Alamu yazambiri yawuka poyankha zomwe zatulutsidwa posachedwa kuchokera kwa Secretary of Homeland Security a John Kelly akufotokoza njira zotumizira magulu achitetezo a National Guard, komanso njira zina, kudutsa zigawo zazikulu za dzikolo kukasaka ndikusunga omwe akuwakayikira. za kukhala osamukira ku United States opanda zikalata. Boma la Trump likufuna kudzipatula pa memo, likunena kuti ndi Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo cha Kwawo (DHS) osati chikalata cha White House. Ngakhale izi zikungowonjezera mafunso okhudzana ndi ubale wa White House ndi akuluakulu ena onse a federal, zikulepheranso kuyika nkhawa za momwe alonda a National Guard angagwiritsire ntchito motsutsana ndi mamiliyoni a anthu amdera lathu. Kuphatikiza apo, zimadzutsa mafunso ozama okhudza amene amalamulira Alonda, omwe Alonda amamutumikira, komanso kupitirira izi, udindo wa mabungwe ankhondo pakulimbikitsa kapena kusokoneza demokalase m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri ndi limodzi.
Kudetsa nkhawa kwaposachedwa pamayendedwe owopsa omwe adawonetsedwa ndi memo ya DHS kumapereka chidwi pazomwe ena aife takhala tikukangana kwazaka zambiri, kuti dongosolo lobwezeretsedwa, losinthidwa, komanso lokulitsidwa kwambiri la National Guard liyenera kutenga udindo waukulu wachitetezo chaku America kuchokera kunkhondo yamasiku ano. kukhazikitsidwa. Kuti mufike kumeneko, zingakhale zothandiza kutenga njira yowonongeka mu malamulo ndi mbiri ya National Guard.
"United States sinawukidwe kuyambira 1941, komabe chaka chathachi, magulu ankhondo a National Guard adatumizidwa m'maiko 70 ..."
Tiyeni tiyambire ndi Bwanamkubwa Asa Hutchinson waku Arkansas, yemwe adayankha memo yomwe idatsitsidwa ya DHS ndi mawu aulula: "Ndikhala ndi nkhawa ndikugwiritsa ntchito zida za National Guard polimbikitsa olowa ndi ntchito zomwe alonda athu ali nazo kunja." Mabwanamkubwa ena adadandaulanso chimodzimodzi. Kuphatikizika kotereku kwa kutsidya kwa nyanja ndi kutumizidwa kunyumba kumatiuza zambiri zamalamulo ndi malamulo omwe amalamulira National Guard. Iwo ndi nyansi yowopsya.
Constitution ya United States imaletsa kugwiritsa ntchito a National Guard kuti aukire ndi kulanda mayiko ena. M'malo mwake, Gawo 1, Gawo 8 limapereka kugwiritsa ntchito Alonda "kukhazikitsa malamulo a Union, kupondereza zigawenga, ndi kuthamangitsa zigawenga." Malamulo aboma omwe amakhazikitsidwa motsogozedwa ndi Constitution amafotokoza mikhalidwe yomwe Alonda angagwiritse ntchito komanso kuti asagwiritsidwe ntchito pakukhazikitsa malamulo apakhomo. Zomwe zimawerengedwa pamalamulowa ndikuti salola kuti mabungwe achitetezo aboma azisaka ndi kusunga omwe akuganiziridwa kuti ndi osamukira kumayiko ena opanda zikalata. Koma pankhani ya malamulo okhudza malamulo okhudza zigawenga zingapo zankhondo ndi Bill of Rights, funsoli silikudziwika bwino.
Chomwe chikuwonekera ndikuti lamulo la National Guard lathyoledwa. United States sinawukidwe kuyambira 1941, komabe chaka chathachi, magulu ankhondo a National Guard adatumizidwa m'maiko 70, kuwonetsa zomwe Secretary Secretary of Defense a Donald Rumsfeld ananena kuti, "Palibe njira yomwe titha kuchita nkhondo yapadziko lonse lapansi popanda alonda. ndi Reserve.” Nthawi yomweyo, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kovomerezeka kwa a Guard motsutsana ndi osamukira kumayiko ena kudatsutsidwa mwachangu komanso kokulirapo komwe kumawulula otsutsa ambiri omwe sanakonzekere kuchita nawo mkangano wokhudza zomwe a Guard ali, zomwe amayenera kukhala poyambilira, komanso zomwe amatsutsa. akhoza kapena ayenera kukhala.
Mbiri ya Alonda
"Bwana, kugwiritsa ntchito gulu lankhondo ndi chiyani? Ndikuletsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa gulu lankhondo loyimilira, vuto laufulu…. Nthawi zonse Maboma akafuna kuukira ufulu ndi ufulu wa anthu, nthawi zonse amayesa kuwononga magulu ankhondo, kuti abweretse gulu lankhondo pamabwinja awo. " —Mtsogoleri wa US Elbridge Gerry, Massachusetts, August 17, 1789.
National Guard ndi gulu lankhondo lokonzedwa komanso loyendetsedwa bwino ku United States, ndipo magwero a Alonda ali ndi gulu lankhondo losintha dziko la 1770s ndi 1780s. Pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana za mbiri yakale zokhudzana ndi mbiri yautsamunda komanso utsamunda wa anthu ogwira ntchito mopitilira muyeso, mbadwo woukira boma udazindikira kuti m'magulu ankhondo omwe ali pachiwopsezo chowopsa ku boma lodzilamulira. Chifukwa chake, Constitution imapereka macheke ambiri pa mphamvu ya boma la feduro-ndipo, makamaka nthambi yayikulu-kuchita nawo nkhondo komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zankhondo. Kufufuza kwa malamulowa kumaphatikizapo kupeza nkhondo yolengeza mphamvu ndi Congress, kuyang'anira kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake. gulu lankhondo lomwe lilipo kusiyana ndi gulu lalikulu lankhondo loyima mwaukadaulo.
M’zaka za zana loyamba, magulu ankhondo ankagwira ntchito zabwino ndi zoipa monga momwe analili poyamba: kuthamangitsa kuwukiridwa, kupondereza zigawenga, ndi kukakamiza lamulo. Kumene gulu lankhondo silinayende bwino kunali kuukira ndi kulanda mayiko ndi mayiko ena. Izi zinali zowona pankhondo zolimbana ndi anthu aku North America, ndipo zidawonekera makamaka pakulephera kwakukulu kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi zosinthira mwachangu magulu ankhondo kukhala magulu ankhondo ku Philippines, Guam, ndi Cuba. Pambuyo pake, ndi nkhondo iliyonse yazaka za zana la makumi awiri, kuyambira Nkhondo ya ku Spain ku America kudutsa Nkhondo Zapadziko Lonse, Cold War, kulanda dziko la US ku Iraq ndi Afghanistan, ndi zomwe zimatchedwa Global War on Terror, Achimereka awona kuwonjezeka kwa dziko. gulu lankhondo lokhazikitsidwa ndi boma la United States kulowa mu National Guard and Reserves.
Kusintha kumeneku sikunangotsagana ndi kukwera kwankhondo zamakono zaku US, kwakhala kofunikira kwa izo. Pomwe Abraham Lincoln nthawi zambiri amatchula zomwe adakumana nazo koyamba paudindo waboma pachisankho chake kukhala kaputeni wa gulu lankhondo la Illinois, zisankho za asitikali zidachoka kunkhondo yaku US. Kumene magulu ankhondo osiyanasiyana anakana kutengamo mbali m’zolanda ndi kulanda dziko la Canada, Mexico, dziko la India, ndi Philippines, lero kukana koteroko kungadzetse vuto la malamulo. Kumene mu 1898 munali amuna asanu ndi atatu ogwidwa ndi zida zankhondo za US kwa aliyense wa asilikali a US, lero National Guard ikulungidwa m'malo osungira a US Armed Forces. Kuwonongeka ndi kuphatikizidwa kwa gulu lankhondo lachikhalidwe kunali kofunikira kuti dziko la US likhazikike m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri.
Monga chida choyendetsera malamulo apakhomo, kusintha kwa Alonda sikunakwaniritsidwe. M'zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi, magulu ankhondo akummwera adapondereza zigawenga za akapolo ndipo magulu akumpoto adakana osaka akapolo; zigawenga zina kuopseza ufulu Akuda ndi asilikali ena okonzedwa ndi akapolo akapolo otetezedwa Kumangidwanso; mayunitsi ena anapha anthu onyanyala ntchito ndipo ena analowa nawo sitalaka. Izi zapitilira mpaka zaka za makumi awiri ndi makumi awiri ndi chimodzi, monga Alonda adagwiritsidwa ntchito kukana ndi kukakamiza ufulu wa anthu ku Little Rock ndi Montgomery; kupondereza zipolowe zamatauni ndi zionetsero za ophunzira kuchokera ku Los Angeles kupita ku Milwaukee; kukhazikitsa malamulo ankhondo pa zionetsero za Seattle WTO za 1999-ndi kukana kutero panthawi ya Wisconsin Uprising ya 2011. Pulezidenti George W. Bush ndi Barack Obama adagwira ntchito ndi abwanamkubwa a mayiko a malire kuti atumize magulu a Guard kuti azilamulira malire, koma monga tawona sabata yatha, chiyembekezo chogwiritsa ntchito a Guard kuti agwire anthu obwera kumayiko ena omwe alibe chilolezo chakumana ndi kukana kwakukulu.
Kutengera Demokalase System of Defense
Ndizosakayikitsa kuti ndizabwino kuti, pazonse zomwe zachitika kwa National Guard, bungwe la Alonda likadali malo omwe anthu akupikisana nawo. Izi zakhala zowona osati pamachitidwe a DHS memo, komanso makamaka pakuyesayesa kwanthawi ndi nthawi kwa omwe akuchita usilikali, asitikali akale, mabanja ankhondo ndi abwenzi, maloya ndi oyimira demokalase kuti athane ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kosaloledwa ndi Alonda. M’zaka za m’ma 1980, abwanamkubwa a maiko ambiri anatsutsa kugwiritsa ntchito Alonda kuti aphunzitse a Nicaragua Contras. Kuchokera ku 2007-2009, bungwe la Liberty Tree Foundation linagwirizanitsa mayiko makumi awiri "Bweretsani Alonda Kunyumba!" kampeni yofuna kuti abwanamkubwa awonenso malamulo a federalization kuti akhale ovomerezeka komanso kukana kuyesa kutumiza magulu achitetezo aboma kutsidya kwa nyanja. Zoyesererazi zidalephera kukwaniritsa zolinga zawo zanthawi yomweyo, koma zidatsegula mikangano yapagulu yomwe ingaloze njira yakutsogolo kwa demokalase yachitetezo cha dziko.
Powunika mbiri ya National Guard, tikuwona zitsanzo zingapo za zomwe lamulo lochitapo kanthu mu chiphunzitso chazamalamulo limaphunzitsa: kuti lamulo ndi lamulo lalamulo limagwira ntchito osati m'malemba kapena m'mabungwe ovomerezeka koma makamaka m'njira lamulo lomwe limagwiridwa ndi kuzindikirika pakukula ndi kuya kwa moyo wa anthu. Ngati mawu a Constitution ya US agawira mphamvu zankhondo makamaka kwa Congress ndi asitikali a boma, koma chikhalidwe cha usilikali chimapangidwa m'njira yomwe imapatsa mphamvu nthambi yoyang'anira, ndiye zisankho zankhondo ndi mtendere, komanso dongosolo la anthu. ufulu wa anthu, udzaperekedwa ndi mutsogoleli wadziko. Kuti dziko lademokalase liziyenda bwino, ndikofunikira kuti malamulo enieni amphamvu azigwira ntchito m'njira yoyendetsera demokalase. Kwa ine, kuzindikira kotereku kukuwonetsa kusintha kosiyanasiyana pachitetezo cha dziko lathu, kuphatikiza:
- Kukula kwa ntchito ya National Guard kuti azindikire momveka bwino ntchito zake zamakono zothandizira masoka, ntchito zothandiza anthu, komanso ntchito zatsopano zosungirako, kusintha mphamvu, kukonzanso mizinda ndi kumidzi, ndi madera ena ovuta;
- Kukonzanso kwa Alonda monga gawo la machitidwe a ntchito zapadziko lonse momwe nzika iliyonse ya United States imatenga nawo gawo paunyamata wachikulire-ndiponso, ndi gawo la mgwirizano wopereka maphunziro apamwamba a boma ndi ntchito zina zachitukuko;
- Kubwezeretsedwa kwa mavoti, kuphatikizapo chisankho cha akuluakulu, ku National Guard system;
- Kukonzanso kwa ndalama ndi kuwongolera a Guard kuti awonetsetse kuti zigawo za boma zilowa munkhondo poyankha kuwukiridwa, monga momwe zilili mu Constitution;
- Kukonzanso koyenera kwa Asitikali ankhondo aku US pakugonjera ndikugwira ntchito ku Gulu la Alonda;
- Kuvomerezedwa kwa kusintha kwa referendum ya nkhondo, monga momwe anakonzera m'zaka za m'ma 1920 pambuyo pa nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse ndi m'ma 1970 kumapeto kwa nkhondo ya Vietnam, zomwe zimafuna referendum ya dziko United States isanalowe mkangano uliwonse wosadzitchinjiriza; ndi
- Kuwonjezeka kwakukulu pakupanga mtendere monga nkhani ya ndondomeko yaku America, mwa zina kudzera mu bungwe la United Nations lolimbikitsidwa komanso la demokalase, kotero kuti US imawononga ndalama zosachepera khumi popanga mikhalidwe yamtendere monga momwe imachitira pokonzekera kuthekera kwa nkhondo. .
Pali ena omwe amanena kuti palibe chimodzi mwa izi chomwe chimapita patali, kusonyeza kuti nkhondo yaletsedwa kale ndi mapangano osiyanasiyana omwe United States ndi osayina, makamaka Kellogg-Briand Pact ya 1928. Iwo ali, ndithudi, olondola. Koma mapangano oterowo, mofanana ndi Lamulo la Malamulo amene amawapanga kukhala “Lamulo Lalikulu la Dziko,” amangokhala ndi mphamvu yalamulo m’malamulo enieni a ulamuliro. Dongosolo lachitetezo chademokalase ndiye chitetezo chotsimikizika chamtendere ndi demokalase. Kudabwitsidwa komwe kwafalikira kwa anthu pakutumizidwa kwa a National Guard kuti akakamize anthu olowa m'dzikolo kuyenera kukhala poyambira kufufuza kofunikira kwambiri komanso kukangana komwe timakhala ngati anthu oteteza ndi kuteteza ufulu ndi ufulu wathu. .
