Ndi Pat Elder, April 25, 2019
Nthano ya nthenga, sera, osachenjezedwa, ndi zoopsa za zamakono zamakono zamakono
Mu nthano zachi Greek, nkhani ya Daedalus ndi Icarus imapereka phunziro lomwe anthu sanaphunzirepo. Daedalus ndi mwana wake, Icarus anamangidwa m'sanja. Pofuna kuthawa, Daedalus anapanga mapiko kuchokera ku nthenga ndi sera. Daedalus anachenjeza mwana wake kuti asawuluke pafupi kwambiri ndi dzuŵa poopa kuti Sera imatha kusungunuka. Icarus anachoka, anasangalala kwambiri ndi lusolo, ndipo anafuula mokondwera ku dzuwa. Mapiko ake anagwa, ndipo Icarus anamwalira.
Zipangizo zamakono zimatha kuteteza anthu ndi kuwononga anthu. Zochitika ziwiri zodabwitsa mu 1938 zikufanana ndi Daedalus 'kulumikiza mapiko kuti azitha: kugawidwa kwa atomu ya uranium ndi Nazi Germany, ndi kupezeka kwa mitundu ndi poly flualkalkyl substances (PFAS) ndi madokotala a Dupont ku New Jersey.
Albert Einstein anazindikira kuti chipani cha Nazi chingachititse zida za nyukiliya ndipo chinamuthandiza kuti adziwe kupanga chida cha nyukiliya ku America. Nthawi itatha, adadandaula udindo wake pakupanga mphamvu yotereyi. "Mphamvu yotulutsidwa ya atomu yasintha chirichonse kupatula njira zathu za kuganiza, ndipo potero timayenda kupita ku zovuta zosayerekezeka," adatero.
N'chimodzimodzinso ndi zamakono zamakono zamakono.
Nthawi yomweyo, dziko lapansi lidawona mwangozi kupezeka kwa gulu la PFAS lotchedwa polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Monga kugawaniza atomu ya uranium, ichi chinali chimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri zasayansi m'mbiri yonse ya anthu. PTFE idapezeka ndi Roy J. Plunkett ku Jackson Laboratory ku Dupont ku Deepwater, New Jersey.
Njira yamakonoyi ndi yovuta kwambiri kuposa sera ndi nthenga za Daedalus, koma zotsatira, monga kugawa atomu. ali ndi mphamvu zotumikira ndi kuwononga anthu.
Plunkett anali atapanga mapaundi zana a tetrafluoroethylene gasi (TFE) ndi kusunga izo muzing'ono zing'onozing'ono pa kutentha kwa madzi oundana asanayambe kuzitsamba. Pamene adakonza chogudubuza kuti agwiritse ntchito, palibe mpweya uliwonse umene unatuluka-komabe chitsulocho chinkalemera mofanana ndi kale. Plunkett anatsegulidwa Pandora wa silinda ndipo adapeza ufa woyera womwe umalowa munthawi zonse mankhwala ndipo amadziwika kuti ndi oterera kwambiri - komanso wosagwira kutentha kwambiri.
Ankagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mankhwala a Teflon ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana idakhala chida chogwiritsira ntchito chithovu chomenyera moto panthawi yozimitsa moto pamabwalo ankhondo ndi ndege. Makina odabwitsawo amagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira utoto- ndi madzi othamangitsa madzi, opukutira, sera, utoto, kulongedza chakudya, kupukutira mano, kuyeretsa, chrome zokutira, kupanga zamagetsi, ndi kupezanso mafuta, kutchulapo mapulogalamu ena. Njirazi - makamaka kugwiritsa ntchito PFAS ngati thovu loyatsa moto lomwe limatsikira m'madzi apansi panthaka - amalola ma carcinogen kulowa m'thupi la munthu lomwe limasunga kwanthawizonse. Kafukufuku wa 2015 wofufuzidwa ndi US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey adapeza ma PFAS mu 97 peresenti ya magazi amunthu. Pafupifupi 5,000 ya mankhwala opangidwa ndi fluorine apangidwa kuyambira pomwe adapeza koyamba. PFAS ndiye chiwonetsero chamakono cha bokosi la Pandora, nthano ina yachi Greek.
Mwachiwonekere, Zeus amapitilizabe kubwezera Prometheus ndi anthu onse chifukwa chakuba moto kumwamba. Zeus adapereka Pandora kwa mchimwene wa Prometheus Epimetheus. Pandora adanyamula bokosi lomwe milungu idati ili ndi mphatso zapadera zochokera kwa iwo, koma sanaloledwe kutsegula bokosilo. Ngakhale adachenjezedwa, Pandora adatsegula bokosilo munali matenda, imfa ndi zoyipa zambiri zomwe zidatulutsidwa padziko lapansi. Pandora anali ndi mantha, chifukwa adawona mizimu yoyipa yonse ikubwera ndikuyesera kutseka bokosilo mwachangu, kutseka Hope mkati!
Zinthu zonse za 5,000 PFAS zimakhulupirira kuti ndizoopsa.
Zotsatira za thanzi la mankhwalawa zikuphatikizapo kuperewera kwafupipafupi ndi zovuta zina zovuta za pakati. Amaipitsa mkaka wa m'mawere komanso amadwalitsa ana oyamwitsa. Per and poly fluoroalkyls amathandizira kuwonongeka kwa chiwindi, khansa ya impso, cholesterol yambiri, chiopsezo chowonjezeka cha matenda a chithokomiro, komanso khansa ya testicular, piritsi, ndi chiwerengero chochepa cha umuna mwa amuna.
Panthawiyi, EPA imakana kukonza zinthu. Ndi zakutchire kumadzulo ndipo sheriff palibe malo omwe angapezeke. Bungwe losauka likusankha kukhazikitsa 70 ppt Lifetime Health Advisory (LHA) yamadzi akumwa. Malangizidwe sakhala ovomerezeka.
LHA ndiye kuchuluka kwa mankhwala m'madzi akumwa omwe sayembekezereka kuyambitsa zovuta zina zomwe sizikhala ndi khansa nthawi yayitali. LHA imakhazikika pakuwonekera kwa 70-kg wamkulu yemwe amamwa malita 2 amadzi patsiku.
Ngati palibe EPA yogwira bwino ntchito, New Jersey, malo obadwira patsiku ndi polyloalkyl substances komanso miyezo ya madzi ya 10 ppt ya PFAS ndi 10 ppt ya PFOA. Magulu azachilengedwe adayitanitsa malire a 5 ppt pa mankhwala aliwonse. A Philippe Grandjean ndi anzawo ku Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health ati kuwonetsedwa kwa 1 ppt m'madzi akumwa kumawononga thanzi la anthu.
Miyezo yatsopano ya New Jersey sigwira ntchito pamakonzedwe a DoD monga Trenton Naval Air Warfare Center yomwe idatsekedwa mu 1997. Kuyesedwa kwaposachedwa kukuwonetsa kuti Navy yawononga madzi apansi ndi 27,800 ppt ya PFAS pomwe Joint Base McGuireDix-Lakehurst yaipitsa madzi apansi ndi 1,688 ppt ya zinthuzo. Pali malo ambiri achitetezo m'boma omwe sanaphatikizidwe mu Lipoti la DOD pofalitsa PFAS, ngakhale kuti amadziwika kugwiritsa ntchito zinthuzo.
England Air Force Base ku Alexandria Louisiana, malo omwe adatseka mu 1992, posachedwapa adapezeka kuti ali ndi 10,900,000 ppt ya mankhwala m'madzi ake apansi panthaka. Anthu ena okhala pafupi ndi tsambalo amapatsidwa madzi. Mosiyana ndi New Jersey, Louisiana sinateteze nzika zake. Louisiana mwachiwonekere ikukhutira ndi kusachita nawo ntchito kwa PFAS.
EPA itangotulutsidwa kumene Per-and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Pulani yalephera kukhazikitsa malire owongolera PFAS ndikuchepetsa zovuta zomwe zingakhalepo chifukwa cha mankhwala owopsa. Mabungwe ankhondo komanso omwe akuwononga amatha kupuma kwinaku akupitilizabe kuwononga anthu.
Ndizoopsa. PFAS ikhoza kusintha momwe anthu angayankhire bwino matenda opatsirana. Asayansi asonyeza kuti kufotokoza kwa PFAS kungasinthe machitidwe a chitetezo cha mthupi ndi kuonjezera chiwopsezo ku matenda opatsirana. Asayansi asonyeza kuti kufotokoza kwa PFAS kumakhudzana ndi kusintha kwa maonekedwe a majini a 52 omwe amagwira ntchito m'thupi. Mwachidule, PFAS ikhoza kuthetsa chitetezo cha mthupi. Ndi pafupifupi anthu onse atanyamula poizoni izi, tiyenera kukhala okhudzidwa kwambiri.
Ngakhale kuti EPA sichithetse, asayansi akhala akugwirizanitsa bwino PFAS m'magazi a amayi omwe ali ndi pakati kuti athandize ana awo:
- Kuchepetsa mphamvu ya antibody yomwe imayambitsidwa ndi katemera ndikusintha zokhudzana ndi thanzi labwino kuyambira ali mwana.
- Mankhwala ochepa omwe amatsutsana ndi rubella omwe ali ndi katemera.
- Chiwerengero cha chimfine cha ana,
- Gastroenteritis kwa ana.
- Chiwerengero chowonjezereka cha matenda opatsirana m'zaka zoyambirira za moyo wa 10.
Icarus adagwa, osamvetsetsa kuopsa kwaukadaulo wa abambo ake. Takhala Icarus. Kupita patsogolo kwakukulu kwaumunthu kuyenera kuyang'aniridwa ndi iwo omwe ali ndi zolinga zabwino zoteteza thanzi lathu ndi chitetezo chathu. Zachisoni, izi sizomwe zili zenizeni zathu.
"Ngati tikhala ndi moyo wapamtima ndi mankhwalawa, kuwadya ndi kumwa, kuwalowetsa m'mafupa athu - tikadakhala kuti tikudziwa kanthu za chikhalidwe chawo ndi mphamvu zawo."
Rachel Carson, Silent Spring
