Zoyipa Kwachilengedwe ndi Nyengo: United States Yankhondo ndi Ndondomeko ya Nkhondo

Wolemba Reiner Braun, Okutobala 15, 2019

N’chifukwa chiyani zida zimawopseza anthu komanso chilengedwe nthawi imodzi?

Lipoti la 2012 lochokera ku US Congress lidapeza kuti Asitikali aku US ndi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mafuta ambiri ku USA komanso padziko lonse lapansi. Malinga ndi lipoti laposachedwapa la wofufuza Neta C. Crawford, Pentagon imafuna migolo ya 350,000 ya mafuta patsiku. Kuti muwone bwino za kutha kwa izi, mpweya wowonjezera kutentha wa Pentagon mu 2017 unali 69 miliyoni kuposa Sweden kapena Denmark. (Sweden amawerengera matani 50.8 miliyoni ndi Denmark matani 33.8 miliyoni). Mbali yaikulu ya mpweya wotenthetsera umenewu umachokera ku kayendetsedwe ka ndege za US Air Force. 25% yowopsa yamafuta onse aku US amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi asitikali aku US. Asitikali aku US ndi omwe amapha kwambiri nyengo. (Neta C. Crawford 2019 - Kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta a Pentagon, kusintha kwa nyengo, ndi ndalama za nkhondo)

Kuyambira chiyambi cha zomwe zimatchedwa 'War on Terror' mu 2001 Pentagon yatulutsa matani 1.2 Biliyoni a mpweya wowonjezera kutentha, malinga ndi malipoti ochokera ku bungwe la Pentagon. Watson Institute.

Kwa zaka zopitilira 20, mgwirizano wapadziko lonse wa Kyoto ndi Paris wochepetsa kutulutsa mpweya wa CO2 walola asitikali kuti asagwirizane ndi zomwe zidagwirizana pakupereka malipoti a CO2 kuti aphatikizidwe muzochepetsa, makamaka ndi US, mayiko a NATO ndi Russia. Zikuwonekeratu kuti gulu lankhondo lapadziko lonse lapansi limatha kutulutsa CO2 mwaufulu, kotero kuti mpweya weniweni wa CO2 kuchokera ku usilikali, kupanga zida zankhondo, malonda a zida, ntchito ndi nkhondo zikhale zobisika mpaka lero. "USA Freedom Act" yaku USA imabisa zambiri zankhondo; kutanthauza kuti Germany sakhala chidziwitso chomwe chilipo ngakhale apempha kuchokera kuchigawo chakumanzere. Zina zafotokozedwa m'nkhaniyi.

Zomwe tikudziwa: Bundeswehr (asilikali aku Germany) amatulutsa matani 1.7 miliyoni a CO2 pachaka, thanki ya Leopard 2 imadya malita 340 pamsewu ndipo ikuyenda m'munda pafupifupi malita 530 (galimoto imodzi imadya pafupifupi malita 5). A Wolimbana ndi mphepo yamkuntho Jet imadya pakati pa 2,250 ndi 7,500 malita a palafini pa ola la ndege, ndi ntchito iliyonse yapadziko lonse pali kuwonjezeka kwa mtengo wamagetsi womwe umaphatikizapo ma Euros oposa 100 miliyoni pachaka ndi mpweya wa CO2 ku matani 15. Kafukufuku wopangidwa ndi Bürgerinitiativen gegen Fluglärm aus Rheinland-Pfalz und Saarland (Citizen's Initiatives Against Aircraft Noise from Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland) adapeza kuti pa tsiku limodzi la Julayi 29^th, Jeti zankhondo za 2019 zochokera ku Asitikali ankhondo aku US ndi Bundeswehr zidawuluka maola 15 othawa, kuwononga malita 90,000 amafuta ndikupanga ma kilogalamu 248,400 a CO2 ndi 720kg wa nitrogen oxides.

Zida za nyukiliya zimaipitsa chilengedwe komanso kuopseza moyo wa anthu.

Kwa asayansi ambiri, kuphulika koyamba kwa bomba la atomiki mu 1945 kumaonedwa kuti ndi njira yolowera m'badwo watsopano wa geological, Anthropocene. Kuphulika kwa mabomba a atomiki ku Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki kunali koyamba kupha anthu ambiri chifukwa cha mabomba omwe anapha anthu oposa 100,000. Zotsatira za nthawi yaitali za madera omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka radioactive kwa zaka zambiri zachititsa kuti anthu masauzande ambiri afa chifukwa cha matenda. Kutulutsidwa kwa radioactivity kuyambira pamenepo kumatha kuchepetsedwa mwachilengedwe ndi theka la moyo wa zinthu zotulutsa ma radio, nthawi zina izi zimachitika pakadutsa zaka makumi angapo. Chifukwa cha mayesero ambiri a zida za nyukiliya pakati pa zaka za m'ma 20, mwachitsanzo, pansi pa nyanja ya Pacific , osati ndi zigawo za pulasitiki, komanso ndi zipangizo zotulutsa ma radio.

Kugwiritsa ntchito ngakhale kachigawo kakang'ono ka zida zanyukiliya zamasiku ano, zomwe zimapangidwira kuti zikhale "zoletsa", kungayambitse tsoka lanyengo ("nyengo yozizira ya atomiki") ndikupangitsa kugwa kwa anthu onse, asayansi akutero. Dzikoli silikanakhalanso lokhalamo anthu ndi nyama.

Malinga ndi 1987 Brundtland Report, zida za nyukiliya ndi kusintha kwa nyengo ndi mitundu iwiri ya kudzipha kwa mapulaneti, ndi kusintha kwa nyengo kukhala 'zida za nyukiliya zapang'onopang'ono'.

Zida za radioactive zimakhala ndi zotsatira zokhalitsa.

Zida za Uranium zidagwiritsidwa ntchito pankhondo zankhondo Mgwirizano wotsogozedwa ndi US motsutsana ndi Iraq mu 1991 ndi 2003 komanso pankhondo ya NATO yolimbana ndi Yugoslavia mu 1998/99.. Izi zinaphatikizapo zinyalala za nyukiliya ndi zotsalira za radioactivity, zomwe zimasinthidwa kukhala tinthu tating'onoting'ono tikamagunda pazifukwa zotentha kwambiri ndipo kenako zimagawidwa kwambiri ku chilengedwe. Mwa anthu, tinthu tating'onoting'ono timalowa m'magazi ndikuwononga kwambiri majini komanso khansa. Izi zidziwitso ndi zochita za izo zatsekedwa, ngakhale zidalembedwa bwino. Komabe ikadali yankhondo zazikulu kwambiri komanso upandu wachilengedwe wanthawi yathu ino.

Zida za mankhwala - zoletsedwa masiku ano, koma zotsatira za nthawi yaitali m'chilengedwe zikupitirirabe.

The zotsatira za zida za mankhwala zalembedwa bwino, monga kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa gasi wa mpiru pa Nkhondo Yadziko I kupha anthu 100,000 ndi kuwononga malo aakulu kwambiri. Nkhondo yaku Vietnam mu 1960s inali nkhondo yoyamba yolimbana ndi chilengedwe komanso chilengedwe. Asitikali aku US adagwiritsa ntchito Agent Orange kuwononga nkhalango ndi mbewu. Iyi inali njira yopewera kugwiritsa ntchito nkhalango ngati pobisalira komanso katundu wa mdani. Kwa anthu mamiliyoni ambiri ku Vietnam, izi zadzetsa matenda ndi imfa - mpaka pano, ana amabadwira ku Vietnam ndi matenda a chibadwa. Madera akuluakulu okulirapo kuposa Hessen ndi Rhenland-Pfalz ku Germany akudulidwa nkhalango mpaka lero, nthaka idasiyidwa yopanda chonde ndikuwonongeka.

Ntchito zankhondo zankhondo.

Zoipitsa mlengalenga, nthaka ndi madzi apansi opangidwa ndi ndege zankhondo ndizo Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi NATO mafuta oyendetsa ndege. Ali kwambiri carcinogenic chifukwa cha zowonjezera zowonjezera ku zowononga mpweya wa carcinogenic.

Panonso, zolemetsa zaumoyo zimaphimbidwa mwadala ndi asitikali. Mabwalo a ndege ambiri ankhondo amaipitsidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a PFC omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzimitsa moto ndi thovu. PFC sichitha kuwonongeka ndipo pamapeto pake amalowa m'madzi apansi ndi zotsatira za nthawi yayitali pa thanzi la munthu. Kuti kukonzanso malo omwe adayipitsidwa ndi zankhondo, pafupifupi madola mabiliyoni angapo aku US akuyerekezeredwa padziko lonse lapansi.

Kugwiritsa ntchito usilikali kumalepheretsa kuteteza chilengedwe ndi kusintha kwa mphamvu.

Kuphatikiza pa zolemetsa zachindunji pa chilengedwe ndi nyengo ndi asitikali, kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri pazankhondo kumalepheretsa ndalama zambiri zogulira zinthu zoteteza chilengedwe, kubwezeretsa chilengedwe komanso kusintha kwamphamvu. Popanda kuponyera zida, sipadzakhala nyengo yapadziko lonse lapansi yogwirizana yomwe ndiyofunikira pakuyesetsa kwapadziko lonse lapansi kuteteza chilengedwe / kuteteza nyengo. Ndalama zankhondo za ku Germany zidakhazikitsidwa mwalamulo pafupifupi 50 biliyoni pofika chaka cha 2019. Ndi kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa Euro, akuyembekezeka kukweza chiwerengerochi mpaka pafupifupi 85 biliyoni mogwirizana ndi cholinga chawo cha 2%. Mosiyana ndi izi, ma Euro 16 biliyoni okha ndi omwe adayikidwa mu mphamvu zongowonjezedwanso mu 2017. Bajeti ya Haushalt des Umweltministeriums (Dipatimenti ya Zachilengedwe). ndi ofunika 2.6 mabiliyoni Euros padziko lonse, kusiyana kumeneku kugawanikanso ndi ndalama zoposa 1.700 biliyoni US madola ndalama zankhondo, ndi United States monga mtsogoleri yekha. Kuti apulumutse nyengo yapadziko lonse lapansi motero umunthu, uyenera kutembenukira momveka bwino, kukomera zolinga zokhazikika zapadziko lonse lapansi zachilungamo chapadziko lonse lapansi.

Nkhondo ndi chiwawa pofuna chitetezo cha chuma cha mfumu?

Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwapadziko lonse kwa zinthu zopangira ndi zoyendera kumafuna ndale zamphamvu zachifumu kuti ziteteze mwayi wazinthu zakale. Ntchito zankhondo zikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi US, NATO komanso mochulukirachulukira ndi EU kukhazikitsa magwero awo ndi njira zotumizira kudzera pa akasinja a sitima ndi mapaipi. Nkhondo zakhala zikuchitika ndipo zikumenyedwa (Iraq, Afghanistan, Syria, Mali) Ngati kugwiritsira ntchito mafuta oyaka mafuta kumasinthidwa ndi mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa, zomwe zitha kupangidwa mokhazikika, zimathetsa kufunikira kwa zida zankhondo ndi ntchito zankhondo.

Kuwononga chuma padziko lonse ndi kotheka ndi ndale za mphamvu zankhondo. Kupanga ndi kugulitsa zinthu m'misika yapadziko lonse lapansi kumabweretsa kuwonongeka kwazinthu, komanso chifukwa cha kukwera kwamitengo yamayendedwe, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mafuta azigwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Kuti atsegule maiko ngati misika yazinthu zapadziko lonse lapansi, amakakamizidwanso ndi asitikali.

Zothandizira zowononga zachilengedwe zimafika ku 57 biliyoni Euros (Umweltbundesamt) ndipo 90% yaiwo imawononga chilengedwe.

Kuthawa - zotsatira za nkhondo ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe.

Padziko lonse, anthu akuthawa nkhondo, chiwawa komanso masoka a nyengo. Anthu ochulukirachulukira akuthamanga padziko lonse lapansi, tsopano opitilira 70 miliyoni. Zomwe zimayambitsa ndi izi: nkhondo, nkhanza, kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe ndi zotsatira za kusintha kwa nyengo, zomwe ziri kale kwambiri m'madera ambiri padziko lapansi kusiyana ndi ku Central Europe. Anthu omwe akupanga njira yopulumukira yowopsa ku Europe akubwezeretsedwanso ndinkhondo kumalire akunja ndipo atembenuza nyanja ya Mediterranean kukhala manda a anthu ambiri.

Kutsiliza

Kupewera masoka achilengedwe, kupewedwa kwa masoka anyengo omwe akubwera, kutha kwa zomwe amati azikula komanso kuteteza mtendere ndi kutsitsa zida ndi mbali ziwiri zandalama imodzi, yomwe imatchedwa chilungamo padziko lonse lapansi. Cholinga ichi chikhoza kutheka kupyolera mwa kusintha kwakukulu (kapena ngakhale kutembenuka) kapena, kunena mwanjira ina, kusintha kwa umwini - kusintha kwa dongosolo mmalo mwa kusintha kwa nyengo! Zomwe sizingaganizidwe ziyenera kukhala, kachiwiri, zotheka poyang'anizana ndi zovuta.