Kuthawa: Mbiri Yaitali, Yonyada

Si ntchito, ndi ulendo, kapena
kuvala zobvala zanu ndiye camo watsopano
Ndi CJ Hinke
Kuchokera ku Otsutsa Aulere: Otsutsana Nkhondo M'ndende ndi CJ Hinke, akubwera kuchokera ku Trine-Day mu 2016.

Pali zifukwa zambiri zosiya usilikali monga pali anthu othawa. Asilikali a mayiko onse amakonda kulanda anyamata akakhala osaphunzira, osadziwa zambiri, komanso akusowa ntchito. Pamafunika msilikali wolimba mtima kwambiri kuti aponyere pansi chida chake kuposa kupha mlendo.

Pali anthu othawa m'dziko lililonse lomwe lili ndi asilikali. Magulu ankhondo amafuna kumvera kwakhungu ndipo anthu amafuna ufulu.

N'chifukwa chiyani amuna amachoka? Ndithudi osati chifukwa cha mantha. Pamafunika kulimba mtima kokulirapo kuti tichoke pagululi komanso kudalira utundu wankhanza. Amuna 36 pa XNUMX aliwonse omwe akukumana ndi nkhondo kwa nthawi yoyamba amawopa kwambiri kutchedwa wamantha kuposa kuvulazidwa kapena kuphedwa.

Odwala pankhondo amatchulidwa ndi mayina ambiri ndi akatswiri a zamaganizo. Mu Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni ku US, matenda a DaCosta kapena mtima wa msilikali; mu Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse, kugwedezeka kwa chipolopolo, kusinthika kwachisokonezo kapena fugue state, kuyankha kwa ndege; mu Nkhondo Yadziko II, kutopa pankhondo, kutopa pankhondo; ku Vietnam, kulimbana ndi kutopa, kutopa, kulimbana ndi nkhawa; ku oh-so-modern post-traumatic stress disorder yogawana ndi asilikali a Gulf ndi oyendetsa ndege.

Matenda onsewa panthaŵi ina analetsedwa ndipo kutchulidwa kwake kwafufuzidwa, ngakhale m'magazini azachipatala. Cholinga cha chithandizo chinali kutumiza asilikali kubwerera kunkhondo. 600,000 adatulutsidwa ku US Army yokha chifukwa cha madandaulo a neuropsychiatric. Monga tafotokozera olosera kuchiyambi kwa Nkhondo Yadziko II, “zaka 25 pambuyo pa kutha kwa Nkhondo ‘Yaikulu’, pafupifupi theka la mabedi 67,000 a m’zipatala za Veterans Administration adakali odzazidwa ndi ovulala a neuropsychiatric pa Nkhondo Yadziko I.” Oposa gawo limodzi mwa magawo anayi aliwonse ovulala pa Nkhondo Yadziko II anali amisala.

Othawa si amantha kwenikweni. Ambiri sanafune kupha atalowa usilikali. Ena anakumana ndi vuto la maganizo. Ena anali ndi mabanja osoŵa kwawo. Dziko lolondola kapena lolakwika? Zachabechabe!

“Chipululu” ndi mawu achipongwe pakati pa anthu. Timawaganizira ngati "obwerera" kuchokera kumisala ya nkhondo zonse. Tikuyembekezera kuti abwere kunyumba, tikunyadira kuti sanaphe aliyense.

Ngakhale kuti chilango cha US chothawa pa nthawi ya nkhondo chidakali imfa, palibe munthu wothawa ku America yemwe wakhala miyezi yoposa 24 kuyambira pa September 11, 2001. Mfundo za Nuremburg zimafuna kuti msilikali akane malamulo alionse omwe angapangitse kuti anthu alakwe. (Ndiponso nkhondo ndi chiyani!)

Nkhondo ya 1812 (1812-1815)
12.7% ya asitikali onse aku America adasiyidwa poyerekeza ndi 14.8% panthawi yamtendere. Izi zinali makamaka chifukwa cha chilango cha imfa pa "chiwembu" choterocho. Ambiri adakumana ndi kuphedwa mwachidule.

Nkhondo ya Mexican-America (1846-1848)
8.3%, asitikali 9,200 aku US adathawa.

Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni ku US (1861-1865)
Gulu la Union Army la kumpoto linayang'anizana ndi kuthawa kwakukulu kuposa Confederacy ya kum'mwera. Zipululu zopitirira 87,000 zidalembedwa kuchokera ku zigawo zitatu zakumpoto, zipululu 180,000 pamodzi pakutha kwa nkhondo. Kum'mwera akuti kudataya 103,400 chifukwa chothawa nkhondoyi, kuphatikiza magulu onse ankhondo. Komabe, asilikali okwana 278,000 mwa 500,000 anasowa pamene nkhondo itatha. Mark Twain adachoka kumbali zonse ziwiri. William Smitz waku North's Pennylvania Volunteers anali womaliza kuwombera gulu lowombera mu 1865.

Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse (1914-1918)
Asitikali a 240,000 aku Britain ndi a Commonwealth adaweruzidwa ndi khothi ndipo 346 adaphedwa chifukwa chosiya ntchito, mantha, kusiya ntchito, kukana lamulo, kapena kutaya zida pazigamulo zakupha 3,080 panthawi ya "Nkhondo Yothetsa Nkhondo Zonse", kuphatikiza aku Canada 25 ndi 22. Achi Irish. Amakumbukiridwa ndi Shot at Dawn Memorial ku Staffordshire. Chikumbutsocho chidapangidwa ndi Private Herbert Burden, wazaka 17, womangidwa m'maso ndikumangidwira pamtengo. Pafupifupi mayina onse a anthu othawa kwawowa sanawonjezedwe ku zikumbutso za nkhondo. Ena, ngakhale si onse, akhululukidwa atamwalira ndi boma la Britain. Ochepa anakana kuphimba maso pamene anali kuyang’anizana ndi gulu lankhondo, akusankha kuwayang’ana m’maso. (Ndipo awa ndi amantha?!?)

Asilikali opitilira 600 aku France adaphedwa chifukwa chothawa.

Asilikali 15 a ku Germany anaphedwa chifukwa chothawa.

Anthu 28 othawa ku New Zealand adaweruzidwa kuti aphedwe ndipo asanu adaphedwa. Asilikali awa adakhululukidwa atamwalira mu 2000.

Asitikali aku US adalemba anthu 21,282 omwe adathawa ndipo Purezidenti Woodrow Wilson adasintha zigamulo zonse 24 zakupha anthu othawa kwawo.

Nkhondo Yachiŵiri Yadziko (1939-1945)
Opitilira 21,000 aku America omwe adathawa adazengedwa ndikuweruzidwa chifukwa chothawa pa "Nkhondo Yabwino". Ngakhale kuti 49 anaweruzidwa kuti aphedwe, mmodzi yekha, Private Eddie Slovik, msilikali amene anadzipereka kuchotsa minda ya migodi, anaphedwa mwankhanza pa January 31, 1945 ku Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines ku France. Chilengezo chake chomaliza chinali chakuti, “Ndithawanso ngati ndiyenera kupita kumeneko.”

Supreme Allied Commander ndipo kenako Purezidenti wa US, Dwight D. Eisenhower, adatsimikizira kuti Slovik waphedwa, ponena kuti "zinali zofunikira kuletsa kuthawa kwina". Slovik ananena kuti: “Akundiwombera mkate ndi chingamu chimene ndinaba ndili ndi zaka 12.”

Kuphedwa kwa Slovik kunabisidwa kwa anthu wamba a ku France. Anamangidwa m'mikono ndi torso, mawondo, ndi akakolo ndipo anapachikidwa pa spike pazitsulo zisanu ndi chimodzi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi ku khoma lamwala la famu ya ku France. Asilikali 12 adapatsidwa mfuti za M-1, imodzi yokha yomwe inali ndi zozungulira zopanda kanthu. Pambuyo pa volley yoyamba, Private Slovik sanafe; anafa pamene asilikali anali kukwezanso katundu. Eddie Slovik anali woyamba kuthawa ku America kuphedwa kuyambira pomwe Lincoln anali Purezidenti. Anali ndi zaka 24.

Slovik anaikidwa m'manda owerengeka mu Row 3, Grave 65 ya Plot "E" pamodzi ndi asilikali 95 a US omwe anaphedwa chifukwa chogwiririra ndi kupha, mpaka 1987 pamene Purezidenti Ronald Reagan analamula kuti mtembo wake ubwerere. Anaikidwa m'manda ku Detroit, pafupi ndi mkazi wake, Antoinette. Adapempha apurezidenti asanu ndi awiri aku US kuti abwerere mpaka pomwe adamwalira mu 1979, asanalandire chithandizo chamankhwala cha GI.

Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse idawona makhothi ankhondo aku US 1.7 miliyoni, gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a milandu yonse yaku America. Mu May 1942 mokha, panali anthu 2,822 amene anasiya ntchito.

Asilikali oposa 1,500 a ku Austria anathawa ku German Wehrmacht. Kampeni yowakumbukira idakhazikitsidwa mu 1988 ndi mutu wakuti, "Kuthawa sikulakwa, nkhondo ndi". Mu 2014, adalemekezedwa ndi chipilala, Chikumbutso cha Ozunzidwa ndi Chilungamo Chankhondo cha Nazi. Chojambulacho chimakhala ku Vienna moyang'anizana ndi Chancellory waku Austria ndi ofesi ya Purezidenti. Amangolembedwa ndi mawu awiri okha, "onse okha".

Ku Germany, asilikali oposa 15,000 anaphedwa chifukwa chosiya ulamuliro wa Nazi. Adakumbukiridwa mu 2007 ndi Deserteur Denkmal ku Stuttgart. Amaperekedwa "Kwa zipululu kunkhondo zonse".

Nkhondo ku Vietnam (1955-1975)
Asitikali osachepera 50,000 aku US adathawa, kuphatikiza ambiri omwe adathawira ku Canada, France, ndi Sweden.

Soviet Union, m'mbiri yake yonse 1917-1991, inapha anthu othawa 158,000 ndikutsekera m'ndende akuluakulu a Red Army 135,000. Akaidi enanso okwana 1.5 miliyoni a ku Soviet Union muulamuliro wa chipani cha Nazi anatumizidwa ku gulags ku Siberia pobwezedwa chifukwa cha kusakondana kwawo.

Asilikali 60,000-80,000 amtundu wa Soviet ochokera kumalire a Asilamu aku Central Asia adasiyidwa panthawi yankhondo. Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni ku Afghanistan 1979-1989. Asitikali a 85,000 aku Afghanistan adathawanso panthawiyi.

Nkhondo ku Afghanistan, Iraq, ndi zina zambiri (2001-panopa)
Kuyambira 2000, Pentagon ikuyerekeza kuti asitikali opitilira 40,000 achoka kunthambi zonse zankhondo. Mu 2001 mokha, 7,978 anathawa.

Asitikali opitilira 5,500 aku America adathawa mu 2003-2004. Mu 2005, asilikali 3,456 anathawa. Pofika m’chaka cha 2006, chiwerengerochi chinali chitakwana 8,000.

Mu 2006, asitikali aku UK adanenanso za anthu othawa 1,000.

US Army Sergeant Bowe Bergdahl anaimbidwa mlandu wothawa ndi "khalidwe loipa" pamaso pa mdani atasiya udindo wake ku Afghanistan ku 2009. Anagwidwa ukapolo ndi a Taliban kwa zaka zisanu asanasinthidwe mu 2014 kwa anthu asanu ndi limodzi apamwamba a ku Afghanistan omwe anagwidwa ndi US. m'ndende zawo zakunja ku Guantánamo Bay, Cuba. Mmodzi adamwalira zisanachitike kusinthana kotero kuti a Taliban asanu adatulutsidwa ndi US, wamkulu wankhondo, wachiwiri kwa nduna yazamalamulo, nduna yakale ya zamkati, ndi akuluakulu awiri akuluakulu. A Taliban poyambirira adafuna $1 miliyoni ndikumasulidwa kwa akaidi 21 aku Afghanistan pamodzi ndi wasayansi waku Pakistani yemwe adapha asitikali aku US. (Purezidenti Obama amachitadi 'kukambirana ndi zigawenga'. Mtsogoleri Wamkulu adajambula chithunzi chodziwika bwino ndi makolo a Bergdahl ku Rose Garden.)

Zikuwoneka kuti sajeni wachinyamatayo akuimbidwa mlandu chifukwa, akadapanda kutero, akanafuna chipukuta misozi ku boma la US chifukwa cha mkaidi wankhondo. (A US atha kuwononga mabiliyoni ambiri pankhondo, ndikulipira khoti lankhondo koma akukana kulipira msilikali m'modzi!) Bergdahl akukumana ndi chigamulo cha moyo wawo wonse kukhothi lankhondo.

Ndiye mnyamata wa ku Idaho wophunzitsidwa kunyumba uyu anali chiyani yemwe adaphunzira kupanga mipanda ndi kuvina, osakhala ndi galimoto komanso kukwera paliponse panjinga akuchita usilikali, mulimonse? Langizo: Gulu lankhondo litenga chakudya chilichonse chomwe angatenge! Bowe adachoka kumalo osungira amonke a Chibuda kupita kusukulu ya ana ku Fort Benning. Monga Pvt. Slovik, Sgt. Bergdahl, adalengeza cholinga chake "chochoka kumapiri a Pakistan"., kutenga kampasi yake yokha.Atayamba kuphunzira Chipashto, Bergdahl anakhala nthawi zambiri ndi Afghans kuposa asilikali a gulu lake la 'counterinsurgency'. Adalemba makolo ake kuti "adachita manyazi kukhala waku America" ​​ndipo adaganiza zosiya kukhala nzika yaku US, zomwe zidayikidwa ndi White House. Makolo ake anamuyankha kuti, “MVERA CHIKUMBUMTIMA CHAKO!”

Anthu 64 pa 2008 aliwonse aku Canada adafunsidwa kuti apemphe boma lawo kuti livomereze othawa kwawo ankhondo aku US pambuyo poti zigamulo ziwiri zomvera chifundo zidaperekedwa ku Nyumba ya Malamulo mu 2009 ndi XNUMX. Mazana a anthu othawa kwawo ku America athawira ku Canada.

Komabe, zoyesayesa zamalamulo izi sizinali zomanga. Boma la Canada latengera ndondomeko yankhanza yothamangitsira anthu othawa kwawo ku US, mosiyana kwambiri ndi nthawi ya Vietnam, ndipo achinyamata ambiri aku America amangopita mobisa ku Canada.

Bungwe la BBC linathirira ndemanga pa nkhani yotsutsana ndi nkhondo ya Iraq Jeremy Hinzman mu 2004: "Anthu aku America omwe ali m'mavuto akhala akuthamangira ku Canada kwa zaka mazana ambiri ... pambuyo pa Revolution ya America ... ku ufulu…”

Ngakhale kuti ndinapereka uphungu, kuthandiza ndi kuthandizira mazana a anthu okana kulowa usilikali ku Vietnam m’zaka zonse za m’ma 1960 monga mbali ya Student Peace Union, The Resistance, ndi Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors, ndinalibe kugwirizana kwenikweni ndi anthu othawa ku America. Poyamba ndinalimbikitsa kuthawa pachionetsero chachikulu cha anthu a Gensuikin kutsogolo kwa gulu lalikulu la asilikali la United States lotumiza asilikali ku Vietnam ku Naha, Okinawa, mu 1969. Ndinafika pa sitima yapamadzi n’kunyamuka pandege.

Ndimachirikizabe, kupereka uphungu, thandizo ndi kulimbikitsa kuti aliyense amene ali m’gulu lankhondo kulikonse azindisiya. Anthu othawa kwawo si ngwazi za dziko lokha. Ndi ngwazi zapadziko lonse lapansi zomwe zakana kupha anthu wamba ndi asirikali akunja.

Palibe chabwino chimene mungachite kuposa kukana kupha. Ngati muli msilikali, msilikali aliyense, chitani zoyenera: THAWANI!

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Zothandizira
Wikipedia, "kuthawa"
Charles Glass, Deserters: The Last Untold Story of the Second World War, 2013.
William Bradford Huie, The Execution of Private Slovik, 1954. Kanema wa 1974 wa dzina lomwelo lochokera m'bukuli komanso wojambula Martin Sheen.
Benedict B. Kimmelman, "Chitsanzo cha Private Slovik", American Heritage, September/October 1987. http:/www.americanheritage.com/node/55767
Joseph Heller, Catch-22, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1961.
Ray Rigby, The Hill, New York: John Day, 1965.