Kufotokozera za Kuyankha Kusintha Kwanyengo

April 17, 2020

kuchokera Sayansi Yamtendere Digest

Ngongole yazithunzi: Tony Webster

Kusanthula uku kumafotokozera mwachidule ndikuwonetsa kafukufuku wotsatira: Boyce, GA, Launius, S., Williams, J. & Miller, T. (2020). Alter-geopolitics komanso zovuta zachikazi pazachitetezo cha nyengo. Jenda, Malo, & Chikhalidwe, 27 (3), 394-411.

Zokambirana

Potengera momwe nyengo yasinthira:

• Maboma a mayiko, makamaka ku Global North, akugogomezera kusankhana kwina kwa mayiko kuti ateteze otha kusintha nyengo pamalingaliro monga kuchepetsa mpweya.
• Kuyankha kwankhondo kwamtunduwu kumabweretsa kusatetezeka komanso kusasamala kwa zomwe anthu komanso madera ena omwe amakhala pangozi.
• Mayendedwe achikhalidwe omwe amatenga malingaliro ophatikizika kwambiri otetezedwa komanso machitidwe achangu a mgwirizano akhoza kutsegulira njira yakutsogolo kwa mfundo zachikhalidwe zomwe zimayankha mozama pazinthu zingapo zopanda chitetezo m'malo mopititsa patsogolo kusatetezeka pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo zosankhidwa ngati njira yolamulira malire.

Chidule

Zosankha zingapo zakupezeka m'maiko kuti athe kuthana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo. Poyang'ana mwachindunji ku US, olemba kafukufukuyu amati zosankha izi zimawonedwa kudzera mandala a geopopulationism, zikupangitsa maboma kuti azigwiritsa ntchito njira zopezetsa nkhondo ngati zikugwirizana ndi zoyesayesa zochepetsera mpweya woipa. Mayiko azindikira kusunthidwa kwakusintha kwa nyengo (makamaka kuchokera ku Global South kupita ku Global North) ngati chiwopsezo chachikulu pakusintha kwanyengo, ndikuchiyika ngati chiwopsezo chofuna chitetezo chomwe chimafuna kukhoma pamalire, poyenda ndi mfuti, komanso kumangidwa.

Kusintha kwa chilengedwe: "Mchitidwe watsankho wopanga malo opanga magawo kuti anthu azitha kugwiritsa ntchito, kuwongolera kapena kuchepetsa kuyenda kwawo komanso / kapena kufikira malo ena." Olembapo nkhaniyi amagwiritsa ntchito njira zamtunduwu momwe maiko nthawi zambiri amazindikirira chitetezo chawo. M'dongosolo la boma ladziko lonse lapansi, anthu amadziwika kuti ali m'magulu (mayiko) otanthauzira, ndipo mayiko amenewo akuwoneka kuti akuchita mpikisano wina ndi mnzake.

Olembawo amatsutsa kuwumba kumeneku, komwe amati kumachitika chifukwa cha momwe anthu amapezeka m'maiko ena ndipo mayiko amenewa akuchita mpikisano wina ndi mnzake kuti ateteze zofuna zawo. M'malo mwake, amafunanso kuyankha kwina pakusintha kwanyengo. Zochokera kuukadaulo waukadaulo, olemba amayang'ana kumayanjano — North American Sangment Movement ndi #BlackLivesMatterkuphunzira momwe mungalimbikitsire kutenga nawo mbali komanso kukulitsa malingaliro otetezeka.

Olembawo amayamba ndi kutsatira chitetezo za ndondomeko zanyengo ku US Amapereka umboni kuchokera ku lipoti lakale la Pentagon la 2003 losonyeza momwe asitikali aku US akuwunikira anthu osamukira kwanyengo ngati chiwopsezo chachikulu chakusintha kwanyengo, kuchititsa kuti mayiko ena alimbikire kuti asaphedwe Zilumba za Pacific, Mexico, ndi South America. "[1] Kukonzanso kwa geopopulationist kudapitilizabe kumaboma onse a US, zomwe zimapangitsa akuluakulu aku US kuti azichotsa kusamukira kwawanthu kupita ku US ngati chitetezo chapamwamba chochokera pakusintha kwanyengo.

Chitetezo: Amawona ngati "ndale zowopsa kwambiri" momwe "mfundo [zandale] zimafotokozedwera ngati chiwopsezo chomwe chilipo, chofuna kuchitapo kanthu mwadzidzidzi ndikulungamitsa zomwe sizichitika motsatira ndale." Buzan, B., Waever, O., & Wilde, J. (1997). Kusanthula kwachitetezo: Zida zoganiza. Mu Chitetezo: Njira yatsopano yowunikira, 21-48. Boulder, CO. Lynn Rienner Publishers.

Mwakutero, olemba anazindikira kuti "zoopsa zakusintha kwanyengo, sizimamveka monga kuphatikiza ulesi, kusasinthika kwa nyanja, chilala, nyengo yoipa, kukwera kwamadzi, kapena zovuta za izi pakuchita bwino kwa anthu, pa se - koma m'malo mwake [kusamuka kwa anthu] kuti izi zikuyerekezeredwa kuti mwina zikuyambitsa. ” Apa, olemba akutenga kuchokera ku kuphunzira kwa ukazi kupitirira zosintha-geopolitics kuwonetsa momwe mfundo za geopopulationist zimathandizira kukhala osatetezeka komanso kusasamala kwa zochitika za anthu ndi madera. Mabungwe omwe tawatchulawa akutsutsa malingaliro amtunduwu pofutukuza tanthauzo la chitetezo ndikupangitsa kuti kuphatikiza zambiri zomwe zachitika ndi omwe akumana ndi vuto lavuto-njira yomwe imaloza njira ina kutsogolo poyankha kusintha kwa nyengo.

Zosintha-Geopolitics: Njira ina yodziwika bwino yokhudza "chitetezo chazomwe zimalimbikitsa chitetezo [dziko] dziko] zimatulutsa ndikugawa chitetezo pamiyeso yamphamvu ndi kusiyana," ndikuwonetsa momwe "machitidwe ndi zophatikizana zimakhalira pamadera enieni komanso ophiphiritsa. kufalikira, kufalitsa, kufalitsa, ndi kukonzanso chitetezo kuti ikhale yochulukitsa komanso yophatikizira. ” Koopman, S. (2011). Alter-geopolitics: Zachitetezo zina zikuchitika. Geoforum, 42 (3), 274-284.

Choyamba, North American Sangment Movement idayamba ngati mgwirizano wa ochita zachiyanjano, matchalitchi, masunagoge, mayunivesite, mabungwe ogwira ntchito, ndi mabwanawa atachitapo kanthu chifukwa chofunidwa ndi omwe akufuna chitetezo kuchokera ku Central America mu 1980s - ambiri omwe anali kuthawa zachiwawa m'manja mwa US - maboma am'mayiko monga El Salvador, Guatemala, ndi Honduras. Gululi linakumana mwachindunji ndikuwonetsa malingaliro a US ku geopopulationist - momwe US ​​idayikira kumbuyo maboma achiwawa ngati chiwonetsero chokhudza chitetezo chake ndikuyesera kuletsa anthu omwe akhudzidwa kuti asapeze chitetezo ku US - pomanga mgwirizano wogwirizana pakati pa anthu ndi madera omwe akuwonongeka. Kugwirizana kumeneku kunawonetsa kuti kufunafuna chitetezo ku US kudachititsanso kuti anthu ambiri komanso madera ambiri asamayendetsedwe ndi ziwawa. Gululi limalimbikitsa mayankho a malingaliro, monga kukhazikitsidwa kwa gulu Lakanthawi Otetezedwa Lamulo la othawa kwawo ku US.

Chachiwiri, #ChidaMalat Kuyenda kwapangitsa kuti pakhale kulumikizana kwina pakati pa nkhanza za tsankho komanso kusayenerana kwa zovuta za chilengedwe. Kusintha kumeneku kumangokulitsidwa kwambiri ndikuwongolera kwakusintha kwa nyengo. Ndondomeko ya bungweli siitanthauza "kuthana ndi nkhanza za apolisi, kuwatsekera m'ndende, komanso kuyendetsa zochitika zina moyenera komanso kumwalira msanga" komanso "kuthamangitsidwa ndi anthu pochotsa zinthu zakale, limodzi ndi ndalama zomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi anthu ammudzi pantchito zamaphunziro, zaumoyo komanso mphamvu." Gululi limabweretsa kulumikizana pakati pa magawo osiyanasiyana amtundu wamtundu wokhudzana ndi kuvulala kwachilengedwe komanso mfundo zazikulu za geopopulationist, zomwe zimalephera kuvomereza kuti kusatetezeka kapena kuthana ndi zomwe zimayambitsa.

Zotsatira za kusintha kwanyengo zimamvekedwa mopitilira malire andale, zikumafuna kutanthauzira kophatikiza kopitilira muyeso komwe kumapitilira zomwe zafotokozedwa mu geopopulationism. Pakuwunika mayendedwe achilengedwe mu kafukufukuyu, olemba amayamba kupanga njira ina yothandizira kusintha kwa nyengo malinga ndi malingaliro ophatikizika kwambiri. Choyamba, chochokera kuzomwe # #ChidaMalat, ndikumvetsetsa kuti kusintha kwanyengo kumathandizira kumadera osatetezeka a utoto womwe udakumana nawo kale chifukwa cha tsankho lachilengedwe. Chotsatira, pali mipata yolumikizana mosadukiza, monga momwe Sangment Movement idawonetsera, kuti titembenukire kumbali yakuwunika kwa kusakhazikika kwa nyengo, komwe kumafunikira kukhazikitsidwa kwa malire amdziko ndikusasamala ndi zovuta zina zakumunda zomwe zimakhudza moyo wa anthu.

Kudziwitsa

Pa nthawi yomwe bukuli linalembedweratu, dziko lapansi likukumanso ndi vuto linanso loopsa padziko lonse lapansi. Kufalikira kwadzidzidzi kwa coronavirus kukuwulula zolakwika mu kayendedwe ka zaumoyo ndikuwonetsa kusakonzeka kwathunthu m'maiko ambiri, makamaka a US Tili palimodzi kufunafuna zovuta zomwe zingachitike. zotheka kutayika ya mioyo momwe COVID-19 ikhalira chifukwa chachiwiri chakufa ku United States sabata yathayi, osanenapo za zovuta zachuma (kuyerekezera kwa opitilira 30% osowa ntchito) kuti mavutowa akwanira miyezi yambiri ndi zaka zikubwerazi. Zimatsogolera akatswiri ambiri amtendere ndi chitetezo kuti yerekezerani zofananira ndi nkhondo komanso kuwongolera akatswiri ambiri omwewo kuti awombere limodzi: ndife otetezeka bwanji?

Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, chitetezo cha dziko la US chakhala chikuyang'ana kuteteza miyoyo yaku America ku chiopsezo cha uchigawenga wakunja ndi kupititsa patsogolo "chitetezo cha US" mkati. Njira yachitetezo iyi yabweretsanso bajeti yodzitchinjiriza, kulephera kwa asitikali, ndi kufa kwa anthu osawerengeka, ngakhale asitikali akunja kapena omenya nkhondo kapena asitikali ankhondo aku US - zonsezi zidali zoyenera chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti izi zidapangitsa kuti aku America akhale otetezeka. Komabe, ndala yopapatiza yomwe US ​​idazindikira ndikuyifotokoza "zofuna zake zachitetezo" yatithandizira kuthekera kuchitapo kanthu pazovuta zazikulu, zomwe zilipo zomwe zikuwopseza chitetezo wambamliri wapadziko lonse komanso kusintha kwanyengo.

Olemba nkhani ino akuchokeradi ku ukadaulo wachikazi komanso mayendedwe azamavuto kuti atchule njira zina zosakanizirana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo. Mofananamo, mfundo zachikhalidwe zakunja zachikazi ndi dongosolo lomwe likubwera lomwe, malinga ndi Center for Feminist Foreign Policy, "Imakweza zochitika zatsiku ndi tsiku zokhudzidwa ndi magulu omwe anali osankhidwa mtsogolo ndikuwunikanso bwino komanso mwakuzama mavuto apadziko lonse lapansi." Pamodzi ndi kusintha kosinthika, malingaliro achikazi amatipatsa kutanthauzira kosiyana kwambiri ndizomwe zimatipatsa chitetezo. Ikuwonetsa kuti chitetezero sichimabwera chifukwa cha mpikisano pakati pa mayiko. M'malo mwake, timakhala otetezeka kwambiri tikamaonetsetsa kuti ena ali otetezeka. Zovuta monga mliri wapadziko lonse lapansi ndi kusintha kwa nyengo zikuwoneka ngati chiwopsezo chachitetezo chifukwa chakuwononga kwawo kwakuipa m'miyoyo ya anthu ndi madera padziko lonse lapansi, osati chifukwa chokhwimitsa zinthu zachitetezo kumayiko. Kuyankha kwabwino koposa konseku sikumangoyendetsa malire athu kapena kukakamiza oletsa kuyenda koma kupulumutsa miyoyo mwakugwirizana ndi ena ndikupanga njira zothetsera zomwe zimayambitsa mavutowo.

Ndi kuchuluka kwa zovuta izi komanso chiwopsezo ku moyo wa anthu omwe apereka, nthawi tsopano ndi yoti tisinthe kwambiri zomwe tikutanthauza ndi chitetezo. Ino ndi nthawi yoti tionenso njira zofunika kwambiri kuti tigwiritse ntchito bwanji ndalama komanso njira zoteteza. Nthawi tsopano ndikuyenererana ndi paradigm yatsopano yomwe imamvetsetsa kuti, kwenikweni, palibe amene ali wotetezeka pokhapokha tonse titakhala otetezeka.

Kupitiliza Kuwerenga

Haberman, C. (2017, Marichi 2). Lipenga lankhondo ndi malo opatulika ku America. The New York Times. Zabwezedwa Epulo 1, 2020, kuchokera  https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/05/us/sanctuary-cities-movement-1980s-political-asylum.html

Maina Amtundu. (2016, August 1). WERENGANI: nsanja ya Movement for Black Lives '. Zabwezedwa pa Epulo 2, 2020, kuchokera https://www.colorlines.com/articles/read-movement-black-lives-policy-platform

Malo a Mfundo Zachikazi. (Nd). Mndandanda wowerenga Wazachikhalidwe Wazachikazi. Zabwezedwa pa Epulo 2, 2020, kuchokera https://centreforfeministforeignpolicy.org/feminist-foreign-policy

Mtendere Science Digest. (2019, February 14). Kuwona kulumikizana pakati pa jenda, kusintha kwa nyengo, ndi mikangano. Zabwezedwa pa Epulo 2, 2020, kuchokera https://peacesciencedigest.org/considering-links-between-gender-climate-change-and-conflict/

Mtendere Science Digest. (2016, Epulo 4). Kupanga gulu lotsogola lakuda kwa anthu akuda. Zabwezedwa pa Epulo 2, 2020, kuchokera https://peacesciencedigest.org/creating-broad-based-movement-black-lives/?highlight=black%20lives%20matter%20

Komiti Yachitetezo cha Abwenzi yaku America. (2013, June 12). Chitetezo chogawana: Masomphenya a Quaker a mfundo zakunja aku US adayambitsidwa. Zabwezedwa pa Epulo 2, 2020, kuchokera https://www.afsc.org/story/shared-security-quaker-vision-us-foreign-policy-launched

Mipingo

Utumiki Wamayiko Ogwira Ntchito Zafamu, Watsopano Wopanda Ntchito: http://nfwm.org/new-sanctuary-movement/

Nkhani Zaumoyo Wakuda: https://blacklivesmatter.com

Malo a feminist okhazikika: https://centreforfeministforeignpolicy.org

Keywords: Kusintha kwanyengo, nkhondo yankhondo, United States, mayendedwe amtundu wa anthu, Black Lives Matter, Sangment Movement, feminism

[1] Schwartz, P., & Randall, D. (2003). Kusintha kwanyengo kwadzidzidzi ndi tanthauzo lake ku chitetezo chamayiko aku US. California Institute of Technology, Pasadena Jet Propulsion Lab.