kuchirikiza akuluakulu odana ndi demokalase kunasonyeza kukhulupirira kuti ngati mdaniyo ndi woipa kotheratu, munthu ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito ‘njira zonse zofunika’ kuti amugonjetse.” N’zoona kuti anthu ambiri ankakhulupirira zimenezi. Amakhulupiriranso kuti ngati Soviet Union itagwa, ulamuliro waulamuliro wa US ndi kuthandizira olamulira ankhanza odana ndi chikomyunizimu zitha kuyimilira. Iwo adatsimikiziridwa 100% zolakwika pakuwunika kwawo. Chiwopsezo cha Soviet chinalowedwa m'malo ndi zigawenga, ndipo khalidweli silinasinthe. Ndipo zidakhalabe zosasinthika ngakhale ziwopsezo zauchigawenga zisanakhazikitsidwe bwino - ngakhale kuti sizinapangidwe kukhala chilichonse chofanana ndi Soviet Union. Kuonjezera apo, ngati muvomereza lingaliro la Rubenstein la chikhulupiriro chowona mtima cha ubwino waukulu wa kuchita zoipa mu Cold War, mukuyenerabe kuvomereza kuti choipa chochitidwa chinaphatikizapo milu yambiri ya mabodza, kusaona mtima, kufotokoza molakwa, chinsinsi, chinyengo, ndi mahatchi osasamala kotheratu. , zonse m'dzina loyimitsa ma commies. Kuitana kunama (za Gulf of Tonkin kapena kusiyana kwa mizinga kapena Contras kapena chirichonse) "kwenikweni ... kuwona mtima" kumasiya munthu akudabwa kuti kusaona mtima kungawoneke bwanji ndi chitsanzo chotani cha wina amene akunama. popanda chikhulupiriro chirichonse kuti chinachake chinalungamitsa icho.
Rubenstein mwiniwake sakuwoneka kuti akunama pa chilichonse, ngakhale akuwoneka kuti ali ndi zowona zolakwika, monga akunena kuti nkhondo zambiri za America zapambana (huh?). Ndipo kusanthula kwake momwe nkhondo zimayambira komanso momwe kulimbikitsa mtendere kungathetsere ndizothandiza kwambiri. Amaphatikizanso pamndandanda wake woti achite pa #5 "Fufuzani kuti omenyera nkhondo anene zomwe amakonda." Zimenezi n’zofunika kwambiri chifukwa chakuti olimbikitsa nkhondowo sakhulupirira mabodza awo. Amakhulupirira umbombo wawo ndi ntchito zawo.
