Zikuwoneka ngati tangodutsa kumene kuthana ndi kutsutsana nkhondoyo ndiyabwino kwa ife chifukwa imabweretsa mtendere. Ndipo pakubwera kupindika kosiyana kwambiri, kophatikizana ndi zidziwitso zina zosangalatsa. Nayi fayilo ya Blog positi Wolemba Joshua Holland patsamba la Bill Moyers.
"Nkhondo yakhala ikuwoneka ngati ntchito yolimbikitsidwa ndi anthu apamwamba omwe apindula kwambiri ndi mikangano - kaya kuteteza katundu wakunja, kupanga zinthu zabwino pamalonda apadziko lonse lapansi kapena pogulitsa zinthu zankhondo - ndipo amalipira ndi magazi ya anthu osauka, chakudya chamawuni omwe amatumikira dziko lawo koma alibe gawo lililonse pachotsatira chake.
“. . . Katswiri wazandale wa MIT a Jonathan Caverley, wolemba Kuponderezedwa kwa Militarism, Chuma, ndi Nkhondo, ndipo iye mwini wa asilikali a US Navy, akuti magulu ankhondo apamwamba kwambiri, omwe ali ndi magulu odzipereka omwe amachititsa kuti anthu ambiri asamawonongeke pazochitika zing'onozing'ono, kuphatikizapo kuwonjezereka kwachuma kwachuma kuti apangitse zinthu zowonongeka zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu aziona nkhondo. . . .
"Joshua Holland: Kafukufuku wanu wapereka lingaliro lina lotsutsana nalo. Kodi mungandipatseko lingaliro lanu mwachidule?
"Jonathan Caverley: Ndemanga yanga ndi yakuti mu demokalase yodzikuza kwambiri monga United States, tapanga mawonekedwe akuluakulu a nkhondo. Sititumizanso asilikali mamiliyoni ambiri kumayiko akutali - kapena kuwona anthu ochulukirapo akubwera kunyumba. Mukangoyamba kunkhondo ndi ndege zambiri, ma satellites, mauthenga - ndi magulu angapo ophunzitsidwa bwino kwambiri - kupita ku nkhondo kumakhala kachitidwe ka cheke m'malo molimbikitsana. Ndipo mukangotembenuza nkhondo muzochita zolembera, zomwe zimalimbikitsa ndikusintha nkhondo.
“Mutha kuziwona ngati ntchito yogawa, kumene anthu omwe amapeza ndalama zochepa amalipira gawo locheperako pamtengo wankhondo. Izi ndizofunikira makamaka pamlingo waboma. Ku United States, boma limakonda kulipidwa ndalama kuchokera makamaka 20 peresenti. Ambiri aboma, ndinganene kuti 60%, mwina 65%, amalipiridwa ndi olemera.
“Kwa anthu ambiri, nkhondo tsopano ikudya ndalama zochepa kwambiri potengera magazi ndi chuma. Ndipo ili ndi zotsatira zobwezeretsanso.
"Chifukwa chake njira yanga ndiyosavuta. Ngati mukuganiza kuti zopereka zanu pamikangano sizikhala zochepa, ndikuwona zabwino zomwe zingapindule, ndiye kuti muyenera kuwona kuchuluka kwa ndalama zodzitchinjiriza ndikuwonjezera kukokomeza pamalingaliro anu akunja, kutengera zomwe mumapeza. Kuphunzira kwanga za malingaliro aku Israel kudawona kuti munthu akakhala wolemera pang'ono, ndimomwe amachitiranso nkhanza pakugwiritsa ntchito gulu lankhondo. "
Mwina Caverley angavomereze kuti nkhondo zaku US zimangokhala zophera mbali imodzi ya anthu omwe akukhala m'maiko osauka, ndikuti anthu ena ku United States amadziwa izi ndipo amatsutsa nkhondo chifukwa cha izo. Mwina akudziwanso kuti asitikali aku US amaferabe pankhondo zaku US ndipo amakopedwabe mosiyana ndi osauka. Mwina akudziwanso (ndipo mwina akuwunikira zonsezi m'buku lake, zomwe sindinawerenge) kuti nkhondo imapindulitsabe gulu lalikulu kwambiri kumtunda kwachuma ku US. Zida zankhondo zili pachimake pompano. Wothandizira zachuma pa NPR dzulo amalimbikitsa kuti apange zida zankhondo. Kugwiritsa ntchito nkhondo, kumatenga ndalama zaboma ndikuzigwiritsa ntchito m'njira yopindulitsa kwambiri olemera kwambiri. Ndipo ngakhale ndalama zaboma zimakwezedwa pang'onopang'ono, zimakwezedwa pang'ono pang'ono kuposa kale. Kugwiritsa ntchito pokonzekera nkhondo ndi gawo limodzi mwazomwe zimayambitsa kusalingana komwe Caverley akuti imayendetsa ndalama zochepa zothandizira nkhondo. Zomwe Caverley amatanthauza ponena kuti nkhondo (yotsika) imagawidwanso kumveketsedwa bwino poyankhulana:
"Holland: Phunziroli mumanena kuti asayansi ambiri sagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zogwiritsira ntchito zankhondo monga zopereka. Ine sindinamvetse izo. Chimene ena amachitcha kuti "usilikali wa Keynesianism" ndi lingaliro lomwe lakhalapo kwa nthawi yaitali. Tili ndi ndalama zambiri zolimbitsa usilikali m'mayiko akumwera, osati chifukwa cha chitetezo chokha, komanso monga njira ya chitukuko cha zachuma. Nchifukwa chiyani anthu sawona izi ngati pulogalamu yayikulu yogawiranso?
"Caverley: Chabwino, ndikugwirizana ndi zomangamanga. Ngati muyang'ana msonkhano uliwonse kapena muyang'anilankhulana ndi oyankhulana ndi omwe akukhala nawo, muwone kuti akukamba za kutenga gawo lawo lachidziwitso.
“Koma chachikulu ndichakuti ngakhale simukuganiza zogwiritsa ntchito zodzitchinjiriza ngati njira yobwezeretsanso, ndichitsanzo chapadera cha mtundu wa katundu waboma womwe boma limapereka. Aliyense amapindula poteteza boma - si olemera okha. Chifukwa chake chitetezo chamayiko mwina ndi amodzi mwa malo omwe mungawone ndale, chifukwa ngati simukulipira ndalama zambiri, mupempha zambiri. "
Kotero, mwina mbali ina ya lingaliro likuoneka kuti chuma chikuchotsedwa ku zigawo zachuma za United States kwa osauka. Pali choonadi china. Koma zachuma zikuwonekeratu kuti, zonse, kugwiritsa ntchito zida zankhondo kumabweretsa ntchito zochepa komanso ntchito zolipira kwambiri, ndipo zimakhala ndi phindu lochepa pachuma, kuposa ndalama zophunzitsira, kugwiritsa ntchito zomangamanga, kapena mitundu ina yazogwiritsira ntchito pagulu, kapenanso kudula msonkho kwa anthu ogwira ntchito - zomwe amatanthauzanso kutsikanso kutsika. Tsopano, kugwiritsa ntchito zida zankhondo kumatha kukometsa chuma ndikuwoneka kuti kukulitsa chuma, ndipo malingaliro ndi omwe amatsimikizira kuthandizira usitikali. Momwemonso, kugwiritsa ntchito zida zankhondo wamba "zankhondo" kumatha kupitilira kupitirira nthawi 10 pankhondo, ndipo malingaliro onse mbali zonse zandale zaku US atha kukhala kuti ndiye nkhondo zomwe zimawononga ndalama zambiri. Koma tiyenera kuvomereza zowona ngakhale tikamakambirana zakukhudzaku.
Ndipo pali lingaliro loti nkhondo imapindulitsa aliyense, yomwe imasemphana ndi zenizeni kuti nkhondoyi zoopsa mayiko omwe amalandira, "chitetezo" chawo munkhondo sichikupindulanso. Izi, nazonso, ziyenera kuvomerezedwa. Ndipo mwina - ngakhale ndikukayika - kuti kuvomereza kumapangidwa m'buku.
Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuchepa kwachilimbikitso chankhondo kupatula nthawi yayikulu yabodza. Ngati munthawizi zitha kuwonetsedwa kuti anthu aku US omwe amalandira ndalama zochepa amakhala ndi zida zambiri zankhondo, zomwe ziyenera kuyesedwa - koma osaganizira kuti omenyera nkhondo ali ndi chifukwa chomveka chothandizira. Inde, Caverley amapereka zifukwa zina zowonjezerapo zomwe angakhale atasocheretsedwa:
"Holland: Ndiloleni ndikufunseni za momwe amatsutsira chifukwa chake anthu osauka angathandizire nkhondo. Papepala, mumatchula lingaliro lakuti nzika zochepa zochepa zitha kugula zomwe mumatcha "nthano za ufumu." Kodi mungathe kuzilemba?
"Caverley: Kuti tipite kunkhondo, tifunika kuwononga dera lina. Si chinthu chaching'ono kuti gulu limodzi la anthu likulengeze kupha gulu lina la anthu, ziribe kanthu momwe mukuganizira kuti anthu angakhale otani. Kotero pali zambiri zoopsa zowonjezera kutentha ndi zomangamanga, ndipo izo zimangopita ndi gawo la nkhondo.
“Chifukwa chake mu bizinesi yanga, anthu ena amaganiza kuti vuto ndikuti osankhika amasonkhana ndipo, pazifukwa zadyera, akufuna kupita kunkhondo. Ndizowona ngati ndikusunga minda yawo ya nthochi ku Central America kapena kugulitsa zida kapena zomwe muli nazo.
"Ndipo amapanga nthano zapaufumu - izi zowopseza, akambuku awa, zilizonse zomwe mungafune kuzitcha - ndikuyesera kulimbikitsa dziko lonselo kuti lizimenya nkhondo yomwe mwina siingawasangalatse.
"Akadakhala kuti akunena zowona, mukadatha kuwona kuti malingaliro amitundu yakunja - lingaliro lawo lakuwopseza kwakukulu - lingagwirizane ndi ndalama. Koma mukangoyang'anira maphunziro, sindinapeze kuti malingaliro awa anali osiyana kutengera chuma chanu kapena ndalama zanu. ”
Izi zikuwoneka ngati zazing'ono kwa ine. Sitikukayikira kuti akuluakulu a Raytheon ndi akuluakulu osankhidwa omwe amawagwiritsira ndalama adzawona kuti ali ndi mphamvu zedi zogwiritsira ntchito zida zonse za nkhondo kusiyana ndi munthu wamba wa ndalama iliyonse kapena maphunziro omwe amatha kuona. Koma olamulira awo ndi ndale si gulu lofunika kwambiri poyankhula momveka bwino za olemera ndi osauka ku United States. Ambiri omwe amapindula nawo nkhondo, amatha kukhulupirira zikhulupiriro zawo zokha, poyankhula ndi owonetsa. Anthu a ku America omwe amapeza ndalama zopanda malire sizoyenera kulingalira kuti Achimerika omwe amapindula kwambiri sakhala olakwika. Caverley ananenanso kuti:
"Chomwe chinali chosangalatsa kwa ine ndikuti chimodzi mwazomwe zimaneneratu zakufuna kwanu kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama podzitchinjiriza ndikufunitsitsa kwanu kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama pamaphunziro, kufunitsitsa kwanu kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama kuchipatala, kufunitsitsa kwanu kuwononga ndalama mumisewu. Zinandidabwitsa kwambiri kudziwa kuti palibe mwayi wambiri wogulitsa 'mfuti ndi mafuta' m'maganizo mwa anthu ambiri omwe afunsidwa pamafunso awa. "
Izi zikuwoneka ngati zolondola. Palibe anthu ambiri aku America omwe adakwanitsa zaka zaposachedwa kuti kulumikizana pakati pa Germany kumawononga 4% yama US pamagulu ake ankhondo ndikupereka koleji yaulere, pakati pa US akuwononga ndalama zochulukirapo padziko lonse lapansi pokonzekera nkhondo ndikutsogolera olemera padziko lapansi kusowa pokhala, kusowa chakudya, kusowa ntchito, kumangidwa, ndi zina zambiri. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazinthu, ndikuganiza, chifukwa zipani ziwiri zazikuluzikulu zimakonda kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri zankhondo, pomwe imodzi imatsutsa ndipo inayo imathandizira ntchito zing'onozing'ono; kotero pamakhala mkangano pakati pa omwe akuwononga ndalama zotsutsana ndi zomwe mukuwononga, popanda wina kufunsa kuti "Mukuwononga chiyani?"
Ponena za nthano, nayi ina yomwe imapangitsa kuti magulu awiriwa azithandizira zankhondo:
"Holland: Chodula chomwe chikupezeka pano ndikuti mtundu wanu ukuneneratu kuti kusalingana kumakulirakulira, nzika wamba zizithandizira zankhondo, ndipo pamapeto pake m'ma demokalase, izi zitha kubweretsa malingaliro akunja akunja. Kodi jibe iyi ndi chiyani chomwe chimadziwika kuti "chiphunzitso cha mtendere wa demokalase" - lingaliro loti ma demokalase salekerera mikangano ndipo sangapite kunkhondo kuposa machitidwe ovomerezeka?
"Caverley: Zotsatira zake zimadalira zomwe mukuganiza kuti ndikuyendetsa mtendere wa demokalase. Ngati mukuganiza kuti ndizopewera mtengo, ndiye kuti izi sizikugwirizana bwino ndi mtendere wa demokalase. Ndikhoza kunena anthu ambiri omwe ndimalankhula nawo mu bizinesi yanga, ndife otsimikiza kuti demokrasi ngati kulimbana ndi nkhondo zambiri. Amangokhalira kumenyana wina ndi mnzake. Ndipo mwinamwake kufotokozera bwino kwa izo ndizokhalanso zovomerezeka. Anthu ambiri sali okonzeka kulimbikitsa nkhondo ndi anthu ena, motero.
Kunena mwachidule, demokalase ikakhala ndi mwayi wosankha zokambirana ndi ziwawa kuti zithetse mavuto ake andalama zakunja, ngati mtengo umodzi mwa izi utsika, ziyika zambiri mwa zinthuzo.
Izi ndi nthano yosangalatsa, koma imatha ikagwirizanitsidwa ndi zenizeni, ngati munthu atenga mayiko ngati United States ngati "demokalase." Dziko la United States lakhala ndi mbiri yakalekale yolanda ma demokalase ndi maukadaulo ankhondo, kuyambira 1953 Iran mpaka lero ku Honduras, Venezuela, Ukraine, ndi ena. Lingaliro loti ma demokalase samenyera ma demokalase ena limakulitsidwa, ngakhale kupitilira apo zenizeni, poganiza kuti izi ndichifukwa choti ma demokalase ena atha kuchitidwa mozindikira, pomwe mayiko omwe timawaukira amangomvetsetsa chilankhulo chomwe amati ndi chiwawa. Boma la United States lili ndi olamulira mwankhanza ochuluka kwambiri komanso mafumu ngati ogwirizana kwambiri kuti asagwirizane. M'malo mwake ndi mayiko olemera koma osauka pachuma omwe amakonda kuzunzidwa ngati ali a demokalase kapena ngati anthu akumudzi akuvomereza. Ngati pali olemera aku America omwe akutsutsana ndi malingaliro akunja awa, ndimawalimbikitsa kuti apereke ndalama kulengeza zomwe zidzalowe m'malo mwake ndi zida zogwiritsira ntchito zowononga komanso zopanda malire.
